{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T20:11:04Z","timestamp":1775160664473,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749081600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Probiotics & Antimicro. Prot."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-025-10611-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T05:10:46Z","timestamp":1749100246000},"page":"1156-1169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Multi-strain Probiotics for Treatment of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Rats: Histological and Immunohistochemical Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ossama M.","family":"Zakaria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Yasser Ibrahim","family":"Daoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdul-Rahman A.","family":"Al-Sultan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5910-8292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghada A.","family":"Meheissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"10611_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e080218","DOI":"10.7363\/080218","volume":"8","author":"HD Vu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vu HD, Kandasamy Y, Dickinson C (2009) Sex differences in the outcome of very low birth weight premature infants born in a regional Australian neonatal intensive care unit. J Pediatr Neonat Individual Med 8:e080218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7363\/080218","journal-title":"J Pediatr Neonat Individual Med"},{"key":"10611_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-02231-5","volume":"20","author":"A Alsaied","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alsaied A, Islam N, Thalib L (2020) Global incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pediatr 20:344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-020-02231-5","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"10611_CR3","unstructured":"Ginglen JG, Butki N (2024) Necrotizing enterocolitis. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island"},{"key":"10611_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1097\/ANC.0000000000000983","volume":"22","author":"L Dickison","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dickison L, Gonzalez-Shalaby C (2022) Reducing risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis: what is the recent evidence and biologic plausibility supporting probiotics? Adv Neonatal Care 22:513\u2013522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ANC.0000000000000983","journal-title":"Adv Neonatal Care"},{"key":"10611_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-025-02277-2","author":"MA Underwood","year":"2025","unstructured":"Underwood MA (2025) The fifty-billion-dollar question: does formula cause necrotizing enterocolitis? J Perinatol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41372-025-02277-2","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"10611_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954735","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.954735","volume":"10","author":"H Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu H, Guo K, Zhuo Z, Zeng R, Luo Y, Yang Q, Li J, Jiang R, Huang Z, Sha W, Chen H (2022) Current therapy option for necrotizing enterocolitis: practicalities and challenge. Front Pediatr 10:954735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2022.954735","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"10611_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.2174\/1573396315666190312093119","volume":"15","author":"C Bazacliu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bazacliu C, Neu J (2019) Necrotizing enterocolitis: long term complications. Curr Pediatr Rev 15:115\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1573396315666190312093119","journal-title":"Curr Pediatr Rev"},{"key":"10611_CR8","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations & World Health Organization (2002) Guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food: Report of a joint FAO\/WHO working group on drafting guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food. London, Ontario, Canada. Retrieved May 31, 2025, from https:\/\/www.foodinprogress.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Guidelines-for-the-Evaluation-of-Probiotics-in-Food.pdf"},{"key":"10611_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12010184","volume":"12","author":"C Mazziotta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mazziotta C, Tognon M, Martini F, Torreggiani E, Rotondo JC (2023) Probiotics mechanism of action on immune cells and beneficial effects on human health. Cells 12:184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells12010184","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10611_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-018-0301-z","volume":"13","author":"A Brunse","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brunse A, Martin L, Rasmussen TS, Christensen L, SkovstedCilieborg M, Wiese M, Khakimov B, Pieper R, Nielsen DS, Sangild PT, Thymann T (2019) Effect of fecal microbiota transplantation route of administration on gut colonization and host response in preterm pigs. ISME J 13:720\u2013733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41396-018-0301-z","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"10611_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"k2179","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k2179","volume":"361","author":"AM Valdes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Valdes AM, Walter J, Segal E, Spector TD (2018) Role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health. BMJ 361:k2179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.k2179","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10611_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.33073\/pjm-2022-035","volume":"71","author":"A Zawistowska-Rojek","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zawistowska-Rojek A, Kociszewska A, Zar\u0119ba T, Tyski S (2022) New potentially probiotic strains isolated from humans- comparison of properties with strains from probiotic products and ATCC collection. Pol J Microbiol 71:395\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33073\/pjm-2022-035","journal-title":"Pol J Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10611_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD005496","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005496.pub6","volume":"7","author":"S Sharif","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sharif S, Meader N, Oddie SJ, Rojas-Reyes MX, McGuire W (2023) Probiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 7(7):CD005496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD005496.pub6","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10611_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215927","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1215927","volume":"10","author":"X Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang X, Hartmann P (2023) How to calculate sample size in animal and human studies. Front Med 10:1215927. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2023.1215927","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10611_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1177\/00236772241272991","volume":"58","author":"PS Verhave","year":"2024","unstructured":"Verhave PS, Van-Eenige R, Tiebosch I (2024) Methods for applying blinding and randomisation in animal experiments. Lab Anim 58(5):419\u2013426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00236772241272991","journal-title":"Lab Anim"},{"issue":"1","key":"10611_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000109","DOI":"10.1136\/wjps-2020-000109","volume":"3","author":"YS Mendez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mendez YS, Khan FA, Perrier GV, Radulescu A (2020) Animal models of necrotizing enterocolitis. World J Pediatr Surg 3(1):e000109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/wjps-2020-000109","journal-title":"World J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"10611_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12040900","volume":"12","author":"SR Lueschow","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lueschow SR, Kern SL, Gong H, Grobe JL, Segar JL, Carlson SJ, McElroy SJ (2020) Feeding formula eliminates the necessity of bacterial dysbiosis and induces inflammation and injury in the paneth cell disruption murine NEC model in an osmolality-dependent manner. Nutrients 12:900. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12040900","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10611_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000050657.56817.E0","volume":"53","author":"B Dvorak","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dvorak B, Halpern M, Holubec H, Dvorakova K, Dominguez JA, Williams CS, Meza YG, Kozakova H, McCuskey RS (2003) Maternal milk reduces severity of necrotizing enterocolitis and increases intestinal IL-10 in a neonatal rat model. Pediatr Res 53:426\u2013433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1203\/01.PDR.0000050657.56817.E0","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10611_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaax5727","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax5727","volume":"5","author":"MR Olm","year":"2019","unstructured":"Olm MR, Bhattacharya N, Crits-Christoph A, Firek BA, Baker R, Song YS, Morowitz MJ, Banfield JF (2019) Necrotizing enterocolitis is preceded by increased gut bacterial replication. Sci Adv 5:eaax5727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.aax5727","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"10611_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2016.09.010","volume":"46","author":"MA Silverman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Silverman MA, Konnikova L, Gerber JS (2017) Impact of antibiotics on necrotizing enterocolitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 46:61\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gtc.2016.09.010","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10611_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2018.05.045","volume":"47","author":"Y Guo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guo Y, Jiang X, Yang Y, Zhang J, Zeng X, Wu Z, Sun Y, Pan D (2018) Prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis through surface layer protein of Lactobacillus acidophilus CICC6074 reducing intestinal epithelial apoptosis. J Funct Foods 47:91\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jff.2018.05.045","journal-title":"J Funct Foods"},{"key":"10611_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G940","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00141.2009","volume":"297","author":"L Khailova","year":"2009","unstructured":"Khailova L, Dvorak K, Arganbright KM, Halpern MD, Kinouchi T, Yajima M, Dvorak B (2009) Bifidobacterium bifidum improves intestinal integrity in a rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 297:G940\u2013G949. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpgi.00141.2009","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"10611_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70450-6","volume":"117","author":"MS Caplan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Caplan MS, Miller-Catchpole R, Kaup S, Russell T, Lickerman M, Amer M, Xiao Y, Thomson R Jr (1999) Bifidobacterial supplementation reduces the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in a neonatal rat model. Gastroenterology 117:577\u2013583. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70450-6","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10611_CR24","volume-title":"Light microscope and slide preparation, Carleton\u2019s histological technique","author":"RWE Drury","year":"1980","unstructured":"Drury RWE (1980) Light microscope and slide preparation, Carleton\u2019s histological technique. Oxford University Press, London"},{"key":"10611_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V12112221","volume":"12","author":"JH Cha","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cha JH, Woo SK, Han KH, Kim YH, Handler JS, Kim J, Kwon HM (2001) Hydration status affects nuclear distribution of transcription factor tonicity responsive enhancer binding protein in rat kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 12:2221\u20132230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/ASN.V12112221","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10611_CR26","unstructured":"Graham R, Gray T, Bancroft J SA (1996) Electron microscopy 2: practical procedures. Theory and practice of histological techniques, 4th edn. Churchill-Livingstone, New York"},{"key":"10611_CR27","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of statistical sciences","author":"S Kotz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kotz S, Read CB, Balakrishnan N, Vidakovic BJN (2006) Encyclopedia of statistical sciences, 2nd edn. Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken","edition":"2"},{"key":"10611_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229850","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1229850","volume":"11","author":"GS Bethell","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bethell GS, Hall NJ (2023) Recent advances in our understanding of NEC diagnosis, prognosis and surgical approach. Front Pediatr 11:1229850. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2023.1229850","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"10611_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e31313","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.31313","volume":"14","author":"H Bodke","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bodke H, Jogdand S (2022) Role of probiotics in human health. Cureus 14:e31313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.31313","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10611_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3722","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15173722","volume":"15","author":"Q Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo Q, Li Y, Dai X, Wang B, Zhang J, Cao H (2023) Polysaccharides: the potential prebiotics for metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Nutrients 15:3722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15173722","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10611_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2022.151695","volume":"47","author":"CM Lopez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lopez CM, Sampah MES, Duess JW, Ishiyama A, Ahmad R, Sodhi CP, Hackam DJ (2023) Models of necrotizing enterocolitis. Semin Perinatol 47:151695. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semperi.2022.151695","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"10611_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705296","volume":"139","author":"DG Souza","year":"2003","unstructured":"Souza DG, Pinho V, Soares AC, Shimizu T, Ishii S, Teixeira MM (2003) Role of PAF receptors during intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury. A comparative study between PAF receptor-deficient mice and PAF receptor antagonist treatment. Br J Pharmacol 139:733\u2013740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705296","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10611_CR33","first-page":"293","volume":"3","author":"R Tian","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tian R, Liu SX, Williams C, Soltau TD, Dimmitt R, Zheng X, De Plaen IG (2010) Characterization of a necrotizing enterocolitis model in newborn mice. Int J Clin Exp Med 3:293\u2013302","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"10611_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/s1201-9712(99)90024-3","volume":"3","author":"AB Hoyos","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hoyos AB (1999) Reduced incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis associated with enteral administration of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium infantis to neonates in an intensive care unit. Int J Infect Dis 3:197\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1201-9712(99)90024-3","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10611_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F11","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.88.1.f11","volume":"88","author":"W McGuire","year":"2003","unstructured":"McGuire W, Anthony MY (2003) Donor human milk versus formula for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants: systematic review. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 88:F11\u2013F14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/fn.88.1.f11","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"10611_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-023-05619-3","volume":"40","author":"X Hu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hu X, Liang H, Li F, Zhang R, Zhu Y, Zhu X, Xu Y (2024) Necrotizing enterocolitis: current understanding of the prevention and management. Pediatr Surg Int 40:32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00383-023-05619-3","journal-title":"Pediatr Surg Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"10611_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-022-03120-9","volume":"22","author":"EM Gill","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gill EM, Jung K, Qvist N, Elleb\u00e6k MB (2022) Antibiotics in the medical and surgical treatment of necrotizing enterocolitis. A systematic review. BMC Pediatr 22(1):66. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-022-03120-9","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"10611_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2001.00090.x","volume":"3","author":"VJ McCracken","year":"2001","unstructured":"McCracken VJ, Lorenz RG (2001) The gastrointestinal ecosystem: a precarious alliance among epithelium, immunity and microbiota. Cell Microbiol 3:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2001.00090.x","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"10611_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059552","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1059552","volume":"17","author":"Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Y, Hang C, Hu J, Li C, Zhan C, Pan J, Yuan T (2023) Role of gut-brain axis in neurodevelopmental impairment of necrotizing enterocolitis. Front Neurosc 17:1059552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2023.1059552","journal-title":"Front Neurosc"},{"key":"10611_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713344","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.713344","volume":"9","author":"A Gomart","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gomart A, Vall\u00e9e A, Lecarpentier Y (2021) Necrotizing enterocolitis: LPS\/TLR4-induced crosstalk between canonical TGF-\u03b2\/Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathways and PPAR\u03b3. Front Pediatr 9:713344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2021.713344","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"10611_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20081887","volume":"20","author":"B Ruder","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ruder B, Atreya R, Becker C (2019) Tumour necrosis factor alpha in intestinal homeostasis and gut related diseases. Int J Mol Sci 20:1887. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20081887","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10611_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-021-00530-7","volume":"11","author":"X Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao X, Zhou J, Liang W, Sheng Q, Lu L, Chen T, Chen J, Tan K, Lv Z (2021) Probiotics mixture reinforces barrier function to ameliorate necrotizing enterocolitis by regulating PXR-JNK pathway. Cell Biosci 11:20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13578-021-00530-7","journal-title":"Cell Biosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10611_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2024.05.012","volume":"18","author":"S Subramanian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Subramanian S, Bu HF, Chou PM, Wang X, Geng H, Akhtar S, Du C, Tan SC, Ideozu JE, Tulluri A, Sun Y, Ding WX, De Plaen IG, Tan XD (2024) Scattered crypt intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis induces necrotizing enterocolitis via intricate mechanisms. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 18(3):101364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2024.05.012","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10611_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1630","volume":"9","author":"MG Sun","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sun MG, Williams J, Munoz-Pinedo C, Perkins GA, Brown JM, Ellisman MH, Green DR, Frey TG (2007) Correlated three-dimensional light and electron microscopy reveals transformation of mitochondria during apoptosis. Nat Cell Biol 9(9):1057\u20131065. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncb1630","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10611_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211677","volume":"27","author":"S Rugolotto","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rugolotto S, Gruber M, Solano PD, Chini L, Gobbo S, Pecori S (2007) Necrotizing enterocolitis in a 850 gram infant receiving sorbitol-free sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate): clinical and histopathologic findings. J Perinatol 27(4):247\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.jp.7211677","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10611_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01457-y","volume":"91","author":"T Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu T, Zong H, Chen X, Li S, Liu Z, Cui X, Jia G, Shi Y (2022) Toll-like receptor 4-mediated necroptosis in the development of necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Res 91(1):73\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-021-01457-y","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10611_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.4161\/oxim.2.5.9541","volume":"2","author":"N Baregamian","year":"2009","unstructured":"Baregamian N, Song J, Bailey CE, Papaconstantinou J, Evers BM, Chung DH (2009) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 control reactive oxygen species release, mitochondrial autophagy, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase\/p38 phosphorylation during necrotizing enterocolitis. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2:297\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/oxim.2.5.9541","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"10611_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s004410050895","volume":"289","author":"M Takeuchi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Takeuchi M, Nishizaki Y, Sano O, Ohta T, Ikeda M, Kurimoto M (1997) Immunohistochemical immuno-electron-microscopic detection of interferon-gamma-inducing factor (\u201cinterleukin-18\u201d) in mouse intestinal epithelial cells. Cell Tissue Res 289:499\u2013503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s004410050895","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"10611_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200206000-00012","volume":"51","author":"MD Halpern","year":"2002","unstructured":"Halpern MD, Holubec H, Dominguez JA, Williams CS, Meza YG, McWilliam DL, Payne CM, McCuskey RS, Besselsen DG, Dvorak B (2002) Up-regulation of IL-18 and IL-12 in the ileum of neonatal rats with necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Res 51:733\u2013739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1203\/00006450-200206000-00012","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10611_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261010","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1261010","volume":"14","author":"J Wei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wei J, Meng Z, Li Z, Dang D, Wu H (2023) New insights into intestinal macrophages in necrotizing enterocolitis: the multi-functional role and promising therapeutic application. Front Immunol 14:1261010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1261010","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"16","key":"10611_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3305","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14163305","volume":"14","author":"M Sowden","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sowden M, Weissenbruch MM, Bulabula AN, Wyk L, Twisk J, Niekerk E (2022) Effect of a multi-strain probiotic on the incidence and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis and feeding intolerances in preterm neonates. Nutrients 14(16):3305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14163305","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"10","key":"10611_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13662","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13662","volume":"45","author":"A Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li A, Yang J, Zhang C, Chi H, Zhang C, Li T, Zhang J, Du P (2021) Lactobacillus acidophilus KLDS 1.0738 inhibits TLR4\/NF-\u03baB inflammatory pathway in \u03b2-lactoglobulin-induced macrophages via modulating miR-146a. J Food Biochem 45(10):e13662. