{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T08:24:19Z","timestamp":1780820659946,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616544000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int.J. Behav. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-021-09954-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T07:03:07Z","timestamp":1616569387000},"page":"602-615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Childhood Mistreatment, PTSD, and Substance Use in Latinx: The Role of Discrimination in an Omitted-Variable Bias"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3683-9070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy L.","family":"Ai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaacov","family":"Petscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine M.","family":"Lemieux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin S.","family":"Petscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexa","family":"Pappas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"9954_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1177\/0020731416662736","volume":"46","author":"L Marrast","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marrast L, Himmelstein DU, Woolhandler S. Racial and ethnic disparities in mental health care for children and young adults. Int J Health Serv. 2016;46(4):810\u201324.","journal-title":"Int J Health Serv"},{"issue":"9657","key":"9954_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61706-7","volume":"373","author":"R Gilbert","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gilbert R, Widom CS, Browne K, Fergusson D, Webb E, Janson S. Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries. Lancet. 2009;373(9657):68\u201381.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"9954_CR3","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children\u2019s Bureau. Child maltreatment 2014. U.S. Government Publishing Office. https:\/\/www.acf.hhs.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/cb\/cm2014.pdf. Accessed 30 Oct 2020."},{"issue":"1","key":"9954_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.68.1.19","volume":"68","author":"DG Kilpatrick","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kilpatrick DG, Acierno R. Risk factors for adolescent substance abuse and dependence: data from a national sample. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68(1):19.","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9954_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2012.05.010","volume":"54","author":"G P\u00e9rez-Fuentes","year":"2013","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Fuentes G, Olfson M, Villegas L, Morcillo C, Wang S, Blanco C. Prevalence and correlates of child sexual abuse: a national study. Compr Psychiatry. 2013;54(1):16\u201327.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"9954_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.01.009","volume":"38","author":"KA Rapoza","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rapoza KA, Wilson DT, Widmann WA, et al. The relationship between adult health and childhood maltreatment, as moderated by anger and ethnic background. Child Abuse Negl. 2014;38(3):445\u201356.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"4","key":"9954_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.178","volume":"13","author":"M Alegr\u00eda","year":"2004","unstructured":"Alegr\u00eda M, Takeuchi D, Canino G, et al. Considering context, place and culture: the National Latino and Asian American Study. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2004;13(4):208\u201320.","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"9954_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.179","volume":"13","author":"SG Heeringa","year":"2004","unstructured":"Heeringa SG, Wagner J, Torres M, Duan N, Adams T, Berglund P. Sample designs and sampling methods for the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Studies (CPES). Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2004;13(4):221\u201340.","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"9954_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000007","volume":"51","author":"M Alegr\u00eda","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alegr\u00eda M, Fortuna LR, Lin JY, et al. Prevalence, risk, and correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder across ethnic and racial minority groups in the united states. Med Care. 2013;51(12):1114.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"9954_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.142.11.1259","volume":"142","author":"EJ Khantzian","year":"1985","unstructured":"Khantzian EJ. The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: focus on heroin and cocaine dependence. Am J Psychiatry. 1985;142(11):1259\u201364.","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"9954_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3109\/10673229709030550","volume":"4","author":"E Khantzian","year":"1997","unstructured":"Khantzian E. The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: a reconsideration and recent applications. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 1997;4(5):231\u201344.","journal-title":"Harv Rev Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"9954_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327558ijbm0401_6","volume":"4","author":"CS Carver","year":"1997","unstructured":"Carver CS. You want to measure coping but your protocol\u2019s too long: consider the brief COPE. Int J Behav Med. 1997;4(1):92.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"9954_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.56.2.267","volume":"56","author":"CS Carver","year":"1989","unstructured":"Carver CS, Scheier MF, Weintraub JK. Assessing coping strategies: a theoretically based approach. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1989;56(2):267\u201383.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"9954_CR14","first-page":"268","volume-title":"The impact of adverse childhood experiences on health problems: evidence from four birth cohorts dating back to 1900","author":"SR Dube","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dube SR, Felitti VJ, Dong M, Giles WH, Anda RF. The impact of adverse childhood experiences on health problems: evidence from four birth cohorts dating back to 1900. Great Britain: Elsevier Science B.V; 2003. p. 268."