{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T07:12:08Z","timestamp":1788419528906,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016209","name":"Universidade Federal De Vi\u00e7osa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016209","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Probiotics &amp; Antimicro. Prot."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Kefir is a beverage obtained by fermenting milk or sugary solutions with a symbiotic community of bacteria and yeasts, presenting promising antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. This systematic review aimed to synthesize evidence from preclinical studies evaluating the effects of kefir or its by-products on biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and gut health in animal models of IBD. A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, utilizing the PubMed\/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus databases. The quality of the studies was assessed using SYRCLE\u2019s Risk of Bias tool. Sixteen experimental studies were included, comprising 585 rodents with chemically induced colitis. The interventions included traditional milk kefir, rice and water kefir, as well as isolated microorganisms and kefir-derived supernatants. Most studies reported reductions in inflammatory cytokines (TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6) and inflammatory enzymes (iNOS, COX-2, MPO), along with increases in anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-4). Reductions in MDA and H\u2082O\u2082 were reported, supporting the antioxidant effects of kefir and its derivatives. Changes in antioxidant enzyme activity, including SOD, were also observed. In addition, kefir modulated gut microbiota composition, upregulated the expression of tight junction proteins, and influenced immune and molecular signaling pathways. Improvements were also observed in clinical parameters of IBD models, including disease activity index, rectal bleeding, and histological damage. Kefir and its derivatives exhibit beneficial effects on inflammation, oxidative stress, gut permeability, and immune modulation in animal models of IBD, suggesting a potential alternative for treating these diseases in humans. Although the findings are promising, heterogeneity among study protocols and methodological limitations highlight the need for further studies. Registration PROSPERO number: CRD420251062931.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-026-10948-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T10:04:07Z","timestamp":1772532247000},"page":"8182-8208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Kefir and Its By-Products Supplementation Reduces Inflammation and Oxidative Stress, Improves Intestinal Barrier Integrity, and Modulates the Gut Microbiota in Animal Models of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Maria Alice Spadarotto","family":"Neves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rayanne Santos","family":"de Paulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josefina","family":"Bressan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solange Silveira","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Claudia Pelissari","family":"Kravchychyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1368-6020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen Hermana Miranda","family":"Hermsdorff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"27","key":"10948_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2652","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2002697","volume":"383","author":"JT Chang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chang JT (2020) Pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel diseases. New Engl J Med 383(27):2652\u20132664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra2002697","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10948_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e065186","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-065186","volume":"13","author":"R Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang R, Li Z, Liu S, Zhang D (2023) Global, regional and National burden of inflammatory bowel disease in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019: A systematic analysis based on the global burden of disease study 2019. BMJ Open 13(3):e065186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-065186","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"10948_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.afres.2025.100775","volume":"5","author":"Z Matej\u010dekov\u00e1","year":"2025","unstructured":"Matej\u010dekov\u00e1 Z, Val\u00edk \u013d (2025) Kefir alternatives, an innovative source of probiotics: Microbiological, technological, and therapeutical properties. Appl Food Res 5(1):100775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.afres.2025.100775","journal-title":"Appl Food Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"10948_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-326575","volume":"71","author":"TE Adolph","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adolph TE, Zhang J (2022) Diet fuelling inflammatory bowel diseases: preclinical and clinical concepts. Gut 71(12):2574\u20132586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-326575","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10948_CR5","unstructured":"Slovakia. Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Health (2006) Regulation No. 2143\/2006\u2009\u2013\u2009100 of 14 August 2006 on milk and milk products. https:\/\/www.svps.sk\/dokumenty\/legislativa\/2143_2006.pdf. Accessed 11 July 2025"},{"issue":"10","key":"10948_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13101205","volume":"13","author":"MM Anwar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Anwar MM, Altamimi MA, Alsubaiei EA, Al-Dhubiab BE, Ansari MJ, Mahdi WA (2024) Impact of lyophilized milk kefir-based self-nanoemulsifying system on cognitive enhancement via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Antioxid 13(10):1205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox13101205","journal-title":"Antioxid"},{"issue":"1","key":"10948_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4696","volume":"95","author":"YP Chen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chen YP, Hsiao PJ, Hong WS, Dai TY, Chen MJ (2012) Lactobacillus Kefiranofaciens M1 isolated from milk Kefir grains ameliorates experimental colitis in vitro and in vivo. J Dairy Sci 95(1):63\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2011-4696","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"10948_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Deeseenthum S, Luang-In V, John SM, Chottanom P, Chunchom S (2018) Effects of Kefir fermentation on antioxidation activities (in vitro) and antioxidative stress (in vivo) of three Thai rice milk varieties prepared by ultrasonication technique. Pharmacogn J 10(5) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5530\/pj.2018.5.179","DOI":"10.5530\/pj.2018.5.179"},{"key":"10948_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Deeseenthum S, Luang-In V, Chunchom S (2018) Characteristics of Thai pigmented rice milk Kefirs with potential as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory foods. Pharmacogn J 