{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T09:42:41Z","timestamp":1786182161514,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mycotoxin Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12550-026-00659-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T04:24:17Z","timestamp":1783916657000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lutein and zeaxanthin provide protection against aflatoxin B1-induced liver and kidney toxicity: insights from in Silico and in Vivo studies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4973-0376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solomon","family":"Owumi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Chimezie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Owolabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse C.","family":"Nwaokolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther M.","family":"Pius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah A.","family":"Sanusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ifeoluwa O.","family":"Alabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesutosin O.","family":"Babalola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor O.","family":"Eso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hikmah","family":"Abdulganiyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwaseun M.","family":"Owolabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olatunde","family":"Owoeye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"659_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdel-Aal el SM, Akhtar H, Zaheer K, Ali R (2013) Dietary sources of lutein and zeaxanthin carotenoids and their role in eye health. Nutrients 5(4):1169\u201385","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5041169"},{"key":"659_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144781","volume":"768","author":"MM Abdel-Daim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abdel-Daim MM et al (2021) Fucoidan supplementation modulates hepato-renal oxidative stress and DNA damage induced by aflatoxin B1 intoxication in rats. Sci Total Environ 768:144781","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"659_CR3","unstructured":"Abdel-Wahhab MA, El-Denshary ESM, El-Nekeety AA (2019) The protective effect of natural antioxidants against aflatoxin B1-induced liver injury. J Toxicol"},{"key":"659_CR4","unstructured":"Abou-Zeid SM, El-Fatah SS, El-Kenawy AA (2020) Protective effect of lutein against aflatoxin B1-induced oxidative stress in rat hepatocytes. J Food Biochem 44"},{"issue":"1","key":"659_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/nt.2620020102","volume":"2","author":"M Adhikari","year":"1994","unstructured":"Adhikari M, Gita R, Berjak P (1994) Aflatoxin, kwashiorkor, and morbidity. Nat Toxins 2(1):1\u20133","journal-title":"Nat Toxins"},{"key":"659_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11081499","author":"MW Al-Rabia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Al-Rabia MW et al (2022) 2-Methoxyestradiol TPGS micelles attenuate cyclosporine A-induced nephrotoxicity in rats through inhibition of TGF-\u03b21 and p-ERK1\/2 axis. Antioxidants. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox11081499","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"issue":"20","key":"659_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e39253","volume":"10","author":"A Arab Firozjae","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arab Firozjae A et al (2024) Lutein improves remyelination by reducing of neuroinflammation in C57BL\/6 mouse models of multiple sclerosis. Heliyon 10(20):e39253","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"1","key":"659_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BIRY.0000016344.59411.ee","volume":"69","author":"J Arnhold","year":"2004","unstructured":"Arnhold J (2004) Properties, functions, and secretion of human myeloperoxidase. Biochemistry (Mosc) 69(1):4\u20139","journal-title":"Biochemistry (Mosc)"},{"key":"659_CR9","volume-title":"Theory and practice of histological techniques","author":"JD Bancroft","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bancroft JD, Gamble M (2008) Theory and practice of histological techniques. Elsevier health sciences"},{"key":"659_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17020423","author":"N Benkerroum","year":"2020","unstructured":"Benkerroum N (2020) Chronic and acute toxicities of aflatoxins: mechanisms of action. Int J Environ Res Public Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17020423","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"659_CR11","volume-title":"Methods of enzymatic analysis","author":"HI Bergmeyer","year":"1974","unstructured":"Bergmeyer HI, Gawehn K, Grassl M (1974) Methods of enzymatic analysis, vol Vol. 1, 2ed edn. Academic Press Inc., New York, NY","edition":"2ed"},{"issue":"6","key":"659_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1080\/15376516.2021.2021339","volume":"32","author":"W Cao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cao W, Yu P, Yang K, Cao D (2022) Aflatoxin B1: metabolism, toxicology, and its involvement in oxidative stress and cancer development. Toxicol Mech Methods 32(6):395\u2013419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15376516.2021.2021339","journal-title":"Toxicol Mech Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"659_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-017-0997-z","volume":"180","author":"Z Cao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cao Z et al (2017) Protective effect of selenium on aflatoxin B1-induced testicular toxicity in mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 180(2):233\u2013238","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"659_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-02278-8","volume":"11","author":"N Chandimali","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chandimali N et al (2025) Free radicals and their impact on health and antioxidant defenses: a review. Cell Death Discov 11(1):19","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"659_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christensen K, Lawler T, Mares J (2019) Dietary carotenoids and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among US adults, NHANES 2003(-)2014. Nutrients 11(5)","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051101"},{"issue":"2","key":"659_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2023.12.011","volume":"23","author":"J Chung","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chung J et al (2024) Nasal lavage microbiome, but not nasal swab microbiome, correlates with sinonasal inflammation in children with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 23(2):226\u2013233","journal-title":"J Cyst Fibros"},{"key":"659_CR17","volume-title":"Handbook of methods for oxygen radical research","author":"A Clairborne","year":"1995","unstructured":"Clairborne A (1995) Catalase activity. Handbook of methods for oxygen radical research. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL"},{"issue":"6","key":"659_CR18","first-page":"8785","volume":"8","author":"SY Du","year":"2015","unstructured":"Du SY et al (2015) Lutein prevents alcohol-induced liver disease in rats by modulating oxidative stress and inflammation. Int J Clin Exp Med 8(6):8785\u20138793","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"659_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2014.05.014","volume":"1","author":"AA El-Nekeety","year":"2014","unstructured":"El-Nekeety AA et al (2014) Quercetin inhibits the cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in liver of rats fed aflatoxin-contaminated diet. Toxicol Rep 1:319\u2013329","journal-title":"Toxicol Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"659_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(59)90090-6","volume":"82","author":"GL Ellman","year":"1959","unstructured":"Ellman GL (1959) Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys 82(1):70\u201377","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"659_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elvira-Torales LI, Garcia-Alonso J, Periago-Caston MJ (2019) Nutritional importance of carotenoids and their effect on liver health: A review. Antioxidants (Basel) 8(7)","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8070229"},{"issue":"4","key":"659_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.4196\/kjpp.2021.25.4.321","volume":"25","author":"PM Emeka","year":"2021","unstructured":"Emeka PM et al (2021) Protective effects of lutein against vancomycin-induced acute renal injury in mice via upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma\/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and inhibition nuclear factor-kappaB\/caspase 3. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol 25(4):321\u2013331","journal-title":"Korean J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"659_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2022.106691","volume":"164","author":"F Ghasemi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ghasemi F et al (2023) The effect of lutein and Zeaxanthine on dyslipidemia: a meta-analysis study. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 164:106691","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat"},{"issue":"1","key":"659_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(82)90118-X","volume":"126","author":"LC Green","year":"1982","unstructured":"Green LC et al (1982) Analysis of nitrate, nitrite, and [15N]nitrate in biological fluids. Anal Biochem 126(1):131\u2013138","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"659_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guengerich FP et al (1996) Involvement of cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferase, and epoxide hydrolase in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and relevance to risk of human liver cancer. Environ Health Perspect 104(Suppl 3):557\u201362","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.96104s3557"},{"key":"659_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habig WH, Pabst MJ, Jakoby WB (1974) Glutathione S-transferases. The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. J Biol Chem 249(22):7130\u20139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)42083-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"659_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.120","volume":"80","author":"A Havasi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Havasi A, Borkan SC (2011) Apoptosis and acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 80(1):29\u201340","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"659_CR28","unstructured":"Huang K et al (2021) Oxidative stress and aflatoxin B1 toxicity: Role of antioxidant systems. Food Chem Toxicol 149"},{"issue":"9","key":"659_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1111\/nure.12133","volume":"72","author":"EJ Johnson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Johnson EJ (2014) Role of lutein and zeaxanthin in visual and cognitive function throughout the lifespan. Nutr Rev 72(9):605\u2013612","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"659_CR30","first-page":"151","volume":"11","author":"DJ Jollow","year":"1974","unstructured":"Jollow DJ et al (1974) Bromobenzene-induced liver necrosis. Protective role of glutathione and evidence for 3,4-bromobenzene oxide as the hepatotoxic metabolite. Pharmacology 11(3):151\u2013169","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"659_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.03.002","volume":"31","author":"A Kijlstra","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kijlstra A, Tian Y, Kelly ER, Berendschot TT (2012) Lutein: more than just a filter for blue light. Prog Retin Eye Res 31(4):303\u2013315","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"659_CR32","first-page":"46","volume":"26","author":"H Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim H, Park K, Cho J (2016) Lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation prevent oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain. J Funct Foods 26:46\u201353","journal-title":"J Funct Foods"},{"issue":"2","key":"659_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.04.005","volume":"153","author":"J Koshiol","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koshiol J et al (2017) Association of aflatoxin and gallbladder cancer. Gastroenterology 153(2):488-494 e1","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"659_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43014-021-00064-y","author":"A Kumar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kumar A, Pathak H, Bhadauria S, Sudan J (2021) Aflatoxin contamination in food crops: causes, detection, and management: a review. Food Prod Process Nutr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43014-021-00064-y","journal-title":"Food Prod Process Nutr"},{"key":"659_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33221","volume":"6","author":"RJ Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee RJ et al (2016) Fungal aflatoxins reduce respiratory mucosal ciliary function. Sci Rep 6:33221.f","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"659_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1039\/c0pp00126k","volume":"9","author":"B Li","year":"2010","unstructured":"Li B, Vachali P, Bernstein PS (2010) Human ocular carotenoid-binding proteins. Photochem Photobiol Sci 9(11):1418\u20131425","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"659_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO01649F","volume":"10","author":"W Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li W et al (2019) Protective effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on oxidative stress and apoptosis in Aflatoxin B1-induced liver injury in rats. Food Funct 10(2):646\u2013654","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"659_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-93337-1_41","volume":"1370","author":"W Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li W et al (2022) Taurine prevents AFB1-induced renal injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis. Adv Exp Med Biol 1370:435\u2013444","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"659_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.117997","volume":"292","author":"Z Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li Z et al (2025) Diosmetin alleviates AFB1-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, and apoptosis via PI3K\/AKT pathway in mice. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 292:117997","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"659_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115742","volume":"269","author":"Y Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu Y et al (2024) SeMet alleviates AFB(1)-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in rabbit kidney by regulating Nrf2\/\/Keap1\/NQO1 and PI3K\/AKT signaling pathways. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 269:115742","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"issue":"1","key":"659_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6","volume":"193","author":"OH Lowry","year":"1951","unstructured":"Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ (1951) Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 193(1):265\u2013275","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"659_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafr.2024.101401","author":"HMPS Madushan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Madushan HMPS et al (2024) Aflatoxin contamination level estimation in food using reflectance multispectral imaging based system. J Agric Food Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jafr.2024.101401","journal-title":"J Agric Food Res"},{"key":"659_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02266","volume":"10","author":"DK Mahato","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mahato DK et al (2019) Aflatoxins in food and feed: an overview on prevalence, detection and control strategies. Front Microbiol 10:2266","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"659_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)45228-9","volume":"247","author":"HP Misra","year":"1972","unstructured":"Misra HP, Fridovich I (1972) The role of superoxide anion in the autoxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase. J Biol Chem 247(10):3170\u20133175","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"659_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14040827","author":"M Mrowicka","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mrowicka M, Mrowicki J, Kucharska E, Majsterek I (2022) Lutein and zeaxanthin and their roles in age-related macular degeneration-neurodegenerative disease. Nutrients. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14040827","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"5","key":"659_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8239","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.14158","volume":"8","author":"MJ Mughal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mughal MJ, Xi P, Yi Z, Jing F (2017) Aflatoxin B1 invokes apoptosis via death receptor pathway in hepatocytes. Oncotarget 8(5):8239\u20138249","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"4","key":"659_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-2101-264","volume":"51","author":"C Orhan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Orhan C et al (2021) Lutein\/zeaxanthin isomers regulate neurotrophic factors and synaptic plasticity in trained rats. Turk J Med Sci 51(4):2167\u20132176","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"659_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s12550-025-00600-6","volume":"41","author":"S Owumi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Owumi S et al (2025) Aflatoxin B(1)-induced toxicity, oxido-inflammatory damage, and apoptosis in male rat reproductive circuitry were abrogated by co-treating with the xanthophyll-lutein and zeaxanthin. Mycotoxin Res 41(3):513\u2013527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12550-025-00600-6","journal-title":"Mycotoxin Res"},{"key":"659_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2025.108345","volume":"258","author":"S Owumi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Owumi S et al (2025) Lutein and zeaxanthin abated neurobehavioral, neurochemical and oxido-inflammatory derangement in rats intoxicated with Aflatoxin B(1). Toxicon 258:108345","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"issue":"8","key":"659_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13316","volume":"44","author":"S Owumi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Owumi S, Najophe ES, Farombi EO, Oyelere AK (2020) Gallic acid protects against Aflatoxin B(1) -induced oxidative and inflammatory stress damage in rats kidneys and liver. J Food Biochem 44(8):e13316","journal-title":"J Food Biochem"},{"issue":"5","key":"659_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.14090","volume":"46","author":"SE