},{"issue":"1","key":"9954_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(94)90110-4","volume":"35","author":"PJ Brown","year":"1994","unstructured":"Brown PJ, Wolfe J. Substance abuse and post-traumatic stress disorder comorbidity. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1994;35(1):51\u20139.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"9954_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1002\/jaoc.12073","volume":"1","author":"JR Watts","year":"2020","unstructured":"Watts JR, O\u2019Sullivan D, Panlilio C, Daniels AD. Childhood emotional abuse and maladaptive coping in adults seeking treatment for substance use disorder. J Addict Offender Couns. 2020;1:18.","journal-title":"J. Addict Offender Couns."},{"issue":"10","key":"9954_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.10.953","volume":"57","author":"KS Kendler","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Bulik CM, Silberg J, Hettema JM, Myers J, Prescott CA. Childhood sexual abuse and adult psychiatric and substance use disorders in women - an epidemiological and Cotwin control analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57(10):953\u20139.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"9954_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.11.1878","volume":"158","author":"HL MacMillan","year":"2001","unstructured":"MacMillan HL, Fleming JE, Streiner DL, et al. Childhood abuse and lifetime psychopathology in a community sample. American Journal of Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Psychiatric Association. 2001;158(11):1878\u201383.","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Psychiatric Association"},{"issue":"10","key":"9954_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706008397","volume":"36","author":"EC Nelson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nelson EC, Heath AC, Lynskey MT, et al. Childhood sexual abuse and risks for licit and illicit drug-related outcomes: a twin study. Psychol Med. 2006;36(10):1473\u201383.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"9954_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(00)00088-X","volume":"22","author":"TL Simpson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Simpson TL, Miller WR. Concomitance between childhood sexual and physical abuse and substance use problems: a review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2002;22(1):27\u201377.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev."},{"issue":"11","key":"9954_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2013.07.011","volume":"37","author":"JP Mersky","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mersky JP, Topitzes J, Reynolds AJ. Impacts of adverse childhood experiences on health, mental health, and substance use in early adulthood: a cohort study of an urban, minority sample in the U.S. Child Abuse Negl. 2013;37(11):917\u201325.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"issue":"1","key":"9954_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1177\/0739986306295796","volume":"29","author":"J Cuellar","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cuellar J, Curry TR. The prevalence and comorbidity between delinquency, drug abuse, suicide attempts, physical and sexual abuse, and self-mutilation among delinquent Hispanic females. Hisp J Behav Sci. 2007;29(1):68\u201382.","journal-title":"Hisp J Behav Sci"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"9954_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1300\/J160v5n01_03","volume":"5","author":"M Vera","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vera M, Alegr\u00eda M, Pattatucci-Arag\u00f3n AM, Pe\u00f1a M. Childhood sexual abuse and drug use among low-income urban Puerto Rican women. J Soc Work Pract Addict. 2005;5(1\/2):45\u201368.","journal-title":"J Soc Work Pract Addict"},{"issue":"6","key":"9954_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-016-9561-z","volume":"23","author":"A Ai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ai A, Lee J, Solis A, Yap C. Childhood abuse, religious involvement, and substance abuse among Latino-American men in the United States. Int J Behav Med. 2016;23(6):764\u201375.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Med."},{"issue":"13","key":"9954_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2018.1455701","volume":"53","author":"AL Ai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ai AL, Lee J. Childhood abuse, religious involvement, and lifetime substance use disorders among Latinas nationwide. Subst Use Misuse. 2018;53(13):2099\u2013111.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"3","key":"9954_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2007.68.317","volume":"68","author":"CS Widom","year":"2007","unstructured":"Widom CS, White HR, Czaja SJ, Marmorstein NR. Long-term effects of child abuse and neglect on alcohol use and excessive drinking in middle adulthood. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2007;68(3):317\u201326.","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs."},{"issue":"6","key":"9954_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1177\/1049731513491835","volume":"23","author":"AL Ai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ai AL, Jackson Foster LJ, Pecora PJ, Delaney N, Rodriguez W. Reshaping child welfare\u2019s response to trauma: assessment, evidence-based intervention, and new research perspectives. Res Soc Work Pract. 2013;23(6):651\u201368.","journal-title":"Res Soc Work Pract."},{"issue":"5","key":"9954_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.68.5.748","volume":"68","author":"CR Brewin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brewin CR, Andrews B, Valentine JD. Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68(5):748\u201366.","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"9954_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khoury L, Tang YL, Bradley B, Cubells JF, Ressler KJ. Substance use, childhood traumatic experience, and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban civilian population. Depression & Anxiety (1091\u20134269). 