{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T20:17:13Z","timestamp":1793132233357,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761523200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Probiotics &amp; Antimicro. Prot."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-025-10764-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T07:39:09Z","timestamp":1761550749000},"page":"4876-4892","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus BELR47 Mitigates Inflammatory Response in a Gardnerella vaginalis-Induced Bacterial Vaginosis Mouse Model via Gut Microbiome Modulation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Hyun Jin","family":"Bae","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Hwan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyo Su","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye Ji","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eui-Chun","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nam Su","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"10764_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Purkayastha SD, Bhattacharya MK, Prasad HK, De Mandal S (2020) Diversity and the antimicrobial activity of vaginal lactobacilli: current status and future prospective. In: De Mandal S, Bhatt P (eds) Recent advancements in microbial diversity. Academic Press, pp 397\u2013422 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/b978-0-12-821265-3.00017-7","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-821265-3.00017-7"},{"issue":"7","key":"10764_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6979","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110706979","volume":"11","author":"CW Africa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Africa CW, Nel J, Stemmet M (2014) Anaerobes and bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy: virulence factors contributing to vaginal colonisation. Int J Environ Res Public Health 11(7):6979\u20137000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph110706979","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10764_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01083-2","volume":"7","author":"M France","year":"2022","unstructured":"France M, Alizadeh M, Brown S, Ma B, Ravel J (2022) Towards a deeper understanding of the vaginal microbiota. Nat Microbiol 7(3):367\u2013378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41564-022-01083-2","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10764_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2022.2049696","volume":"49","author":"S Das","year":"2023","unstructured":"Das S, Bhattacharjee MJ, Mukherjee AK, Khan MR (2023) Recent advances in understanding of multifaceted changes in the vaginal microenvironment: implications in vaginal health and therapeutics. Crit Rev Microbiol 49(2):256\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1040841X.2022.2049696","journal-title":"Crit Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10764_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv338","volume":"212","author":"A Machado","year":"2015","unstructured":"Machado A, Cerca N (2015) Influence of biofilm formation by Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobes on bacterial vaginosis. J Infect Dis 212(12):1856\u20131861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiv338","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10764_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81931-z","volume":"11","author":"A Pino","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pino A, Rapisarda AMC, Vitale SG, Cianci S, Caggia C, Randazzo CL, Cianci A (2021) A clinical pilot study on the effect of the probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus TOM 22.8 strain in women with vaginal dysbiosis. Sci Rep 11(1):2592. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-81931-z","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10764_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-8244(02)00465-0","volume":"35","author":"G Reid","year":"2003","unstructured":"Reid G, Charbonneau D, Erb J, Kochanowski B, Beuerman D, Poehner R, Bruce AW (2003) Oral use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and L. fermentum RC-14 significantly alters vaginal flora: randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 64 healthy women. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 35(2):131\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0928-8244(02)00465-0","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10764_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-72887-x","volume":"14","author":"H Kwon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kwon H, Nam EH, Kim H, Jo H, Bang WY, Lee M, Shin H, Kim D, Kim J, Kim H (2024) Effect of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus IDCC 3201 on irritable bowel syndrome with constipation: a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial. Sci Rep 14(1):22384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-72887-x","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10764_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.16005","volume":"00","author":"P Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu P, Mageswaran UM, Nisaa AA, Balasubramaniam SD, Rajendran D, Ismail E, Kadir MN, Oon CE, Tan CS, Sany SB, Liong MT (2024) Roles of probiotics against HPV through the gut-vaginal axis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 00:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijgo.16005","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"10764_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1110001","volume":"14","author":"K Takada","year":"2023","unstructured":"Takada K, Melnikov VG, Kobayashi R, Komine-Aizawa S, Tsuji NM, Hayakawa S (2023) Female reproductive tract-organ axes. Front Immunol 14:1110001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1110001","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10764_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-016-0291-2","volume":"8","author":"J Ravel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ravel J, Brotman RM (2016) Translating the vaginal microbiome: gaps and challenges. Genome Med 8(1):35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13073-016-0291-2","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10764_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/mehd.v26.27799","volume":"26","author":"JM Macklaim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Macklaim JM, Clemente JC, Knight R, Gloor GB, Reid G (2015) Changes in vaginal microbiota following antimicrobial and probiotic therapy. Microb Ecol Health Dis 26(1):27799. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/mehd.v26.27799","journal-title":"Microb Ecol Health Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10764_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1086\/430926","volume":"192","author":"MA Antonio","year":"2005","unstructured":"Antonio MA, Rabe LK, Hillier SL (2005) Colonization of the rectum by Lactobacillus species and decreased risk of bacterial vaginosis. J Infect Dis 192(3):394\u2013398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/430926","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10764_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app11030902","volume":"11","author":"TC Lin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lin TC, Hsu IL, Tsai WH, Chu YC, Kuan LC, Huang MS, Yeh WL, Chen YH, Hsu SJ, Chang WW (2021) Improvement of bacterial vaginosis by oral Lactobacillus supplement: a randomized, double-blinded trial. Appl Sci 11(3):902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app11030902","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10764_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2012.05429.x","volume":"113","author":"MC Terraf","year":"2012","unstructured":"Terraf MC, Juarez Tomas MS, Nader-Macias ME, Silva C (2012) Screening of biofilm formation by beneficial vaginal lactobacilli and influence of culture media components. J Appl Microbiol 113(6):1517\u20131529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2012.05429.x","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10764_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13547","volume":"73","author":"NN Selis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Selis NN, Oliveira HBM, Souza CLS, Almeida JB, Andrade Y, Silva LSC, Romano CC, Rezende RP, Yatsuda R, Uetanabaro APT, Marques LM (2021) Lactobacillus plantarum Lp62 exerts probiotic effects against Gardnerella vaginalis ATCC 49154 in bacterial vaginosis. Lett Appl Microbiol 73(5):579\u2013589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/lam.13547","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10764_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2382324","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2382324","volume":"16","author":"A Ambat","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ambat A, Antony L, Maji A, Ghimire S, Mattiello S, Kashyap PC, More S, Sebastian V, Scaria J (2024) Enhancing recovery from gut microbiome dysbiosis and alleviating DSS-induced colitis in mice with a consortium of rare short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria. Gut Microbes 16(1):2382324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19490976.2024.2382324","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"4","key":"10764_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","volume":"25","author":"KJ Livak","year":"2001","unstructured":"Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD (2001) Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods 25(4):402\u2013408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"10764_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2020.121972","volume":"1143","author":"S Scortichini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scortichini S, Boarelli MC, Silvi S, Fiorini D (2020) Development and validation of a GC-FID method for the analysis of short chain fatty acids in rat and human faeces and in fermentation fluids. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 1143:121972. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jchromb.2020.121972","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10764_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2018.1464362","volume":"9","author":"S Sabbatini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sabbatini S, Monari C, Ballet N, Mosci P, Decherf AC, Pelerin F, Perito S, Scarpelli P, Vecchiarelli A (2018) Saccharomyces cerevisiae-based probiotic as novel anti-microbial agent for therapy of bacterial vaginosis. Virulence 9(1):954\u2013966. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21505594.2018.1464362","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"issue":"5","key":"10764_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2003.11.007","volume":"190","author":"MR Genc","year":"2004","unstructured":"Genc MR, Witkin SS, Delaney ML, Paraskevas L-R, Tuomala RE, Norwitz ER, Onderdonk AB (2004) A disproportionate increase in IL-1\u03b2 over IL-1ra in the cervicovaginal secretions of pregnant women with alteredvaginal microflora correlates with preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 190(5):1191\u20131197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2003.11.007","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10764_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.787","volume":"9","author":"MEF Nader-Macias","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nader-Macias MEF, De Gregorio PR, Silva JA (2021) Probiotic lactobacilli in formulas and hygiene products for the health of the urogenital tract. Pharmacol Res Perspect 9(5):e00787. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/prp2.787","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res Perspect"},{"key":"10764_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2018.00181","volume":"5","author":"E Amabebe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Amabebe E, Anumba DOC (2018) The vaginal microenvironment: the physiologic role of Lactobacilli. Front Med 5:181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2018.00181","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10764_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2012.04.005","volume":"160","author":"A Nivoliez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nivoliez A, Camares O, Paquet-Gachinat M, Bornes S, Forestier C, Veisseire P (2012) Influence of manufacturing processes on in vitro properties of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lcr35(R). J Biotechnol 160(3\u20134):236\u2013241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2012.04.005","journal-title":"J Biotechnol"},{"key":"10764_CR25","first-page":"749","volume":"20007","author":"MC