Owumi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Owumi SE et al (2022a) Caffeic acid mitigates aflatoxin B1-mediated toxicity in the male rat reproductive system by modulating inflammatory and apoptotic responses, testicular function, and the redox-regulatory systems. J Food Biochem 46(5):e14090","journal-title":"J Food Biochem"},{"issue":"1","key":"659_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10926-1","volume":"12","author":"SE Owumi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Owumi SE et al (2022b) Apigeninidin-rich Sorghum bicolor (L. Moench) extracts suppress A549 cells proliferation and ameliorate toxicity of aflatoxin B1-mediated liver and kidney derangement in rats. Sci Rep 12(1):7438","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"659_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2008.07.006","volume":"22","author":"A Perry","year":"2009","unstructured":"Perry A, Rasmussen H, Johnson EJ (2009) Xanthophyll (lutein, zeaxanthin) content in fruits, vegetables and corn and egg products. J Food Compos Anal 22(1):9\u201315","journal-title":"J Food Compos Anal"},{"key":"659_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37349\/eds.2025.100885","author":"P Prathyusha","year":"2025","unstructured":"Prathyusha P et al (2025) Lutein and inflammation: a comprehensive review of its mechanisms of action. Exp Drug Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37349\/eds.2025.100885","journal-title":"Exp Drug Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"659_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4003","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0307446101","volume":"101","author":"R Radi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Radi R (2004) Nitric oxide, oxidants, and protein tyrosine nitration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101(12):4003\u20134008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"659_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10081268","author":"SA Rajput","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rajput SA et al (2021) Luteolin alleviates aflatoxinB(1)-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in the liver of mice through activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway. Antioxidants. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox10081268","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"issue":"2","key":"659_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2008.01.011","volume":"27","author":"RL Roberts","year":"2009","unstructured":"Roberts RL, Green J, Lewis B (2009) Lutein and zeaxanthin in eye and skin health. Clin Dermatol 27(2):195\u2013201","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"659_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1985.10545896","volume":"40","author":"WJ Rogan","year":"1985","unstructured":"Rogan WJ, Yang GC, Kimbrough RD (1985) Aflatoxin and Reye\u2019s syndrome: a study of livers from deceased cases. Arch Environ Health 40(2):91\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00039896.1985.10545896","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"issue":"4073","key":"659_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1126\/science.179.4073.588","volume":"179","author":"JT Rotruck","year":"1973","unstructured":"Rotruck JT et al (1973) Selenium: biochemical role as a component of glutathione peroxidase. Science 179(4073):588\u2013590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.179.4073.588","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"659_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.114546","volume":"251","author":"R Sang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sang R et al (2023) Taraxasterol alleviates aflatoxin B(1)-induced liver damage in broiler chickens via regulation of oxidative stress, apoptosis and autophagy. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 251:114546","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"issue":"5","key":"659_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-023-00694-0","volume":"19","author":"AB Sanz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sanz AB, Sanchez-Nino MD, Ramos AM, Ortiz A (2023) Regulated cell death pathways in kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 19(5):281\u2013299","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"12","key":"659_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0065-y","volume":"15","author":"RF Schwabe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schwabe RF, Luedde T (2018) Apoptosis and necroptosis in the liver: a matter of life and death. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 15(12):738\u2013752","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"659_CR63","first-page":"68","volume":"47","author":"YM Shang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shang YM, Ma HP, Zhao F (2017) The effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on the activities of antioxidant enzymes in hyperlipidemic rats. J Nutr Biochem 47:68\u201374","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"issue":"8","key":"659_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.05.009","volume":"34","author":"NT Stringham","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stringham NT et al (2024) Lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin supplementation attenuates inflammatory cytokines and markers of oxidative cardiovascular processes in humans. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 34(8):1976\u20131983","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"659_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(94)90175-9","volume":"32","author":"MA Trush","year":"1994","unstructured":"Trush MA, Egner PA, Kensler TW (1994) Myeloperoxidase as a biomarker of skin irritation and inflammation. Food Chem Toxicol 32(2):143\u2013147","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"659_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-017-0524-1","volume":"17","author":"M Tuzcu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tuzcu M et al (2017) Lutein and zeaxanthin isomers modulates lipid metabolism and the inflammatory state of retina in obesity-induced high-fat diet rodent model. BMC Ophthalmol 17(1):129","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"659_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prenap.2025.100387","author":"A Vikal","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vikal A, Maurya R, Patel P, Das Kurmi B (2025) Lutein as a liver guardian: insights into its hepatoprotective mechanisms, bioavailability, and emerging therapeutic roles. Pharmacol Res \u2013 Nat Prod. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prenap.2025.100387","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res \u2013 Nat Prod"},{"issue":"1","key":"659_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e996","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2013.499","volume":"5","author":"K Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang K (2014) Molecular mechanisms of hepatic apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 5(1):e996","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"659_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Q et al (2023) Chlorogenic acid alleviated AFB1-induced hepatotoxicity by regulating mitochondrial function, activating Nrf2\/HO-1, and inhibiting noncanonical NF-kappaB signaling pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 12(12)","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12122027"},{"key":"659_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang T et al (2024) AFB1 triggers lipid metabolism disorders through the PI3K\/Akt pathway and mediates apoptosis leading to hepatotoxicity. Foods. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods13010163","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13010163"},{"key":"659_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11061082","author":"Y Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Y et al (2022) Alleviation of oral exposure to aflatoxin B1-induced renal dysfunction, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis in mice kidney by curcumin. Antioxidants. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox11061082","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"659_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong JJH, D PH (1976) Mutagenicity of aflatoxins related to their metabolism and carcinogenic potential. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 73:2241\u2013224","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.73.7.2241"},{"issue":"4","key":"659_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095214","volume":"9","author":"J Xiao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xiao J et al (2014) Zeaxanthin dipalmitate therapeutically improves hepatic functions in an alcoholic fatty liver disease model through modulating MAPK pathway. PLoS ONE 9(4):e95214","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"659_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-2197-6","volume":"11","author":"Q Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu Q et al (2020) Critical role of caveolin-1 in aflatoxin B1-induced hepatotoxicity via the regulation of oxidation and autophagy. Cell Death Dis 11(1):6","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"issue":"18","key":"659_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52358","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-26085-3","volume":"30","author":"MSA Zaki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zaki MSA, Abadi AM, El-Kott AF et al (2023) Protective efficacy of luteolin against aflatoxin B1-induced toxicity, oxidative damage, and apoptosis in the rat liver. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 30(18):52358\u201352368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-023-26085-3","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"659_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115478","volume":"264","author":"L Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang L et al (2023) Aflatoxin B1 triggers apoptosis in rabbit hepatocytes via mediating oxidative stress and switching on the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 264:115478","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"issue":"1","key":"659_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2012.03.010","volume":"29","author":"L Zhao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhao L (2013) Lutein and zeaxanthin enhance the antioxidative defense against chlorpyrifos-induced toxicity in rats. Nutrition 29(1):120\u2013125","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"659_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112286","volume":"218","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao Y et al (2021) Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B10 can alleviate aflatoxin B1-induced kidney oxidative stress and apoptosis in mice. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 218:112286","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"659_CR79","first-page":"2086","volume":"107","author":"J Zhou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhou J et al (2018) The protective effect of lutein and zeaxanthin on oxidative damage in aflatoxin B1-exposed rats. Biomed Pharmacother 107:2086\u20132093","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"}],"container-title":["Mycotoxin Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12550-026-00659-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12550-026-00659-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12550-026-00659-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T09:02:21Z","timestamp":1786179741000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12550-026-00659-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["659"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12550-026-00659-9","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-8340180\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0178-7888","1867-1632"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0178-7888","type":"print"},{"value":"1867-1632","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 June 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 June 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 July 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The protocols for the care and use of experimental animals in this study were approved by the University of Ibadan, Animal Care and Use in Research Ethical Committee, with approval number: ACUREC No. UI-ACUREC\/068\u20130524\/06.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing Interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"49"}}