{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T16:00:18Z","timestamp":1786982418885,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"La Trobe University Industry Research Scholarship"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001215","name":"La Trobe University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001215","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int.J. Behav. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine the 3-month change of a mHealth low-carbohydrate dietary (LCD) application (app) on sleep quality and psychosocial outcomes in people living with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The aim is to understand the broader impact of the LCD app in the Australian primary care context as an adjunct to standard clinical management of T2D.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The single arm pre-post study recruited community-based people living with T2D, with web access from around Australia, referred via registered supporting general practitioners (GPs). Following informed consent, participants obtained access to the Defeat Diabetes app, which provided education and resources on the LCD approach and support for ongoing management of T2D. Participants self-reported dietary data and validated questionnaires assessed sleep quality (B-PSQI), quality of life (QoL) (EQ-5D-5L), diabetes-related distress (PAID-5), and self-efficacy in diabetes self-management (PDSMS). Univariate regression models examined changes from baseline to 3 months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study included 99 participants (mean age 59\u2009\u00b1\u200911\u00a0years, 55 females). Mean carbohydrate intake reduced from baseline to 3\u00a0months as a proportion of overall energy intake (\u221214%kJ\/day, 95% CI \u221217 to \u221211). Self-reported perceived health status (6, 95% CI 1 to 11), self-efficacy (5, 95% CI 4 to 7), and diabetes-related distress scores (\u22122.0, 95% CI \u22123 to \u22121) improved over 3\u00a0months, and there were nonsignificant improvements in sleep quality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>People with T2D who used a mHealth LCD app significantly improved their perceived health status, diabetes-related distress, and self-efficacy in diabetes self-management scores after 3\u00a0months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practice Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>mHealth LCD apps should be considered useful adjuncts to current medical management of T2D.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-026-10447-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T21:33:11Z","timestamp":1772832791000},"page":"195-209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["mHealth Low-Carbohydrate Type 2 Diabetes Intervention Positively Impacts Sleep Quality and Psychosocial Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Despina","family":"Kolivas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liz","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Schweitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Brukner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Moschonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"10447_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(23)01301-6","volume":"402","author":"Global","year":"2023","unstructured":"Global. Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2023;402:203\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(23)01301-6.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10447_CR2","unstructured":"Diabetes Australia. Type 2 diabetes remission. Available online: https:\/\/www.diabetesaustralia.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021_Diabetes-Australia-Position-Statement_Type-2-diabetes-remission_2.pdf (accessed on 12 December 2024)."},{"key":"10447_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-02147-6","volume":"59","author":"L Garc\u00eda-Molina","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Molina L, Lewis-Mikhael A-M, Riquelme-Gallego B, Cano-Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez N, Oliveras-L\u00f3pez M-J, Bueno-Cavanillas A. Improving type 2 diabetes mellitus glycaemic control through lifestyle modification implementing diet intervention: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Nutr. 2020;59:1313\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00394-019-02147-6.","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"10447_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2016-000354","volume":"5","author":"O Snorgaard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Snorgaard O, Poulsen GM, Andersen HK, Astrup A. Systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary carbohydrate restriction in patients with type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2017;5:e000354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjdrc-2016-000354.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"10447_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1287987","author":"S Soltani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Soltani S, Jayedi A, Abdollahi S, Vasmehjani AA, Meshkini F, Shab-Bidar S. Effect of carbohydrate restriction on body weight in overweight and obese adults: a systematic review and dose\u2013response meta-analysis of 110 randomized controlled trials. Front Nutr. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2023.1287987.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"10447_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-2900","volume":"37","author":"CL Rock","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rock CL, Flatt SW, Pakiz B, Taylor KS, Leone AF, Brelje K, et al. Weight loss, glycemic control, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in response to differential diet composition in a weight loss program in type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2014;37:1573\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc13-2900.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10447_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.112581","volume":"102","author":"J Tay","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tay J, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Thompson CH, Noakes M, Buckley JD, Wittert GA, et al. Comparison of low- and high-carbohydrate diets for type 2 diabetes management: a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102:780\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.115.112581.