2010;27(12):1077\u20131086.","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20751"},{"key":"9954_CR30","first-page":"351","volume-title":"Cocaine dependence and PTSD: A pilot study of symptom interplay and treatment preferences","author":"SE Back","year":"2006","unstructured":"Back SE, Brady KT, Jaanim\u00e4gi U, Jackson JL. Cocaine dependence and PTSD: A pilot study of symptom interplay and treatment preferences. Great Britain: Elsevier Science B.V; 2006. p. 351."},{"key":"9954_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leeies M, Pagura J, Sareen J, Bolton JM. The use of alcohol and drugs to self-medicate symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Depression & Anxiety (1091\u20134269). 2010;27(8):731\u2013736.","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20677"},{"key":"9954_CR32","first-page":"827","volume-title":"Investigations of causal pathways between PTSD and drug use disorders","author":"HD Chilcoat","year":"1998","unstructured":"Chilcoat HD, Breslau N. Investigations of causal pathways between PTSD and drug use disorders. Great Britain: PERGAMON; 1998. p. 827."},{"issue":"9","key":"9954_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000235794.12794.8a","volume":"194","author":"SE Back","year":"2006","unstructured":"Back SE, Brady KT, Sonne SC, Verduin ML. Symptom improvement in co-occurring PTSD and alcohol dependence. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2006;194(9):690\u20136.","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"9954_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490050173190","volume":"9","author":"WM Compton","year":"2000","unstructured":"Compton WM, Cottler LB, Phelps DL, et al. Psychiatric disorders among drug dependent subjects: are they primary or secondary? Am J Addict. 2000;9(2):126\u201334.","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"issue":"12","key":"9954_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.12.1435","volume":"64","author":"PL Reed","year":"2007","unstructured":"Reed PL, Anthony JC, Breslau N. Incidence of drug problems in young adults exposed to trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder: do early life experiences and predispositions matter? Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(12):1435\u201342.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"9954_CR36","unstructured":"Pew Research Center 2020. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2020\/07\/07\/u-s-hispanic-population-surpassed-60-million-in-2019-but-growth-has-slowed\/. Accessed 30 Oct 2020."},{"key":"9954_CR37","unstructured":"Chapa T. & Acosta (2010) Movilizandonos por nuestro futuro: strategic development of a mental health workforce for Latinos. In editor. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Minority Health and the National Resource Center for Hispanic Mental Health; 2010. https:\/\/www.cibhs.org\/sites\/main\/files\/file-attachments\/movilizandonos_por_nuestro_futuro_consensus_report_2010.pdf. Accessed 30 Oct 2020."},{"key":"9954_CR38","volume-title":"Health, United States, 2015: With special feature on racial and ethnic health disparities","author":"National Center for Health Statistics","year":"2016","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2015: With special feature on racial and ethnic health disparities. MD: Hyattsville; 2016."},{"issue":"12","key":"9954_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.137091","volume":"99","author":"B Cook","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cook B, Alegr\u00eda M, Lin JY, Guo J. Pathways and correlates connecting Latinos\u2019 mental health with exposure to the United States. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(12):2247\u201354.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"9954_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1080\/13557850701837286","volume":"13","author":"LR Fortuna","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fortuna LR, Porche MV, Alegria M. Political violence, psychosocial trauma, and the context of mental health services use among immigrant Latinos in the United States. Ethn Health. 2008;13(5):435\u201363.","journal-title":"Ethn Health"},{"key":"9954_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ai AL, Pappas C, Simonsen E. Risk and protective factors for three major mental health problems among Latino American men nationwide. Am J Mens Health. 2015;9.","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988314528533"},{"issue":"3","key":"9954_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2014.02.008","volume":"24","author":"AL Ai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ai AL, Weiss SI, Fincham FD. Family factors contribute to general anxiety disorder and suicidal ideation among Latina Americans. Womens Health Issues. 2014;24(3):345\u201352.","journal-title":"Womens Health Issues"},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"9954_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-012-9553-3","volume":"51","author":"EI Lorenzo-Blanco","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lorenzo-Blanco EI, Cortina LM. Latino\/a depression and smoking: an analysis through the lenses of culture, gender, and ethnicity. Am J Community Psychol. 2013;51(3\/4):332\u201346.","journal-title":"Am J Community Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"9954_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302011","volume":"104","author":"ADO Verissimo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Verissimo ADO, Grella CE, Amaro H, Gee CE. Discrimination and substance use disorders among Latinos: The role of gender, nativity, and ethnicity. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(8):1421\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health."},{"issue":"5","key":"9954_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-012-9676-5","volume":"15","author":"W Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang W, Hong S. Perceived discrimination and psychological distress among Asian Americans: does education matter? J Immigr Minor Health. 2013;15(5):932\u201343.","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"key":"9954_CR46","unstructured":"Flores A. How the U.S. Hispanic population is changing. Pew Research Center. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2017\/09\/18\/how-the-u-s-hispanic-population-is-changing\/. Accessed 30 Oct 2020."