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The experimental procedures involved broiler chickens that were maintained under standard husbandry and management conditions throughout the study period. All handling, management, and sampling procedures were performed following accepted animal welfare practices to minimize stress and discomfort to the birds. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics and Research Committee of the University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan (Approval No. UAF\/VET\/IAEC\/2024\/156; Date of Approval: January 15, 2024).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors have reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript and consent to its publication.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"<b>Competing interests<\/b>","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"64"}}