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10447_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2014.06.011","volume":"31","author":"RD Feinman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Feinman RD, Pogozelski WK, Astrup A, Bernstein RK, Fine EJ, Westman EC, et al. Dietary carbohydrate restriction as the first approach in diabetes management: critical review and evidence base. Nutrition. 2015;31:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nut.2014.06.011.","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10447_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab585","volume":"107","author":"MC Riddle","year":"2022","unstructured":"Riddle MC, Cefalu WT, Evans PH, Gerstein HC, Nauck MA, Oh WK, et al. Consensus report: definition and interpretation of remission in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;107:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgab585.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10447_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-2053","volume":"39","author":"D Young-Hyman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Young-Hyman D, De Groot M, Hill-Briggs F, Gonzalez JS, Hood K, Peyrot M. Psychosocial care for people with diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2016;39:2126\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc16-2053.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10447_CR11","unstructured":"Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. Management of type 2 diabetes: a handbook for general practice; East Melbourne, VIC, 2024."},{"key":"10447_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2026","volume":"30","author":"P Berikai","year":"2007","unstructured":"Berikai P, Meyer PM, Kazlauskaite R, Savoy B, Kozik K, Fogelfeld L. Gain in patients\u2019 knowledge of diabetes management targets is associated with better glycemic control. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1587\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc06-2026.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10447_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-2396","volume":"45","author":"J Davis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Davis J, Fischl AH, Beck J, Browning L, Carter A, Condon JE, et al. 2022 national standards for diabetes self-management education and support. Diabetes Care. 2022;45:484\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc21-2396.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10447_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/55757","volume":"26","author":"D Kerr","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kerr D, Ahn D, Waki K, Wang J, Breznen B, Klonoff DC. Digital interventions for self-management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic literature review and meta-analysis. J Med Internet Res. 2024;26:e55757. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/55757.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"10447_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1177\/0145721720913275","volume":"46","author":"ML Litchman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Litchman ML, Oser TK, Hodgson L, Heyman M, Walker HR, Deroze P, et al. In-person and technology-mediated peer support in diabetes care: a systematic review of reviews and gap analysis. Diabetes Educ. 2020;46:230\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0145721720913275.","journal-title":"Diabetes Educ"},{"key":"10447_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-2297","volume":"45","author":"AM McInerney","year":"2022","unstructured":"McInerney AM, Lindekilde N, Nouwen A, Schmitz N, Desch\u00eanes SS. Diabetes distress, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms in people with type 2 diabetes: a network analysis approach to understanding comorbidity. Diabetes Care. 2022;45:1715\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc21-2297.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10447_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1238","volume":"33","author":"L Fisher","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fisher L, Mullan JT, Arean P, Glasgow RE, Hessler D, Masharani U. Diabetes distress but not clinical depression or depressive symptoms is associated with glycemic control in both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:23\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc09-1238.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10447_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-1657","volume":"39","author":"JS Gonzalez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gonzalez JS, Kane NS, Binko DH, Shapira A, Hoogendoorn CJ. Tangled up in blue: unraveling the links between emotional distress and treatment adherence in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2016;39:2182\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc16-1657.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10447_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-019-01295-9","volume":"56","author":"M Khaledi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khaledi M, Haghighatdoost F, Feizi A, Aminorroaya A. The prevalence of comorbid depression in patients with type 2 diabetes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis on huge number of observational studies. Acta Diabetol. 2019;56:631\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00592-019-01295-9.","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"10447_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmr041","volume":"29","author":"YW Tsai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tsai YW, Kann NH, Tung TH, Chao YJ, Lin CJ, Chang KC, et al. Impact of subjective sleep quality on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Fam Pract. 2012;29:30\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/fampra\/cmr041.","journal-title":"Fam Pract"},{"key":"10447_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2020.03.006","volume":"8","author":"M Azharuddin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Azharuddin M, Kapur P, Adil M, Ghosh P, Sharma M. The impact of sleep duration and sleep quality on glycaemic control in Asian population with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health. 2020;8:967\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cegh.2020.03.006.","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"10447_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05541-0","volume":"64","author":"SBJ Schipper","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schipper SBJ, Van Veen MM, Elders PJM, Van Straten A, Van Der Werf YD, Knutson KL, et al. Sleep disorders in people with type 2 diabetes and associated health outcomes: a review of the literature. Diabetologia. 