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Kombucha fermented for 4 days showed the highest abundance of bacteria from the\n                    <jats:italic>Acetobacteraceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    family and yeasts from the\n                    <jats:italic>Saccharomycetaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    family. This fermentation time also produced the most pronounced reduction in periodontal inflammation and alveolar bone loss, with lower expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (42,9%) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (43,6%), as well as higher expression of osteoprotegerin (approximately 55,4%) in periodontal tissues compared to animals with periodontitis without treatment. Notably, kombucha did not induce renal or hepatic toxicity regardless of fermentation time. These findings suggest that kombucha, particularly after 4 days of fermentation, reduces inflammation and alveolar bone loss without systemic toxicity, supporting its potential as an adjunctive therapy for periodontitis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-026-10937-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T02:22:11Z","timestamp":1770603731000},"page":"7089-7100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fermentation time Determines Anti-inflammatory and Osteoprotective Activity of Green Tea Kombucha in a Rat Model of Experimental Periodontitis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3317-7641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Everton Cavalcante","family":"da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3765-9955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Mayara Nascimento","family":"Beserra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco Gabriel Silva","family":"Leit\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7034-8761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabelle de F\u00e1tima","family":"Vieira Camelo Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1639-019X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca Elen","family":"de Souza Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6515-3102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola Gyuliane","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7032-7373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deborah Catharine","family":"de Assis Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9599-0662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz Gon\u00e7alves","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2880-6466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karuza Maria Alves","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8060-8531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidiany Karla Azevedo","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7240-3314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delane Viana","family":"Gondim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"10937_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2019.05.015","volume":"127","author":"LCV Alves","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alves LCV, Lisboa MRP, da Silveira HF, de Sousa LM, Gusm\u00e3o JNFM, Dias DBS, Ervolino E, Furlaneto FAC, Vale ML, Gondim DV (2019) Electroacupuncture increases Immunoexpression of CB1 and CB2 receptors in experimental model of inflammatory bone loss. 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