{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T23:55:57Z","timestamp":1790553357414,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790467200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["060701\/2021\/864481\/SUB\/ENV.C2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["060701\/2021\/864481\/SUB\/ENV.C2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Food Environ Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Long-term genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 remains important as routine clinical testing and sequencing decline over time after the pandemic. We describe the temporal dynamics, methodological adaptation, and operational continuity of Italy\u2019s national wastewater variant surveillance from October 2021 to December 2025. Across 51 monthly surveys, 6,278 wastewater samples collected from 167 wastewater treatment plants in 18 Regions and 2 Autonomous Provinces were analysed by RT-qPCR and targeted spike sequencing using short- and long-amplicon Sanger and Oxford Nanopore Technology approaches. Overall, 1,186 samples yielded a successful long amplicon and an interpretable Sanger sequence, while 248 regional pools were characterized by ONT during the funded surveillance phase from October 2021 to March 2023. The data documented the replacement of Delta by Omicron, followed by the circulation of BA.1*, BA.2* and BA.4\/BA.5* and the subsequent emergence of BQ*, XBB*, EG.5*, and JN.1* lineages, with periods of persistence and co-circulation. The analytical workflow was adapted as lineage-defining mutations changed. Since March 2023, surveillance continued voluntarily through December 2025 using only long-amplicon Sanger sequencing. A qualitative comparison with national periodic flash surveys to estimate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 variants on biological samples showed that the two systems broadly captured the same succession of major lineage transitions, although the variant prevalence estimates and wastewater lineage proportions were not directly comparable. These findings support the feasibility of a targeted and adaptable strategy for sustaining nationwide wastewater genomic surveillance across emergency and post-emergency phases and for complementing clinical surveillance when routine testing and sequencing are reduced.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-026-09711-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T06:57:07Z","timestamp":1790492227000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-Term Wastewater Genomic Surveillance Reveals SARS-CoV-2 Variant Dynamics in Italy from 2021 to 2025"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"Veneri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Bonanno Ferraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Mancini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Brandtner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Iaconelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Congiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Lucentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Del Giudice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"D\u2019Avenio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Stefanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Ambrosio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Mammone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Suffredini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"The SARI Network","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"La Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"15","key":"9711_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MRA.00280-21","volume":"10","author":"S Agrawal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Agrawal, S., Orschler, L., & Lackner, S. (2021). Metatranscriptomic analysis reveals SARS-CoV-2 mutations in wastewater of the Frankfurt metropolitan area in southern Germany. Microbiology Resource Announcements, 10(15), Article e00280-21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/MRA.00280-21","journal-title":"Microbiology Resource Announcements"},{"issue":"67","key":"9711_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.03773","volume":"6","author":"I Aksamentov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aksamentov, I., Roemer, C., Hodcroft, E. B., & Neher, R. A. (2021). Nextclade: Clade assignment, mutation calling and quality control for viral genomes. Journal of Open Source Software, 6(67), Article 3773. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21105\/joss.03773","journal-title":"Journal of Open Source Software"},{"key":"9711_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148002","volume":"789","author":"I Bar-Or","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bar-Or, I., Weil, M., Indenbaum, V., Bucris, E., Bar-Ilan, D., Elul, M., Levi, N., Aguvaev, I., Cohen, Z., Shirazi, R., Erster, O., Sela-Brown, A., Sofer, D., Mor, O., Mendelson, E., & Zuckerman, N. S. (2021). Detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants by genomic analysis of wastewater samples in Israel. The Science of the Total Environment, 789, Article 148002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148002","journal-title":"The Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"33","key":"9711_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.33.2400096","volume":"29","author":"G Benedetti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Benedetti, G., Wulff Krogsgaard, L., Maritschnik, S., St\u00fcger, H. P., Hutse, V., Janssens, R., Blomqvist, S., Pitk\u00e4nen, T., Koutsolioutsou, A., R\u00f3ka, E., Vargha, M., La Rosa, G., Suffredini, E., Cauchie, H. M., Ogorzaly, L., van der Beek, R. F., Lodder, W. J., Madslien, E. H., Baz Lomba, J. A., & Ethelberg, S. (2024). A survey of the representativeness and usefulness of wastewater-based surveillance systems in 10 countries across Europe in 2023. Euro Surveillance, 29(33), Article 2400096. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.33.2400096","journal-title":"Euro Surveillance"},{"issue":"4","key":"9711_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-021-09498-6","volume":"14","author":"G Bonanno Ferraro","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bonanno Ferraro, G., Veneri, C., Mancini, P., Iaconelli, M., Suffredini, E., Bonadonna, L., Lucentini, L., Bowo-Ngandji, A., Kengne-Nde, C., Mbaga, D. S., Mahamat, G., Tazokong, H. R., Ebogo-Belobo, J. T., Njouom, R., Kenmoe, S., & La Rosa, G. (2022). A state-of-the-art scoping review on SARS-CoV-2 in sewage focusing on the potential of wastewater surveillance for the monitoring of the COVID-19 pandemic. Food and Environmental Virology, 14(4), 315\u2013354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12560-021-09498-6","journal-title":"Food and Environmental Virology"},{"issue":"11","key":"9711_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.2c00013","volume":"2","author":"I Brian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brian, I., Manuzzi, A., Dalla Rovere, G., Giussani, E., Palumbo, E., Fusaro, A., Bonfante, F., Bortolami, A., Quaranta, E. G., Monne, I., Patarnello, T., Bargelloni, L., Terregino, C., Holmes, E. C., Todesco, G., Sorrentino, F., Berton, A., Badetti, C., Carrer, C., \u2026 Panzarin, V. (2022). Molecular monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in different sewage plants in Venice and the implications for genetic surveillance. ACS ES&T Water, 2(11), 1953\u20131963. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsestwater.2c00013","journal-title":"ACS ES&T Water"},{"key":"9711_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120804","volume":"247","author":"FS Brunner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brunner, F. S., Payne, A., Cairns, E., Airey, G., Gregory, R., Pickwell, N. D., Wilson, M., Carlile, M., Holmes, N., Hill, V., Child, H., Tomlinson, J., Ahmed, S., Denise, H., Rowe, W., Frazer, J., Aerle, R. V., Evens, N., Porter, J., \u2026 Paterson, S. (2023). Utility of wastewater genomic surveillance compared to clinical surveillance to track the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant across England. Water Research, 247, Article 120804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120804","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"9711_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(23)00217-5","volume":"11","author":"T Burki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Burki, T. (2023). WHO ends the COVID-19 public health emergency. The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine, 11(7), 588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(23)00217-5","journal-title":"The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine"},{"key":"9711_CR9","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2026). About CDC\u2019s Wastewater Monitoring Program. Retrieved July 27, 2026, from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/wastewater\/about\/index.html"},{"issue":"1","key":"9711_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02703-20","volume":"12","author":"A Crits-Christoph","year":"2021","unstructured":"Crits-Christoph, A., Kantor, R. S., Olm, M. R., Whitney, O. N., Al-Shayeb, B., Lou, Y. C., Flamholz, A., Kennedy, L. C., Greenwald, H., Hinkle, A., Hetzel, J., Spitzer, S., Koble, J., Tan, A., Hyde, F., Schroth, G., Kuersten, S., Banfield, J. F., & Nelson, K. L. (2021). Genome sequencing of sewage detects regionally prevalent SARS-CoV-2 variants. Mbio, 12(1), Article e02703-20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mBio.02703-20","journal-title":"Mbio"},{"key":"9711_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145319","volume":"770","author":"PM D\u2019Aoust","year":"2021","unstructured":"D\u2019Aoust, P. M., Graber, T. E., Mercier, E., Montpetit, D., Alexandrov, I., Neault, N., Baig, A. T., Mayne, J., Zhang, X., Alain, T., Servos, M. R., Srikanthan, N., MacKenzie, M., Figeys, D., Manuel, D., J\u00fcni, P., MacKenzie, A. E., & Delatolla, R. (2021). Catching a resurgence: Increase in SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA identified in wastewater 48 h before COVID-19 clinical tests and 96 h before hospitalizations. The Science of the Total Environment, 770, Article 145319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145319","journal-title":"The Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"9711_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1467484","volume":"14","author":"M Gait\u00e1n","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gait\u00e1n, M., Zaldivar, Y., Hernandez, M., G\u00f3ndola, J., Chavarr\u00eda, O., Moreno, B., Franco, D., DeAntonio, R., Mirazo, S., Cancela, F., Barnett, M. E., Martinez, A. A., Pascale, J. M., & L\u00f3pez-Verg\u00e8s, S. (2025). Cryptic transmission of a SARS-CoV-2 variant detected by wastewater surveillance in Panama. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 14, Article 1467484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1467484","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9711_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-24985-2","volume":"25","author":"A Haver","year":"2025","unstructured":"Haver, A., van Dissel, J. T., Hetebrij, W. A., Eggink, D., Laros, J. F. J., & Lodder, W. J. (2025). Comprehensive wastewater genomic surveillance in the Netherlands: Insights into country-wide SARS-CoV-2 lineage dynamics and implications for future surveillance. BMC Public Health, 25(1), Article 3862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-025-24985-2","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"9711_CR14","unstructured":"Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 (ISS). (2024). Monitoraggio delle varianti del virus SARS-CoV-2 di interesse in sanit\u00e0 pubblica in Italia: indagini rapide. EpiCentro. Retrieved July 18, 2024, from https:\/\/www.epicentro.iss.it\/coronavirus\/sars-cov-2-monitoraggio-varianti-indagini-rapide"},{"issue":"5","key":"9711_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2705.204410","volume":"27","author":"R Izquierdo-Lara","year":"2021","unstructured":"Izquierdo-Lara, R., Elsinga, G., Heijnen, L., Munnink, B. B. O., Schapendonk, C. M. E., Nieuwenhuijse, D., Kon, M., Lu, L., Aarestrup, F. M., Lycett, S., Medema, G., Koopmans, M. P. G., & de Graaf, M. (2021). Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 circulation and diversity through community wastewater sequencing, the Netherlands and Belgium. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(5), 1405\u20131415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2705.204410","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"7925","key":"9711_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05049-6","volume":"609","author":"S Karthikeyan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Karthikeyan, S., Levy, J. I., De Hoff, P., Humphrey, G., Birmingham, A., Jepsen, K., Farmer, S., Tubb, H. M., Valles, T., Tribelhorn, C. E., Tsai, R., Aigner, S., Sathe, S., Moshiri, N., Henson, B., Mark, A. M., Hakim, A., Baer, N. A., Barber, T., \u2026 Knight, R. (2022). Wastewater sequencing reveals early cryptic SARS-CoV-2 variant transmission. Nature, 609(7925), 101\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-022-05049-6","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9711_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.121223","volume":"252","author":"LW Krogsgaard","year":"2024","unstructured":"Krogsgaard, L. W., Benedetti, G., Gudde, A., Richter, S. R., Rasmussen, L. D., Midgley, S. E., Qvesel, A. G., Nauta, M., Bahrenscheer, N. S., von Kappelgaard, L., McManus, O., Hansen, N. C., Pedersen, J. B., Haimes, D., Gamst, J., N\u00f8rgaard, L. S., J\u00f8rgensen, A. C. U., Ejegod, D. M., M\u00f8ller, S. S., \u2026 Ethelberg, S. (2024). Results from the SARS-CoV-2 wastewater-based surveillance system in Denmark, July 2021 to June 2022. Water Research, 252, Article 121223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2024.121223","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"key":"9711_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164766","volume":"893","author":"M Kuroiwa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kuroiwa, M., Gahara, Y., Kato, H., Morikawa, Y., Matsui, Y., Adachi, T., Kurosawa, S., Kuroita, T., Ando, Y., & Rokushima, M. (2023). Targeted amplicon sequencing of wastewater samples for detecting SARS-CoV-2 variants with high sensitivity and resolution. Science of the Total Environment, 893, Article 164766. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164766","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"9711_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.5758725","author":"G La Rosa","year":"2021","unstructured":"La Rosa, G., Bonadonna, L., & Suffredini, E. (2021a). Protocollo della Sorveglianza di SARS-CoV-2 in reflui urbani (SARI)\u2014rev. 3 (Rev. 3). Zenodo. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.5758725"},{"key":"9711_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162339","volume":"873","author":"G La Rosa","year":"2023","unstructured":"La Rosa, G., Brandtner, D., Bonanno Ferraro, G., Veneri, C., Mancini, P., Iaconelli, M., Lucentini, L., Del Giudice, C., Orlandi, L., SARI Network, & Suffredini, E. (2023). Wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 variants in October-November 2022 in Italy: detection of XBB.1, BA.2.75 and rapid spread of the BQ.1 lineage. The Science of the Total Environment, 873, 162339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162339","journal-title":"The Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"18","key":"9711_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.3390\/w13182503","volume":"13","author":"G La Rosa","year":"2021","unstructured":"La Rosa, G., Brandtner, D., Mancini, P., Veneri, C., Bonanno Ferraro, G., Bonadonna, L., Lucentini, L., & Suffredini, E. (2021d). Key SARS-CoV-2 mutations of alpha, gamma, and eta variants detected in urban wastewaters in Italy by long-read amplicon sequencing based on nanopore technology. Water, 13(18), 2503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w13182503","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"9711_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139652","volume":"736","author":"G La Rosa","year":"2020","unstructured":"La Rosa, G., Iaconelli, M., Mancini, P., Bonanno Ferraro, G., Veneri, C., Bonadonna, L., Lucentini, L., & Suffredini, E. (2020). First detection of SARS-CoV-2 in untreated wastewaters in Italy. The Science of the Total Environment, 736, Article 139652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139652","journal-title":"The Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"9711_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155767","volume":"837","author":"G La Rosa","year":"2022","unstructured":"La Rosa, G., Iaconelli, M., Veneri, C., Mancini, P., Bonanno Ferraro, G., Brandtner, D., Lucentini, L., Bonadonna, L., Rossi, M., Grigioni, M., SARI network, & Suffredini, E. (2022). The rapid spread of SARS-COV-2 Omicron variant in Italy reflected early through wastewater surveillance. The Science of the Total Environment, 837, 155767. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155767","journal-title":"The Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"9711_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141711","volume":"750","author":"G La Rosa","year":"2021","unstructured":"La Rosa, G., Mancini, P., Bonanno Ferraro, G., Veneri, C., Iaconelli, M., Bonadonna, L., Lucentini, L., & Suffredini, E. (2021b). SARS-CoV-2 has been circulating in northern Italy since December 2019: Evidence from environmental monitoring. The Science of the Total Environment, 750, Article 141711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141711","journal-title":"The Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"9711_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117104","volume":"197","author":"G La Rosa","year":"2021","unstructured":"La Rosa, G., Mancini, P., Bonanno Ferraro, G., Veneri, C., Iaconelli, M., Lucentini, L., Bonadonna, L., Brusaferro, S., Brandtner, D., Fasanella, A., Pace, L., Parisi, A., Galante, D., & Suffredini, E. (2021c). Rapid screening for SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in clinical and environmental samples using nested RT-PCR assays targeting key mutations of the spike protein. Water Research, 197, 117104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117104","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"key":"9711_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lansea.2023.100151","volume":"11","author":"S Lamba","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lamba, S., Ganesan, S., Daroch, N., Paul, K., Joshi, S. G., Sreenivas, D., Nataraj, A., Srikantaiah, V., Mishra, R., Ramakrishnan, U., & Ishtiaq, F. (2023). SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics and genomic surveillance to detect variants in wastewater - A longitudinal study in Bengaluru, India. The Lancet Regional Health. Southeast Asia, 11, Article 100151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lansea.2023.100151","journal-title":"The Lancet Regional Health. Southeast Asia"},{"issue":"1","key":"9711_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-58113-8","volume":"14","author":"A Lipponen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lipponen, A., Kolehmainen, A., Oikarinen, S., Hokaj\u00e4rvi, A. M., Lehto, K. M., Heikinheimo, A., Halkilahti, J., Juutinen, A., Luomala, O., Smura, T., Liitsola, K., Blomqvist, S., Savolainen-Kopra, C., Pitk\u00e4nen, T., WastPan Study Group. (2024). Detection of SARS-COV-2 variants and their proportions in wastewater samples using next-generation sequencing in Finland. Scientific Reports, 14(1), Article 7751. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-58113-8","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"9711_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coesh.2020.04.006","volume":"17","author":"K Mao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mao, K., Zhang, K., Du, W., Ali, W., Feng, X., & Zhang, H. (2020). The potential of wastewater-based epidemiology as surveillance and early warning of infectious disease outbreaks. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 17, 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coesh.2020.04.006","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"9711_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.3390\/v12101144","volume":"12","author":"J Martin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Martin, J., Klapsa, D., Wilton, T., Zambon, M., Bentley, E., Bujaki, E., Fritzsche, M., Mate, R., & Majumdar, M. (2020). Tracking SARS-CoV-2 in sewage: Evidence of changes in virus variant predominance during COVID-19 pandemic. Viruses, 12(10), 1144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v12101144","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"7","key":"9711_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.0c00357","volume":"7","author":"G Medema","year":"2020","unstructured":"Medema, G., Heijnen, L., Elsinga, G., Italiaander, R., & Brouwer, A. (2020). Presence of SARS-Coronavirus-2 RNA in sewage and correlation with reported COVID-19 prevalence in the early stage of the epidemic in the Netherlands. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 7(7), 511\u2013516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.estlett.0c00357","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology Letters"},{"issue":"6","key":"9711_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life15060850","volume":"15","author":"A Nappo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nappo, A., Petricciuolo, M., Berno, G., Carnevali, A., Gruber, C. E. M., Bicchieraro, G., Spaccapelo, R., Rueca, M., Carletti, F., Spezia, P. G., Veneri, C., La Rosa, G., Suffredini, E., Focosi, D., Chillemi, G., Federici, E., & Maggi, F. (2025). One-year monitoring of the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants through wastewater analysis (Central Italy, August 2023-July 2024). Life, 15(6), Article 850. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life15060850","journal-title":"Life"},{"issue":"6","key":"9711_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100098","volume":"1","author":"A Nemudryi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nemudryi, A., Nemudraia, A., Wiegand, T., Surya, K., Buyukyoruk, M., Cicha, C., Vanderwood, K. K., Wilkinson, R., & Wiedenheft, B. (2020). Temporal detection and phylogenetic assessment of SARS-CoV-2 in municipal wastewater. Cell Reports Medicine, 1(6), Article 100098. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100098","journal-title":"Cell Reports Medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"9711_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2024.377","volume":"22","author":"I Othman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Othman, I., Bisseux, M., Helmi, A., Hamdi, R., Nahdi, I., Slama, I., Mastouri, M., Bailly, J. L., & Aouni, M. (2024). Tracking SARS-CoV-2 and its variants in wastewater in Tunisia. Journal of Water and Health, 22(8), 1347\u20131356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wh.2024.377","journal-title":"Journal of Water and Health"},{"key":"9711_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46490-7","volume":"15","author":"D Planas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Planas, D., Staropoli, I., Michel, V., Lemoine, F., Donati, F., Prot, M., Porrot, F., Guivel-Benhassine, F., Jeyarajah, B., Brisebarre, A., & Dehan, O. (2024). Distinct evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB and BA286\/JN1 lineages combining increased fitness and antibody evasion. Nature Communications, 15, 2254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-46490-7","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"9711_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.116810","volume":"191","author":"T Prado","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prado, T., Fumian, T. M., Mannarino, C. F., Resende, P. C., Motta, F. C., Eppinghaus, L. F., Chagas do Vale, V. H., Braz, R. M. S., de Andrade, J. D. S. R., Maranh\u00e3o, A. G., & Miagostovich, M. P. (2021). Wastewater-based epidemiology as a useful tool to track SARS-CoV-2 and support public health policies at municipal level in Brazil. Water Research, 191, 116810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2021.116810","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"key":"9711_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113621","volume":"230","author":"W Randazzo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Randazzo, W., Cuevas-Ferrando, E., Sanju\u00e1n, R., Domingo-Calap, P., & S\u00e1nchez, G. (2020). Metropolitan wastewater analysis for COVID-19 epidemiological surveillance. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 230, Article 113621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113621","journal-title":"International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health"},{"key":"9711_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140911","volume":"744","author":"SG Rimoldi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rimoldi, S. G., Stefani, F., Gigantiello, A., Polesello, S., Comandatore, F., Mileto, D., Maresca, M., Longobardi, C., Mancon, A., Romeri, F., Pagani, C., Cappelli, F., Roscioli, C., Moja, L., Gismondo, M. R., & Salerno, F. (2020). Presence and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 virus in wastewaters and rivers. Science of the Total Environment, 744, Article 140911. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140911","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"9711_CR50","unstructured":"Rossi, M., Grigioni, M., La Rosa, G., & Suffredini, E. (2022). Piattaforma SARI2.0\u2014Manuale per l\u2019immissione e per la gestione dei dati (Rev.0). Zenodo. https:\/ \/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.5950261"},{"issue":"6","key":"9711_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2806.211821","volume":"28","author":"M Sutton","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sutton, M., Radniecki, T. S., Kaya, D., Alegre, D., Geniza, M., Girard, A. M., Carter, K., Dasenko, M., Sanders, J. L., Cieslak, P. R., Kelly, C., & Tyler, B. M. (2022). Detection of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 (Beta) variant through wastewater surveillance before case detection in a community, Oregon, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(6), 1101\u20131109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2806.211821","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"9711_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01911-2","volume":"28","author":"H Tegally","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tegally, H., Moir, M., Everatt, J., et al. (2022). Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineages BA.4 and BA.5 in South Africa. Nature Medicine, 28, 1785\u20131790. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-022-01911-2","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"9711_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-023-09565-0","volume":"15","author":"F Triggiano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Triggiano, F., De Giglio, O., Apollonio, F., Brigida, S., Fasano, F., Mancini, P., Bonanno Ferraro, G., Veneri, C., La Rosa, G., Suffredini, E., Lucentini, L., Ungaro, N., Di Vittorio, G., Mongelli, O., Albano, N., & Montagna, M. T. (2023). Wastewater-based epidemiology and SARS-CoV-2: Variant trends in the Apulia region (Southern Italy) and effect of some environmental parameters. Food and Environmental Virology, 15(4), 331\u2013341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12560-023-09565-0","journal-title":"Food and Environmental Virology"},{"issue":"4","key":"9711_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-024-09607-1","volume":"16","author":"C Veneri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Veneri, C., Brandtner, D., Mancini, P., Bonanno Ferraro, G., Iaconelli, M., Suffredini, E., Petrillo, M., Leoni, G., Paracchini, V., Gawlik, B. M., Marchini, A., SARI Network, & La Rosa, G. (2024). Tracking the spread of the BA.2.86 lineage in Italy through wastewater analysis. Food and Environmental Virology, 16(4), 449\u2013457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12560-024-09607-1","journal-title":"Food and Environmental Virology"},{"key":"9711_CR43","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023) Environmental surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 to complement other public health surveillance. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240080638"},{"key":"9711_CR44","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2026) WHO Coronavirus (COVID\u201019) Dashboard. World Health Organization;\u00a0https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"9711_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00614-20","volume":"5","author":"F Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu, F., Zhang, J., Xiao, A., Gu, X., Lee, W. L., Armas, F., Kauffman, K., Hanage, W., Matus, M., Ghaeli, N., Endo, N., Duvallet, C., Poyet, M., Moniz, K., Washburne, A. D., Erickson, T. B., Chai, P. R., Thompson, J., & Alm, E. J. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 titers in wastewater are higher than expected from clinically confirmed cases. mSystems, 5(4), Article e00614-20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mSystems.00614-20","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"issue":"50","key":"9711_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000776","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.50.2000776","volume":"25","author":"S Wurtzer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wurtzer, S., Marechal, V., Mouchel, J. M., Maday, Y., Teyssou, R., Richard, E., Almayrac, J. L., & Moulin, L. (2020). Evaluation of lockdown effect on SARS-CoV-2 dynamics through viral genome quantification in waste water, Greater Paris, France, 5 March to 23. Euro Surveillance, 25(50), 2000776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.50.2000776","journal-title":"Euro Surveillance"},{"key":"9711_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00010-5","volume":"23","author":"C Yue","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yue, C., Song, W., Wang, L., et al. (2023). ACE2 binding and antibody evasion in enhanced transmissibility of XBB.1.5. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 23, 278\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00010-5","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"9711_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.129353","volume":"404","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Gao, C., Ge, X., Sun, Y., Liu, P., & Zhang, X. X. (2026). Tracking viral variants by wastewater surveillance, from laboratory diagnosis towards on-site monitoring: Lessons learned from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Journal of Environmental Management, 404, Article 129353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.129353","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"key":"9711_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.20941","volume":"14","author":"A Zulli","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zulli, A., White, B., Duong, D., Shelden, B., Chan-Herur, V., Wolfe, M., & Boehm, A. B. (2026). Nationwide wastewater sequencing surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 lineages: Validation against clinical data across 28 U.S. states. PeerJ, 14, Article e20941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.20941","journal-title":"PeerJ"}],"container-title":["Food and Environmental Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12560-026-09711-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12560-026-09711-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12560-026-09711-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T23:02:05Z","timestamp":1790550125000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12560-026-09711-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9711"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12560-026-09711-4","relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5281\/zenodo.5758725","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["1867-0334","1867-0342"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1867-0334","type":"print"},{"value":"1867-0342","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 July 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing Interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"38"}}