},{"key":"9954_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alegr\u00eda M, Canino G, Shrout PE, et al. Prevalence of mental illness in immigrant and non-immigrant U.S. Latino groups. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165(3):359\u2013369.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.07040704"},{"issue":"3","key":"9954_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1080\/15332640903110435","volume":"8","author":"S Lipsky","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lipsky S, Caetano R. Epidemiology of substance abuse among Latinos. J Ethn Subst Abuse. 2009;8(3):242\u201360.","journal-title":"J Ethn Subst Abuse"},{"issue":"11","key":"9954_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-015-1111-5","volume":"50","author":"MA Mancini","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mancini MA, Salas-Wright CP, Vaughn MG. Drug use and service utilization among Hispanics in the United States. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2015;50(11):1679\u201389.","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"9954_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vega WA, Canino G, Cao Z, Alegria M. Prevalence and correlates of dual diagnoses in U.S. Latinos. Drug Alcohol Depend.\u00a02009;100(1):32\u201338.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2008.08.018"},{"issue":"1","key":"9954_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2006.087205","volume":"97","author":"M Alegr\u00eda","year":"2007","unstructured":"Alegr\u00eda M, Mulvaney-Day N, Torres M, Polo A, Cao Z, Canino G. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders across Latino subgroups in the United States. Am J Public Health. 2007;97(1):68\u201375.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"9954_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.12.022","volume":"117","author":"G Borges","year":"2011","unstructured":"Borges G, Breslau J, Orozco R, et al. A cross-national study on Mexico-US migration, substance use and substance use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011;117(1):16\u201323.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"1","key":"9954_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.07.004","volume":"35","author":"KR Douglas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Douglas KR, Chan G, Gelernter J, et al. Adverse childhood events as risk factors for substance dependence: partial mediation by mood and anxiety disorders. Addict Behav. 2010;35(1):7\u201313.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"9954_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2008.69.337","volume":"3","author":"HR White","year":"2008","unstructured":"White HR, Widom CS. Three potential mediators of the effects of child abuse and neglect on adulthood substance use among women. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2008;3:337.","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs."},{"key":"9954_CR55","first-page":"139","volume-title":"Schooling behaviors or prior skills? A cautionary tale of omitted variable bias within oppositional culture theory","author":"AL Harris","year":"2007","unstructured":"Harris AL, Robinson K. Schooling behaviors or prior skills? A cautionary tale of omitted variable bias within oppositional culture theory. United States: American Sociological Association; 2007. p. 139."},{"key":"9954_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2018.02.011","volume":"63","author":"BR Foorman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Foorman BR, Petscher Y, Herrera S. Unique and common effects of decoding and language factors in predicting reading comprehension in grades 1\u201310. Learn Individ Differ. 2018;63:12\u201323.","journal-title":"Learn. Individ. Differ"},{"key":"9954_CR57","first-page":"144","volume-title":"Why Are Hispanics at greater risk for PTSD?","author":"N Pole","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pole N, Best SR, Metzler T, Marmar CR. Why Are Hispanics at greater risk for PTSD? Great Britain: Educational Publishing Foundation; 2005. p. 144."},{"issue":"2","key":"9954_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.169","volume":"13","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kessler RC, Abelson J, Demler O, et al. Clinical calibration of DSM-IV diagnoses in the World Mental Health (WMH) version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI). Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2004;13(2):122\u201339.","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"9954_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.629","volume":"62","author":"PS Wang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wang PS, Lane M, Olfson M, et al. Twelve-month use of mental health services in the United States: results from the national comorbidity survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(6):629\u201340.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"9954_CR60","first-page":"200","volume-title":"Association of post-traumatic stress disorder and obesity in a nationally representative sample","author":"SL Pagoto","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pagoto SL, Schneider KL, Bodenlos JS, et al. Association of post-traumatic stress disorder and obesity in a nationally representative sample. United States: NAASO The Obesity Society; 2012. p. 200."},{"key":"9954_CR61","unstructured":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-IV. American Psychiatric Association; 1994."},{"issue":"7","key":"9954_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2006.091827","volume":"97","author":"GC Gee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gee GC, Spencer MS, Chen J, Takeuchi D. A nationwide study of discrimination and chronic health conditions among Asian Americans. Am J Public Health. 2007;97(7):1275\u201382.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"9954_CR63","volume-title":"Mplus user's guide","author":"LK Muth\u00e9n","year":"2012","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n LK, Muth\u00e9n BO. Mplus user\u2019s guide. 8th ed. Los Angeles, CA: Muth\u00e9n & Muth\u00e9n; 2012.","edition":"8"},{"key":"9954_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2307\/271063","volume":"25","author":"AE Raftery","year":"1995","unstructured":"Raftery AE. Bayesian model selection in social research. Sociol Methodol. 