2021;64:2367\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-021-05541-0.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10447_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13917","author":"P Xue","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xue P, Tan X, Benedict C. Association of poor sleep and HbA1c in metformin\u2010treated patients with type 2 diabetes: findings from the UK Biobank cohort study. J Sleep Res. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsr.13917.","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"10447_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2946","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.10322","volume":"100","author":"E Daneshzad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Daneshzad E, Keshavarz SA, Qorbani M, Larijani B, Azadbakht L. Association between a low\u2010carbohydrate diet and sleep status, depression, anxiety, and stress score. J Sci Food Agric. 2020;100:2946\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jsfa.10322.","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"key":"10447_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hawkins, M.A.; Zinn, C.; Delon, C. The application of carbohydrate-reduction in general practice: a medical audit. Journal of Metabolic Health 2023, 6, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/jmh.v6i1.86.","DOI":"10.4102\/jmh.v6i1.86"},{"key":"10447_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db22-832-P","author":"SJ Athinarayanan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Athinarayanan SJ, Vantieghem M, Mckenzie AL, Hallberg S, Roberts CGP, Volk BM, et al. 832-P: five-year weight and glycemic outcomes following a very-low-carbohydrate intervention including nutritional ketosis in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db22-832-P.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10447_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.687081","author":"K Gavidia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gavidia K, Kalayjian T. Treating diabetes utilizing a low carbohydrate ketogenic diet and intermittent fasting without significant weight loss: a case report. Front Nutr. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2021.687081.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"10447_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjnph-2022-000544","volume":"6","author":"D Unwin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Unwin D, Delon C, Unwin J, Tobin S, Taylor R. What predicts drug-free type 2 diabetes remission? Insights from an 8-year general practice service evaluation of a lower carbohydrate diet with weight loss. BMJ Nutr Prev Health. 2023;6:46\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjnph-2022-000544.","journal-title":"BMJ Nutr Prev Health"},{"key":"10447_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15204362","volume":"15","author":"BR Jooste","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jooste BR, Kolivas D, Brukner P, Moschonis G. Effectiveness of technology-enabled, low carbohydrate dietary interventions, in the prevention or treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults: a systematic literature review of randomised controlled and non-randomised trials. Nutrients. 2023;15:4362.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10447_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44324-025-00053-6","volume":"3","author":"D Kolivas","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kolivas D, Fraser L, Schweitzer R, Brukner P, Moschonis G. mHealth low carbohydrate dietary intervention ameliorates glycaemic profile, blood pressure and weight status in people with type 2 diabetes. npj Metabolic Health and Disease. 2025;3:12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44324-025-00053-6.","journal-title":"npj Metabolic Health and Disease"},{"key":"10447_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092153","volume":"15","author":"D Kolivas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kolivas D, Fraser L, Schweitzer R, Brukner P, Moschonis G. Effectiveness of a digitally delivered continuous care intervention (defeat diabetes) on type 2 diabetes outcomes: a 12-month single-arm, pre-post intervention study. Nutrients. 2023;15:2153.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10447_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","volume":"95","author":"PA Harris","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Minor BL, Elliott V, Fernandez M, O\u2019Neal L, et al. The REDCap consortium: building an international community of software platform partners. J Biomed Inform. 2019;95:103208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208.","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"10447_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","volume":"42","author":"PA Harris","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2014a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009;42:377\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010.","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"10447_CR34","unstructured":"Defeat Diabetes. Defeat diabetes. Available online: https:\/\/www.defeatdiabetes.com.au\/ (accessed on 12 December 2024)."},{"key":"10447_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjnph-2022-000544","author":"D Unwin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Unwin D, Delon C, Unwin J, Tobin S, Taylor R. What predicts drug-free type 2 diabetes remission? Insights from an 8-year general practice service evaluation of a lower carbohydrate diet with weight loss. BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjnph-2022-000544.","journal-title":"BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health"},{"key":"10447_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/pdi.1835","volume":"31","author":"D Unwin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Unwin D, Unwin J. Low carbohydrate diet to achieve weight loss and improve HbA 1c in type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes: experience from one general practice. Pract Diab. 2014;31:76\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pdi.1835.","journal-title":"Pract Diab"},{"key":"10447_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000959","volume":"33","author":"C Sancho-Domingo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sancho-Domingo C, Carballo JL, Coloma-Carmona A, Buysse DJ. Brief version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (B-PSQI) and measurement invariance across gender and age in a population-based sample. Psychol Assess. 