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Experiments occurred in two stages: a survival study with 16 rats randomly divided into septic (SC) (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20098) and septic pretreated (SA) (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20098) groups and 45 rats divided into four groups: healthy (AGUSAN) (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20099), septic (AGUIC) (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200913), septic pretreated (AGUIA) (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200914), and healthy pretreated (AGUSTO) (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20099). Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture after 30\u00a0days of\n                    <jats:italic>A. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    A12C pretreatment or without. SA group had a higher survival rate of 58% vs. 16% for SC group (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Overall, AGUIA showed better status than AGUIC (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Higher monocytosis was found in AGUIA and AGUSTO vs. AGUIC and AGUSAN, respectively (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). A gradual increase in curdlan fecal concentration was observed in AGUIA during pretreatment. Fecal concentrations of\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    significantly decreased in AGUIA and AGUSTO. Bacterial load in urine, peritoneal lavage fluid (PLF), and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) decreased (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) in AGUIA vs. AGUIC. Finally, lower inflammation was observed in serum, BALF, and PLF, with reduced IL-6, IL-10, IL-1\u03b2, and TNF-\u03b1, along with less damage in lungs and peritoneum in AGUIA vs. AGUIC. These findings suggest the connection between curdlan\u2014produced by\n                    <jats:italic>A. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    A12C\u2014with the immune system and the reduction in severity of experimental sepsis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-024-10252-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T02:01:52Z","timestamp":1714096912000},"page":"3100-3119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Long-Term Treatment with Alcaligenes faecalis A12C Improves Host Resistance to Pathogens in Septic Rats: Possible Contribution of Curdlan-Like Immune Trainer"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1580-4058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. 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