Otero","year":"2007","unstructured":"Otero MC, Nader-Mac\u00edas ME (2007) Lactobacillus adhesion to epithelial cells from bovine vagina. Commun Curr Res Educ Topics Trends Appl Microbiol 20007:749\u2013757","journal-title":"Commun Curr Res Educ Topics Trends Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"22","key":"10764_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4902","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14224902","volume":"14","author":"A Pino","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pino A, Vaccalluzzo A, Caggia C, Balzaretti S, Vanella L, Sorrenti V, Ronkainen A, Satokari R, Randazzo CL (2022) Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus CA15 (DSM 33960) as a candidate probiotic strain for human health. Nutrients 14(22):4902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14224902","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"8","key":"10764_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9081690","volume":"9","author":"H Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim H, Kim Y, Kang CH (2021) In vivo confirmation of the antimicrobial effect of probiotic candidates against Gardnerella vaginalis. Microorganisms 9(8):1690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms9081690","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"5","key":"10764_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.5.1985-1989.1998","volume":"66","author":"S Boris","year":"1998","unstructured":"Boris S, Suarez JE, Vazquez F, Barbes C (1998) Adherence of human vaginal lactobacilli to vaginal epithelial cells and interaction with uropathogens. Infect Immun 66(5):1985\u20131989. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/IAI.66.5.1985-1989.1998","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"7","key":"10764_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-016-1225-5","volume":"198","author":"MC Leccese Terraf","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leccese Terraf MC, Juarez Tomas MS, Rault L, Le Loir Y, Even S, Nader-Macias ME (2016) Biofilms of vaginal Lactobacillus reuteri CRL 1324 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL 1332: kinetics of formation and matrix characterization. Arch Microbiol 198(7):689\u2013700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00203-016-1225-5","journal-title":"Arch Microbiol"},{"key":"10764_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-019-05142-8","volume":"300","author":"W Mendling","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mendling W, Palmeira-de-Oliveira A, Biber S, Prasauskas V (2019) An update on the role of Atopobium vaginae in bacterial vaginosis: what to consider when choosing a treatment? A mini review. Arch Gynecol Obstet 300:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00404-019-05142-8","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10764_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/636474","volume":"1","author":"GA Kohler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kohler GA, Assefa S, Reid G (2012) Probiotic interference of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 with the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 1:636474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/636474","journal-title":"Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10764_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1177\/0394632017697987","volume":"30","author":"L Bertuccini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bertuccini L, Russo R, Iosi F, Superti F (2017) Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus acidophilus on bacterial vaginal pathogens. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 30(2):163\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0394632017697987","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10764_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000608","volume":"164","author":"CMA Santos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Santos CMA, Pires MCV, Leao TL, Silva AKS, Miranda LS, Martins FS, Silva AM, Nicoli JR (2018) Anti-inflammatory effect of two Lactobacillus strains during infection with Gardnerella vaginalis and Candida albicans in a HeLa cell culture model. Microbiology (reading) 164(3):349\u2013358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/mic.0.000608","journal-title":"Microbiology (reading)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10764_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4763","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-08808-7","volume":"12","author":"EC Moon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moon EC, Park MS, Lim T, Kim RH, Ji GE, Kim SY, Hwang KT (2022) Antibacterial effect of cell-free supernatant fraction from Lactobacillus paracasei CH88 against Gardnerella vaginalis. Sci Rep 12(1):4763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-08808-7","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10764_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059539","volume":"8","author":"NM Gilbert","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gilbert NM, Lewis WG, Lewis AL (2013) Clinical features of bacterial vaginosis in a murine model of vaginal infection with Gardnerella vaginalis. PLoS ONE 8(3):e59539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0059539","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"10764_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01384-08","volume":"47","author":"DN Fredricks","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fredricks DN, Fiedler TL, Thomas KK, Mitchell CM, Marrazzo JM (2009) Changes in vaginal bacterial concentrations with intravaginal metronidazole therapy for bacterial vaginosis as assessed by quantitative PCR. J Clin Microbiol 47(3):721\u2013726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.01384-08","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10764_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21793","volume":"46","author":"CL Mack","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mack CL (2007) Serum cytokines as biomarkers of disease and clues to pathogenesis. Hepatology 46(1):6\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.21793","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10764_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2011.07.002","volume":"11","author":"HM Joo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Joo HM, Hyun YJ, Myoung KS, Ahn YT, Lee JH, Huh CS, Han MJ, Kim DH (2011) Lactobacillus johnsonii HY7042 ameliorates Gardnerella vaginalis-induced vaginosis by killing Gardnerella vaginalis and inhibiting NF-\u03baB activation. Int Immunopharmacol 11(11):1758\u20131765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2011.07.002","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"10764_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00168","volume":"10","author":"S Morrill","year":"2020","unstructured":"Morrill S, Gilbert NM, Lewis AL (2020) Gardnerella vaginalis as a cause of bacterial vaginosis: appraisal of the evidence from in vivo models. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 10:168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00168","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"10764_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1226859","volume":"10","author":"J Kwak","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kwak J, Pandey S, Cho J, Song M, Kim ES, Doo H, Keum GB, Ryu S, Choi Y, Kang J, Kim S, Kim J, Kim HB (2023) Development of the standard mouse model for human bacterial vaginosis induced by Gardnerella vaginalis. Front Vet Sci 10:1226859. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1226859","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10764_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.51.1.349","volume":"51","author":"JD Sobel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sobel JD (2000) Bacterial vaginosis. Annu Rev Med 51(1):349\u2013356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.med.51.1.349","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10764_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_350_19","volume":"153","author":"D Vasundhara","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vasundhara D, Raju VN, Hemalatha R, Nagpal R, Kumar M (2021) Vaginal & gut microbiota diversity in pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis & effect of oral probiotics: an exploratory study. Indian J Med Res 153(4):492\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_350_19","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10764_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.017400","volume":"8","author":"TLA Nguyen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nguyen TLA, Vieira-Silva S, Liston A, Raes J (2015) How informative is the mouse for human gut microbiota research? Dis Model Mech 8(1):1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/dmm.017400","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech"},{"issue":"7","key":"10764_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134382","volume":"10","author":"RJ Chiodini","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chiodini RJ, Dowd SE, Chamberlin WM, Galandiuk S, Davis B, Glassing A (2015) Microbial population differentials between mucosal and submucosal intestinal tissues in advanced Crohn\u2019s disease of the ileum. PLoS ONE 10(7):e0134382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0134382","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10764_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.858192","volume":"13","author":"H Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee H, An J, Kim J, Choi D, Song Y, Lee CK, Kong H, Kim SB, Kim K (2022) A novel bacterium, Butyricimonas virosa, preventing HFD-induced diabetes and metabolic disorders in mice via GLP-1 receptor. Front Microbiol 13:858192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.858192","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10764_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6229","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-020-05611-3","volume":"47","author":"J Kumar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kumar J, Rani K, Datt C (2020) Molecular link between dietary fibre, gut microbiota and health. Mol Biol Rep 47(8):6229\u20136237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11033-020-05611-3","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10764_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.03.005","volume":"17","author":"CJ Kelly","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kelly CJ, Zheng L, Campbell EL, Saeedi B, Scholz CC, Bayless AJ, Wilson KE, Glover LE, Kominsky DJ, Magnuson A, Weir TL, Ehrentraut SF, Pickel C, Kuhn KA, Lanis JM, Nguyen V, Taylor CT, Colgan SP (2015) Crosstalk between microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids and intestinal epithelial HIF augments tissue barrier function. Cell Host Microbe 17(5):662\u2013671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2015.03.005","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"1","key":"10764_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06553.x","volume":"1258","author":"S Ploger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ploger S, Stumpff F, Penner GB, Schulzke JD, Gabel G, Martens H, Shen Z, Gunzel D, Aschenbach JR (2012) Microbial butyrate and its role for barrier function in the gastrointestinal tract. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1258(1):52\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06553.x","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"}],"container-title":["Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12602-025-10764-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12602-025-10764-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12602-025-10764-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T08:59:09Z","timestamp":1778749149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12602-025-10764-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10764"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12602-025-10764-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1867-1306","1867-1314"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1867-1306","type":"print"},{"value":"1867-1314","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The isolated strains used in this study were approved by the Public Institution Review Board of the Ministry of Health and Welfare (IRB no. P-Bio11-2022\u2013001-02). This animal study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Korea University (IACUC No. KUIACUC-2024\u20130035). The studies were conducted in accordance with local legislation and institutional requirements.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}