2021;33:111\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0000959.","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"10447_CR38","unstructured":"The EuroQol Group. EuroQol-a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. Available online: https:\/\/euroqol.org\/ (accessed on 12 December 2024)."},{"key":"10447_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1559-5","volume":"53","author":"BE McGuire","year":"2010","unstructured":"McGuire BE, Morrison TG, Hermanns N, Skovlund S, Eldrup E, Gagliardino J, et al. Short-form measures of diabetes-related emotional distress: the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale (PAID)-5 and PAID-1. Diabetologia. 2010;53:66\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-009-1559-5.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10447_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-007-9110-y","volume":"30","author":"KA Wallston","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wallston KA, Rothman RL, Cherrington A. Psychometric properties of the Perceived Diabetes Self-Management Scale (PDSMS). J Behav Med. 2007;30:395\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10865-007-9110-y.","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"key":"10447_CR41","unstructured":"Xyris FoodWorks Professional 10, Xyris Software (Australia) Pty Ltd: 2020."},{"key":"10447_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-8-115","volume":"8","author":"PH Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee PH, Macfarlane DJ, Lam T, Stewart SM. Validity of the international physical activity questionnaire short form (IPAQ-SF): a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011;8:115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1479-5868-8-115.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"10447_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0282085","volume":"18","author":"M Kudrn\u00e1\u010dov\u00e1","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kudrn\u00e1\u010dov\u00e1 M, Kudrn\u00e1\u010d A. Better sleep, better life? Testing the role of sleep on quality of life. PLoS ONE. 2023;18:e0282085. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0282085.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10447_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04280-7","author":"L Barrea","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barrea L, Verde L, Di Lorenzo C, Savastano S, Colao A, Muscogiuri G. Can the ketogenic diet improve our dreams? Effect of very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) on sleep quality. J Transl Med. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-023-04280-7.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"10447_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6252","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2584","volume":"9","author":"A Tavakoli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tavakoli A, Mirzababaei A, Mirzaei K. Association between low carbohydrate diet (LCD) and sleep quality by mediating role of inflammatory factors in women with overweight and obesity: a cross-sectional study. Food Sci Nutr. 2021;9:6252\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/fsn3.2584.","journal-title":"Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"10447_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095211","volume":"19","author":"NFM Nasir","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nasir NFM, Draman N, Zulkifli MM, Muhamad R, Draman S. Sleep quality among patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study in the East Coast Region of Peninsular Malaysia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:5211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19095211.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10447_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-049806","volume":"11","author":"WS Shiferaw","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shiferaw WS, Akalu TY, Desta M, Kassie AM, Petrucka PM, Aynalem YA. Effect of educational interventions on knowledge of the disease and glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open. 2021;11:e049806. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-049806.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10447_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2019.04.001","author":"N Perrin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Perrin N, Bodicoat D, Davies MJ, Robertson N, Snoek F, Khunti K. Effectiveness of psychoeducational interventions for the treatment of diabetes-specific emotional distress and glycaemic control in people with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prim Care Diabetes. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pcd.2019.04.001.","journal-title":"Prim Care Diabetes"},{"key":"10447_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-06125-z","author":"W Zu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zu W, Zhang S, Du L, Huang X, Nie W, Wang L. The effectiveness of psychological interventions on diabetes distress and glycemic level in adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-024-06125-z.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10447_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.2800","volume":"15","author":"M Van Vugt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Van Vugt M, De Wit M, Cleijne WH, Snoek FJ. Use of behavioral change techniques in web-based self-management programs for type 2 diabetes patients: systematic review. J Med Internet Res. 2013;15:e279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/jmir.2800.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"10447_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1097\/hco.0000000000000437","volume":"32","author":"DER Warburton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Warburton DER, Bredin SSD. Health benefits of physical activity: a systematic review of current systematic reviews. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2017;32:541\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/hco.0000000000000437.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cardiol"},{"key":"10447_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci13040259","author":"SJ Shimu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shimu SJ, Akter S, Rahman MM, Arbee S, Mohiuddin MS, Sazzad S, et al. Integrating mental health into diabetes care: closing the treatment gap for better outcomes-a systematic review. Med Sci. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medsci13040259.","journal-title":"Med Sci"},{"key":"10447_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-021-00272-4","volume":"45","author":"RN Adams","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adams RN, Athinarayanan SJ, McKenzie AL, Hallberg SJ, McCarter JP, Phinney SD, et al. Depressive symptoms improve over 2\u00a0years of type 2 diabetes treatment via a digital continuous remote care intervention focused on carbohydrate restriction. J Behav Med. 2022;45:416\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10865-021-00272-4.","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"key":"10447_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2010.03025.x","volume":"27","author":"KMP Van Bastelaar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Van Bastelaar KMP, Pouwer F, Geelhoed\u2010Duijvestijn PHLM, Tack CJ, Bazelmans E, Beekman AT, et al. Diabetes\u2010specific emotional distress mediates the association between depressive symptoms and glycaemic control in type\u20031 and type\u20032 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2010;27:798\u2013803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2010.03025.x.","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"10447_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016009","volume":"7","author":"E Murray","year":"2017","unstructured":"Murray E, Sweeting M, Dack C, Pal K, Modrow K, Hudda M, et al. Web-based self-management support for people with type 2 diabetes (HeLP-Diabetes): randomised controlled trial in English primary care. BMJ Open. 2017;7:e016009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016009.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10447_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12501","volume":"280","author":"GD Brinkworth","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brinkworth GD, Luscombe\u2010Marsh ND, Thompson CH, Noakes M, Buckley JD, Wittert G, et al. Long\u2010term effects of very low\u2010carbohydrate and high\u2010carbohydrate weight\u2010loss diets on psychological health in obese adults with type 2 diabetes: randomized controlled trial. J Intern Med. 2016;280:388\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joim.12501.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"10447_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2018.07.011","volume":"13","author":"AK Woolley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Woolley AK, Hadjiconstantinou M, Davies M, Khunti K, Seidu S. Online patient education interventions in type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular disease: a systematic review of systematic reviews. Prim Care Diabetes. 2019;13:16\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pcd.2018.07.011.","journal-title":"Prim Care Diabetes"},{"key":"10447_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.108785","volume":"175","author":"L-W Pai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pai L-W, Chiu S-C, Liu H-L, Chen L-L, Peng T. Effects of a health education technology program on long-term glycemic control and self-management ability of adults with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2021;175:108785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.108785.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"10447_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076231205739","author":"F Selen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Selen F, Polat \u00dc. The effect of web based type 2 diabetes education on diabetes self management. DIGITAL HEALTH. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20552076231205739.","journal-title":"DIGITAL HEALTH"},{"key":"10447_CR60","unstructured":"National Health and Medical Research Council; Australian Research Council and Universities Australia; Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing; New Zealand Ministry of Health. Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand. Available online: https:\/\/www.nhmrc.gov.au\/about-us\/publications\/nutrient-reference-values-australia-and-new-zealand-including-recommended-dietary-intakes (accessed on 12 December 2024)."},{"key":"10447_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.1033486","author":"C Berkhout","year":"2022","unstructured":"Berkhout C, Berbra O, Favre J, Collins C, Calafiore M, Peremans L, et al. Defining and evaluating the Hawthorne effect in primary care, a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Med. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.1033486.","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"10447_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Rio Szupszynski, K.P.; De \u00c1vila, A.C. The transtheoretical model of behavior change: Prochaska and DiClemente\u2019s model; Springer International Publishing: 2021; pp. 205\u2013216.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-62106-3_14"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Behavioral Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12529-026-10447-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12529-026-10447-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12529-026-10447-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T13:46:02Z","timestamp":1778507162000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12529-026-10447-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10447"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12529-026-10447-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1070-5503","1532-7558"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1070-5503","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-7558","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 February 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 February 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the La Trobe University Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) (approval no. HEC22117) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The trial was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) on 17\/05\/2022, with the ACTRN: 12622000710729p.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}},{"value":"Despina Kolivas received an industry funded research scholarship from La Trobe University and Defeat Diabetes. Peter Brukner is the founder of the Defeat Diabetes Program. Peter Brukner and George Moschonis are employed by La Trobe University.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}