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jfbc.13662","journal-title":"J Food Biochem"},{"issue":"5","key":"10611_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2021.02.003","volume":"191","author":"R Al-Sadi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al-Sadi R, Nighot P, Nighot M, Haque M, Rawat M, Ma TY (2021) Lactobacillus acidophilus induces a strain-specific and toll-like receptor 2-dependent enhancement of intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier and protection against intestinal inflammation. Am J Pathol 191(5):872\u2013884. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpath.2021.02.003","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"15","key":"10611_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8070","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22158070","volume":"22","author":"R Al-Sadi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al-Sadi R, Dharmaprakash V, Nighot P, Guo S, Nighot M, Do T, Ma TY (2021) Bifidobacterium bifidum enhances the intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier and protects against intestinal inflammation by targeting the toll-like receptor-2 pathway in an NF-\u03baB-independent manner. Int J Mol Sci 22(15):8070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22158070","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10611_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2022.02.011","volume":"244","author":"MA Underwood","year":"2022","unstructured":"Underwood MA (2022) Bifidobacterium infantis, necrotizing enterocolitis, death, and the role of parents in the neonatal intensive care unit. J Pediatr 244:14\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2022.02.011","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"16","key":"10611_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1727156","volume":"39","author":"H Akduman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Akduman H, Tayman C, Korkmaz V, Akduman F, Fettah ND, G\u00fcrsoy BK, Turkmenoglu TT, \u00c7a\u011flayan M (2022) Astaxanthin reduces the severity of intestinal damage in a neonatal rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis. Am J Perinatol 39(16):1820\u20131827. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0041-1727156","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10611_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4947","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-024-03681-9","volume":"398","author":"A Elgenidy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Elgenidy A, AtefAbdelsattar Ibrahim H, Elmozugi T, Abdelhalim NN, Al-Kurdi MA, Wassef PG, Zakaria CG, Elsalamony YA, Nasr M, Abodaif A, Hussein A, Hassan AE, Ahmad AR, Elhoufey A, Fageeh M, Alruwaili TAM, Dailah HG, Temsah MH, Saad K (2025) Efficacy of melatonin for treatment and prevention of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: a systematic review. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 398(5):4947\u20134955. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00210-024-03681-9","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"10611_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743899","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.743899","volume":"8","author":"L Galosi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Galosi L, Desantis S, Roncarati A, Robino P, Bellato A, Nebbia P, Ferrocino I, Santamaria N, Biagini L, Filoni L, Attili AR, Rossi G (2021) Positive influence of a probiotic mixture on the intestinal morphology and microbiota of farmed guinea fowls (Numida meleagris). Front Vet Sci 8:743899. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.743899","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10611_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2023.564-570","volume":"16","author":"SP Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez SP, Herrera AL, Parra JE (2023) Gene expression of pro-inflammatory (IL-8, IL-18, TNF-\u03b1, and IFN-\u03b3) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines in the duodenum of broiler chickens exposed to lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Vet World 16(3):564\u2013570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14202\/vetworld.2023.564-570","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"10611_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2023.03.003","volume":"2","author":"C Zenner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zenner C, Chalklen L, Adjei H, Dalby MJ, Mitra S, Cornwell E, Shaw AG, Sim K, Kroll JS, Hall LJ (2023) Noninvasive fecal cytokine and microbiota profiles predict commencement of necrotizing enterocolitis in a proof-of-concept study. Gastro Hep Adv 2:666\u2013675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gastha.2023.03.003","journal-title":"Gastro Hep Adv"}],"container-title":["Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12602-025-10611-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12602-025-10611-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12602-025-10611-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T11:33:10Z","timestamp":1773833590000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12602-025-10611-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10611"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12602-025-10611-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1867-1306","1867-1314"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1867-1306","type":"print"},{"value":"1867-1314","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 May 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 June 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 August 2025","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The original version of this article has been updated to add the acknowledgment statement.","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Experiments were conducted after obtaining the institutional researchers\u2019 board (IRB) of College of Medicine, King Faisal University Ethical approval number 32\u20137-17RA on the animal experiments, taking into consideration the international guidelines as per the \u201cNorwegian National Research Ethics Committee Guidelines\u201d for care and use of laboratory animals.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}