1995;25:111.","journal-title":"Sociol Methodol"},{"issue":"22","key":"9954_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3127","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0258(20001130)19:22<3127::AID-SIM784>3.0.CO;2-M","volume":"19","author":"S Chinn","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chinn S. A simple method for converting an odds ratio to effect size for use in meta-analysis. Stat Med. 2000;19(22):3127\u201331.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"9954_CR66","volume-title":"Multiple imputation and its application","author":"J Carpenter","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carpenter J, Kenward M. Multiple imputation and its application. Chichester UK: Wiley; 2012."},{"issue":"4","key":"9954_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016059","volume":"135","author":"EA Pascoe","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pascoe EA, Smart RL. Perceived discrimination and health: a meta-analytic review. Psychol Bull. 2009;135(4):531\u201354.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"9954_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-008-9190-3","volume":"32","author":"E Brondolo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brondolo E, Gallo LC, Myers HF. Race, racism and health: disparities, mechanisms, and interventions. J Behav Med. 2009;32(1):1\u20138.","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"key":"9954_CR69","first-page":"20","volume-title":"Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research","author":"DR Williams","year":"2009","unstructured":"Williams DR, Mohammed SA. Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research. Netherlands: Springer Science + Business Media; 2009. p. 20."},{"issue":"4","key":"9954_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1037\/h0099844","volume":"84","author":"AP Villatoro","year":"2014","unstructured":"Villatoro AP, Morales ES, Mays VM. family culture in mental health help-seeking and utilization in a nationally representative sample of Latinos in the United States: the NLAAS. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2014;84(4):353\u201363.","journal-title":"Am J Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"9954_CR71","unstructured":"Brown A, Pateen E. Hispanics in the United States statistical portrait. Pew Research Center. 2012. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/hispanic\/2014\/04\/29\/2012-statistical-information-on-hispanics-in-united-states\/. Accessed 30 Oct 2020."},{"issue":"4","key":"9954_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.20442","volume":"39","author":"AL Ai","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ai AL, Plummer C, Kanno H, et al. Positive traits versus previous trauma: racially different correlates with PTSD symptoms among hurricane Katrina-Rita volunteers. J Community Psychol. 2011;39(4):402\u201320.","journal-title":"J Community Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"9954_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.12.1.23","volume":"12","author":"SE Maxwell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Maxwell SE, Cole DA. Bias in cross-sectional analyses of longitudinal mediation. Psychol Methods. 2007;12(1):23\u201344.","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"issue":"5","key":"9954_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2011.606716","volume":"46","author":"SE Maxwell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Maxwell SE, Cole DA, Mitchell MA. Bias in cross-sectional analyses of longitudinal mediation: Partial and complete mediation under an autoregressive model. Multivar Behav Res. 2011;46(5):816\u201341.","journal-title":"Multivar Behav Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"9954_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2011.3431","volume":"21","author":"AL Ai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ai AL, Appel HB, Huang B, Lee K. Overall health and healthcare utilization among Latino American women in the United States. J Women\u2019s Health. 2012;21(8):878\u201385.","journal-title":"J. Women's Health"},{"key":"9954_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ai AL, No\u00ebl LT, Appel HB, Huang B, Hefley WE. Overall health and health care utilization among Latino American men in the United States. Am J Mens Health. 201:7.","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988312452752"},{"issue":"3","key":"9954_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-0361.2004.tb00035.x","volume":"20","author":"L Ortiz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ortiz L, Arizmendi L, Cornelius LJ. Access to health care among Latinos of Mexican descent in \u201cColonias\u201d in two Texas counties. J Rural Health. 2004;20(3):246\u201352.","journal-title":"J Rural Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"9954_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.07.023","volume":"33","author":"SD Rhodes","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rhodes SD, Foley KL, Zometa CS, Bloom FR. Lay health advisor interventions among Hispanics\/Latinos: a qualitative systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2007;33(5):418\u201327.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"9954_CR79","unstructured":"(SAMHSA). Trauma-informed care in behavioral health services: a treatment protocol (TIP) SERIES 57. Rockville, MD: HHS Publication No. (SMA); 2014;14\u20134816."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Behavioral Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12529-021-09954-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12529-021-09954-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12529-021-09954-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T15:05:23Z","timestamp":1629817523000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12529-021-09954-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["9954"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12529-021-09954-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1070-5503","1532-7558"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1070-5503","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-7558","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 January 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}