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However, in some cases, hematospermia is the harbinger of more serious pathological lesions that should not be missed. In younger patients below 40 years of age, infection of the urogenital tract is the most common etiology. Simple routine laboratory studies should identify the pathological factors. In patients 40 years or older, or those with persistent or recurrent conditions or associated symptoms, it is necessary to exclude urogenital malignant disorders. Patients should also undergo medical history taking, physical examination including temperature and blood pressure assessment, digital rectal palpation, and laboratory blood, urine, and semen tests. If the diagnosis is still unclear, further investigations involve transrectal ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, urethrocystoscopy, and histological confirmation by biopsy. Treatment for hematospermia depends on the underlying pathological lesions, but often involves only minimal examinations and simple reassurance in most cases. Hematospermia caused by genitourinary infections is effectively treated with appropriate antiviral, antibiotic, or antiparasitic agents. Hematospermia due to malignant disorders including prostate, testis, and seminal vesicle cancers resolves with definitive treatment of the primary lesions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12522-011-0087-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,9]],"date-time":"2011-05-09T09:37:41Z","timestamp":1304933861000},"page":"153-159","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Hematospermia: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Hideki","family":"Fuse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research University of Toyama  2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930\u20100194 Toyama Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Komiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research University of Toyama  2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930\u20100194 Toyama Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tetsuo","family":"Nozaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research University of Toyama  2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930\u20100194 Toyama Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akihiko","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research University of Toyama  2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930\u20100194 Toyama Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"82","article-title":"Hematospermia: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"78","author":"Polito M","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Ital Urol Androl"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"Schlegel PN Hardy MP Goldstein M. 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