{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T21:45:35Z","timestamp":1789595135666,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,29]],"date-time":"2020-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585440000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,29]],"date-time":"2020-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Probiotics &amp; Antimicro. Prot."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-020-09646-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,29]],"date-time":"2020-03-29T02:02:22Z","timestamp":1585447342000},"page":"1321-1329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["The Effect of Streptococcus salivarius K12 on Halitosis: a Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lu","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongjiang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangying","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"9646_CR1","first-page":"257","volume":"66","author":"K Yaegaki","year":"2000","unstructured":"Yaegaki K, Coil JM (2000) Examination, classification, and treatment of halitosis; clinical perspectives. J Can Dent Assoc 66(5):257\u2013261","journal-title":"J Can Dent Assoc"},{"issue":"7","key":"9646_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2006.02.010","volume":"79","author":"CM Calil","year":"2006","unstructured":"Calil CM, Marcondes FK (2006) Influence of anxiety on the production of oral volatile sulfur compounds. Life Sci 79(7):660\u2013664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2006.02.010","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"9646_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S339","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-7406.163441","volume":"7","author":"GS Madhushankari","year":"2015","unstructured":"Madhushankari GS, Yamunadevi A, Selvamani M, Mohan Kumar KP, Basandi PS (2015) Halitosis - an overview: part-I - classification, etiology, and pathophysiology of halitosis. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 7(Suppl 2):S339\u2013S343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0975-7406.163441","journal-title":"J Pharm Bioallied Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"9646_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-83242011000500015","volume":"25","author":"CK Rosing","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rosing CK, Loesche W (2011) Halitosis: an overview of epidemiology, etiology and clinical management. Braz Oral Res 25(5):466\u2013471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S1806-83242011000500015","journal-title":"Braz Oral Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"9646_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051x.2009.01478.x","volume":"36","author":"M Quirynen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Quirynen M, Dadamio J, Van den Velde S, De Smit M, Dekeyser C, Van Tornout M, Vandekerckhove B (2009) Characteristics of 2000 patients who visited a halitosis clinic. J Clin Periodontol 36(11):970\u2013975. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-051x.2009.01478.x","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"issue":"9","key":"9646_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1992.63.9.783","volume":"63","author":"K Yaegaki","year":"1992","unstructured":"Yaegaki K, Sanada K (1992) Biochemical and clinical factors influencing oral malodor in periodontal patients. J Periodontol 63(9):783\u2013789. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1902\/jop.1992.63.9.783","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9646_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.41.2.558-563.2003","volume":"41","author":"CE Kazor","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kazor CE, Mitchell PM, Lee AM, Stokes LN, Loesche WJ, Dewhirst FE, Paster BJ (2003) Diversity of bacterial populations on the tongue dorsa of patients with halitosis and healthy patients. J Clin Microbiol 41(2):558\u2013563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.41.2.558-563.2003","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9646_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2007.01371.x","volume":"14","author":"MP Riggio","year":"2008","unstructured":"Riggio MP, Lennon A, Rolph HJ, Hodge PJ, Donaldson A, Maxwell AJ, Bagg J (2008) Molecular identification of bacteria on the tongue dorsum of subjects with and without halitosis. Oral Dis 14(3):251\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2007.01371.x","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"9646_CR9","first-page":"25","volume":"18","author":"J Wang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wang J, Wang M-r, Wang Z-l (2010) Diversity of bacterial population on the tongue dorsa of halitosis patients. Beijing J Stomatol 18(1):25\u201329","journal-title":"Beijing J Stomatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9646_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1977.48.1.13","volume":"48","author":"J Tonzetich","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tonzetich J (1997) Production and origin of oral malodor: a review of mechanisms and methods of analysis. J Periodontol 48(1):13\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1902\/jop.1977.48.1.13","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9646_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0757.2002.280111.x","volume":"28","author":"WJ Loesche","year":"2002","unstructured":"Loesche WJ, Kazor C (2002) Microbiology and treatment of halitosis. Periodontol 2000 28(1):256\u2013279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/j.1600-0757.2002.280111.x","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"issue":"4","key":"9646_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5037.2010.00479.x","volume":"8","author":"MI Van der Sleen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Van der Sleen MI, Slot DE, Van Trijffel E, Winkel EG, Van der Weijden GA (2010) Effectiveness of mechanical tongue cleaning on breath odour and tongue coating: a systematic review. Int J Dent Hyg 8(4):258\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1601-5037.2010.00479.x","journal-title":"Int J Dent Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"9646_CR13","first-page":"344","volume":"49","author":"J Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang J, He L (2017) Effect of mechanical self-cleaning of tongue coating on malodor in halitosis patients originating from tongue coating. J Peking Univ (health sciences) 49(2):344\u2013347","journal-title":"J Peking Univ (health sciences)"},{"issue":"10","key":"9646_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1007\/s004310100831","volume":"160","author":"J Henker","year":"2001","unstructured":"Henker J, Schuster F, Nissler K (2001) Successful treatment of gut-caused halitosis with a suspension of living non-pathogenic Escherichia coli bacteria--a case report. Eur J Pediatr 160(10):592\u2013594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s004310100831","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"9646_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2006.02837.x","volume":"100","author":"JP Burton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Burton JP, Chilcott CN, Moore CJ, Speiser G, Tagg JR (2006) A preliminary study of the effect of probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 on oral malodour parameters. J Appl Microbiol 100(4):754\u2013764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2006.02837.x","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"9646_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2005.01084.x","volume":"11","author":"JP Burton","year":"2005","unstructured":"Burton JP, Chilcott CN, Tagg JR (2005) The rationale and potential for the reduction of oral malodour using Streptococcus salivarius probiotics. Oral Dis 11(Suppl 1):29\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2005.01084.x","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"9646_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2012.02.011","volume":"57","author":"L Masdea","year":"2012","unstructured":"Masdea L, Kulik EM, Hauser-Gerspach I, Ramseier AM, Filippi A, Waltimo T (2012) Antimicrobial activity of Streptococcus salivarius K12 on bacteria involved in oral malodour. Arch Oral Biol 57(8):1041\u20131047. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2012.02.011","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"9646_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4163","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00188-08","volume":"76","author":"C Cosseau","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cosseau C, Devine DA, Dullaghan E, Gardy JL, Chikatamarla A, Gellatly S, Yu LL, Pistolic J, Falsafi R, Tagg J, Hancock RE (2008) The commensal Streptococcus salivarius K12 downregulates the innate immune responses of human epithelial cells and promotes host-microbe homeostasis. Infect Immun 76(9):4163\u20134175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.00188-08","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"3","key":"9646_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051x.2006.00893.x","volume":"33","author":"MS Kang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kang MS, Kim BG, Chung J, Lee HC, Oh JS (2006) Inhibitory effect of Weissella cibaria isolates on the production of volatile sulphur compounds. J Clin Periodontol 33(3):226\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-051x.2006.00893.x","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"issue":"4","key":"9646_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2014.06.014","volume":"118","author":"N Suzuki","year":"2014","unstructured":"Suzuki N, Yoneda M, Tanabe K, Fujimoto A, Iha K, Seno K, Yamada K, Iwamoto T, Masuo Y, Hirofuji T (2014) Lactobacillus salivarius WB21-containing tablets for the treatment of oral malodor: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial--reply to letter. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 118(4):506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oooo.2014.06.014","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"9646_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051x.2008.01306.x","volume":"35","author":"H Shimauchi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shimauchi H, Mayanagi G, Nakaya S, Minamibuchi M, Ito Y, Yamaki K, Hirata H (2008) Improvement of periodontal condition by probiotics with Lactobacillus salivarius WB21: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Periodontol 35(10):897\u2013905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-051x.2008.01306.x","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9646_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/6\/1\/017106","volume":"6","author":"N Suzuki","year":"2012","unstructured":"Suzuki N, Tanabe K, Takeshita T, Yoneda M, Iwamoto T, Oshiro S, Yamashita Y, Hirofuji T (2012) Effects of oil drops containing Lactobacillus salivarius WB21 on periodontal health and oral microbiota producing volatile sulfur compounds. J Breath Res 6(1):017106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1752-7155\/6\/1\/017106","journal-title":"J Breath Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"9646_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2014.06.013","volume":"118","author":"S Kamra","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kamra S, Pai KM (2014) Lactobacillus salivarius WB21 tablets for the treatment of oral malodor: a commentary. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 118(4):505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oooo.2014.06.013","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"9646_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2011.06.038","volume":"49","author":"JP Burton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Burton JP, Cowley S, Simon RR, McKinney J, Wescombe PA, Tagg JR (2011) Evaluation of safety and human tolerance of the oral probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Food Chem Toxicol 49(9):2356\u20132364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2011.06.038","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"issue":"4","key":"9646_CR25","first-page":"305","volume":"14","author":"Z Jamali","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jamali Z, Aminabadi NA, Samiei M, Sighari Deljavan A, Shokravi M, Shirazi S (2016) Impact of Chlorhexidine pretreatment followed by probiotic Streptococcus salivarius strain K12 on halitosis in children: a randomised controlled clinical trial. Oral Health Prev Dent 14(4):305\u2013313","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev Dent"},{"issue":"9","key":"9646_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1992.63.9.776","volume":"63","author":"M Rosenberg","year":"1992","unstructured":"Rosenberg M, McCulloch CA (1992) Measurement of oral malodor: current methods and future prospects. J Periodontol 63(9):776\u2013782. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1902\/jop.1992.63.9.776","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"issue":"5","key":"9646_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1067\/moe.2001.112543","volume":"91","author":"T Oho","year":"2001","unstructured":"Oho T, Yoshida Y, Shimazaki Y, Yamashita Y, Koga T (2001) Characteristics of patients complaining of halitosis and the usefulness of gas chromatography for diagnosing halitosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 91(5):531\u2013534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/moe.2001.112543","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"issue":"2","key":"9646_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2010.03.032","volume":"110","author":"T Iwamoto","year":"2010","unstructured":"Iwamoto T, Suzuki N, Tanabe K, Takeshita T, Hirofuji T (2010) Effects of probiotic Lactobacillus salivarius WB21 on halitosis and oral health: an open-label pilot trial. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 110(2):201\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tripleo.2010.03.032","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"issue":"2","key":"9646_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302x.2007.00334.x","volume":"22","author":"HP Horz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Horz HP, Meinelt A, Houben B, Conrads G (2007) Distribution and persistence of probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 in the human oral cavity as determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Oral Microbiol Immunol 22(2):126\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1399-302x.2007.00334.x","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"9646_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1995.66.8.679","volume":"66","author":"H Miyazaki","year":"1995","unstructured":"Miyazaki H, Sakao S, Katoh Y, Takehara T (1995) Correlation between volatile sulphur compounds and certain oral health measurements in the general population. J Periodontol 66(8):679\u2013684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1902\/jop.1995.66.8.679","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9646_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2003.0135","volume":"134","author":"ADA Council on Scientific Affairs","year":"2003","unstructured":"ADA Council on Scientific Affairs (2003) Oral malodor. J Am Dent Assoc 134(2):209\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14219\/jada.archive.2003.0135","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"9646_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357.2011.635601","volume":"70","author":"S Erovic Ademovski","year":"2012","unstructured":"Erovic Ademovski S, Lingstrom P, Winkel E, Tangerman A, Persson GR, Renvert S (2012) Comparison of different treatment modalities for oral halitosis. Acta Odontol Scand 70(3):224\u2013233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00016357.2011.635601","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"issue":"2","key":"9646_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/ijos.2012.39","volume":"4","author":"CM Bollen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bollen CM, Beikler T (2012) Halitosis: the multidisciplinary approach. Int J Oral Sci 4(2):55\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ijos.2012.39","journal-title":"Int J Oral Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"9646_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/s0163-4453(03)00081-1","volume":"47","author":"K Mizuta","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mizuta K, Abiko C, Murata T, Itagaki T, Katsushima N, Akiba T, Sakamoto M, Ootani K, Murayama S (2003) Re-emergence of echovirus type 13 infections in 2002 in Yamagata, Japan. J Inf Secur 47(3):243\u2013247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0163-4453(03)00081-1","journal-title":"J Inf Secur"},{"issue":"17","key":"9646_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1955.02960340022006","volume":"159","author":"HK Beecher","year":"1955","unstructured":"Beecher HK (1955) The powerful placebo. J Am Med Assoc 159(17):1602\u20131606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.1955.02960340022006","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"9646_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0722.2002.21320.x","volume":"110","author":"CS Queiroz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Queiroz CS, Hayacibara MF, Tabchoury CP, Marcondes FK, Cury JA (2002) Relationship between stressful situations, salivary flow rate and oral volatile sulfur-containing compounds. Eur J Oral Sci 110(5):337\u2013340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/j.1600-0722.2002.21320.x","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"},{"key":"9646_CR37","unstructured":"Wang J, He L, Liu T-t (2012) Study on self-reported halitosis and the associated factors in patients in a periodontal clinic. J Peking Univ (health sciences) 44(2):295\u2013298"}],"container-title":["Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12602-020-09646-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12602-020-09646-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12602-020-09646-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]],"date-time":"2021-03-28T19:24:01Z","timestamp":1616959441000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12602-020-09646-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,29]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9646"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12602-020-09646-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1867-1306","1867-1314"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1867-1306","type":"print"},{"value":"1867-1314","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 March 2020","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interests"}}]}}