10(1) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5530\/pj.2018.1.26","DOI":"10.5530\/pj.2018.1.26"},{"issue":"4","key":"10948_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.24425\/pjvs.2024.152951","volume":"27","author":"Z Erol","year":"2024","unstructured":"Erol Z, \u00d6zmen \u00d6 (2024) A comparative approach on the prophylactic impact of fermented beverages on acute ulcerative colitis in mouse model. Pol J Vet Sci 27(4):611\u2013620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24425\/pjvs.2024.152951","journal-title":"Pol J Vet Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10948_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12707","volume":"9","author":"K da Nascimento","year":"2022","unstructured":"da Nascimento K, F\u00e1vero AG, Ribeiro W, Ferreira CM, Sartorelli P, Cardili L, Bogsan CS, Pereira B, de C\u00e1ssia JN, Sinigaglia R, de Moraes Malinverni C, Paiotti AR, Miszputen AP, S. J., Ambrogini-J\u00fanior O (2022) Effects of Kefir fermented milk beverage on sodium dextran sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in rats. Heliyon 9(1):e12707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12707","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"46","key":"10948_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13020","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i46.13020","volume":"21","author":"A Senol","year":"2015","unstructured":"Senol A, Isler M, Sutcu R, Akin M, Cakir E, Ceyhan BM, Kockar MC (2015) Kefir treatment ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in rats. World J Gastroenterol 21(46):13020\u201313029. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v21.i46.13020","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10948_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8662","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15014","volume":"101","author":"MK Seo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Seo MK, Park EJ, Ko SY, Choi EW, Kim S (2018) Therapeutic effects of Kefir grain Lactobacillus-derived extracellular vesicles in mice with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced inflammatory bowel disease. J Dairy Sci 101(10):8662\u20138671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2018-15014","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"10948_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3110","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.1174","volume":"7","author":"NO Sevencan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sevencan NO, Isler M, Kapucuoglu FN, Senol A, Kayhan B, Kiztanir S, Kockar MC (2019) Dose-dependent effects of Kefir on colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid in rats. Food Sci Nutr 7(9):3110\u20133118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/fsn3.1174","journal-title":"Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"10948_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2016.05.008","volume":"40","author":"JK Spinler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Spinler JK, Brown A, Ross CL, Boonma P, Conner ME, Savidge TC (2016) Administration of probiotic Kefir to mice with clostridium difficile infection exacerbates disease. Anaerobe 40:54\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2016.05.008","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"10948_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2014.09.015","volume":"46","author":"SY Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang SY, Ho YF, Chen YP, Chen MJ (2015) Effects of a novel encapsulating technique on the temperature tolerance and anti-colitis activity of the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens M1. Food Microbiol 46:494\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fm.2014.09.015","journal-title":"Food Microbiol"},{"issue":"15","key":"10948_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6813","DOI":"10.1039\/d3fo00354j","volume":"14","author":"Z Ye","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ye Z, Yang X, Deng B, Liao Z, Fang X, Wang J (2023) Prevention of DSS-induced colitis in mice with water Kefir microbiota via anti-inflammatory and microbiota-balancing activity. Food Funct 14(15):6813\u20136827. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/d3fo00354j","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"issue":"12","key":"10948_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6717","DOI":"10.1039\/d4fo00427b","volume":"15","author":"HY Youn","year":"2024","unstructured":"Youn HY, Kim HJ, Kim H, Seo KH (2024) A comparative evaluation of the Kefir yeast Kluyveromyces Marxianus A4 and sulfasalazine in ulcerative colitis: Anti-inflammatory impact and gut microbiota modulation. Food Funct 15(12):6717\u20136730. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/d4fo00427b","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"issue":"44","key":"10948_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14179","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c05338","volume":"70","author":"X Zeng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zeng X, Li X, Yue Y, Wang X, Chen H, Gu Y, Jia H, He Y, Yuan Y, Yue T (2022) Ameliorative effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae JKSP39 on Fusobacterium nucleatum- and dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis mouse model. J Agric Food Chem 70(44):14179\u201314192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c05338","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"issue":"7","key":"10948_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3536","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c08050","volume":"72","author":"X Zeng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zeng X, Li J, Wang X, Liu L, Shen S, Li N, Wang Z, Yuan Y, Yue T (2024) Regulation of gut microbiota and microbial metabolome of Kefir supernatant against Fusobacterium nucleatum and DSS-coinduced colitis. J Agric Food Chem 72(7):3536\u20133548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c08050","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"10948_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c07895","volume":"73","author":"X Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao X, Lin T, Jiang W, Lin Y, Xiao L, Tian Y, Li W (2024) Lactobacillus helveticus LZ-R-5 ameliorates DSS-induced colitis in mice by modulating gut microbiota and enhancing intestinal barrier function. J Agric Food Chem 73(1):464\u2013477 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c07895","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"10948_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-43","volume":"14","author":"CR Hooijmans","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hooijmans CR, Rovers MM, de Vries RB, Leenaars M, Ritskes-Hoitinga M, Langendam MW (2014) SYRCLE\u2019s risk of bias tool for animal studies. BMC Med Res Methodol 14:43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2288-14-43","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10948_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i7.994","volume":"19","author":"MK Sung","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sung MK, Park MY (2013) Nutritional modulators of ulcerative colitis: clinical efficacies and mechanistic view. World J Gastroenterol 19(7):994. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v19.i7.994","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10948_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Martyniak A, Medy\u0144ska-Prz\u0119czek A, W\u0119drychowicz A, Skocze\u0144 S, Tomasik P J. (2021) Prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, paraprobiotics, and postbiotic compounds in IBD. Biomol 11(12):1903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom11121903","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11121903"},{"key":"10948_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Roy S, Dhaneshwar S (2023) Role of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics in management of inflammatory bowel disease: Current perspectives. World J of Gastroenterol, 29(14), 2078 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v29.i14.2078","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v29.i14.2078"},{"key":"10948_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2855","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02503-5","volume":"60","author":"XF Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang XF, Guan XX, Tang YJ, Sun JF, Wang XK, Wang WD, Fan JM (2021) Clinical effects and gut microbiota changes of using probiotics, prebiotics or synbiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Nutr 60:2855\u20132875. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00394-021-02503-5","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"10948_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268041","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1268041","volume":"13","author":"A Jadhav","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jadhav A, Jagtap S, Vyavahare S, Sharbidre A, Kunchiraman B (2023) Reviewing the potential of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics: advancements in treatment of ulcerative colitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 13:1268041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1268041","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10948_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12636","volume":"12","author":"MM Estevinho","year":"2024","unstructured":"Estevinho MM, Yuan Y, Rodr\u00edguez-Lago I, Sousa\u2010Pimenta M, Dias CC, Barreiro\u2010de Acosta M, Magro F (2024) Efficacy and safety of probiotics in IBD: An overview of systematic reviews and updated meta\u2010analysis of randomized controlled trials. United Eur Gastroenterol J 12(7):960\u2013981.","journal-title":"United Eur Gastroenterol J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10948_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10061210","volume":"10","author":"NF Azizi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Azizi NF, Kumar MR, Yeap SK, Abdullah JO, Khalid M, Omar AR, Alitheen NB (2021) Kefir and its biological activities. Foods 10(6):1210.","journal-title":"Foods"},{"issue":"1","key":"10948_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422416000275","volume":"30","author":"DD Rosa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rosa DD, Dias MM, Grze\u015bkowiak \u0141M, Reis SA, Concei\u00e7\u00e3o LL, Peluzio MDCG (2017) Milk kefir: nutritional, Microbiological and health benefits. Nutr Res Rev 30(1):82\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954422416000275","journal-title":"Nutr Res Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10948_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i1.91","volume":"20","author":"YZ Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang YZ, Li YY (2014) Inflammatory bowel disease: pathogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 20(1):91\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v20.i1.91","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10948_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021526","volume":"24","author":"A Saez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saez A, Herrero-Fernandez B, Gomez-Bris R, S\u00e1nchez-Martinez H, Gonzalez-Granado JM (2023) Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Innate Immune System. Int J Mol Sci 24(2):1526 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24021526","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10948_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217165","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1217165","volume":"14","author":"DK Sahoo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sahoo DK, Heilmann RM, Paital B, Patel A, Yadav VK, Wong D, Jergens AE (2023) Oxidative stress, hormones, and effects of natural antioxidants on intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 14:1217165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1217165","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"7746","key":"10948_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0992-y","volume":"567","author":"K Parikh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Parikh K, Antanaviciute A, Fawkner-Corbett D, Jagielowicz M, Aulicino A, Lagerholm C, Davis S, Kinchen J, Chen HH, Alham NK, Ashley N, Johnson E, Hublitz P, Bao L, Lukomska J, Andev RS, Bj\u00f6rklund E, Kessler BM, Fischer R, Goldin R, Koohy H, Simmons A (2019) Colonic epithelial cell diversity in health and inflammatory bowel disease. Nature 567(7746):49\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-019-0992-y","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10948_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761981","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.761981","volume":"12","author":"Y Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen Y, Cui W, Li X, Yang H (2021) Interaction between commensal Bacteria, immune Response, and the intestinal barrier in inflammatory bowel disease. Front Immunol 12:761981. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.761981","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10948_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(24)00390-X","volume":"10","author":"MF Neurath","year":"2025","unstructured":"Neurath MF, Artis D, Becker C (2025) The intestinal barrier: a pivotal role in health, inflammation, and cancer. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 10(6):573\u2013592. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-1253(24)00390-X","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10948_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-042320-021020","volume":"73","author":"Y Shan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shan Y, Lee M, Chang EB (2022) The gut Microbiome and inflammatory bowel diseases. Annu Rev Med 73:455\u2013468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-med-042320-021020","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10948_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2018.18227","volume":"30","author":"\u0130 Y\u0131lmaz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Y\u0131lmaz \u0130, Dolar ME, \u00d6zp\u0131nar H (2018) Effect of administering Kefir on the changes in fecal microbiota and symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease: A randomized controlled trial. Turkish J Gastroenterol 30(3):242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5152\/tjg.2018.18227","journal-title":"Turkish J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10948_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17030512","volume":"17","author":"E \u00d6ne\u015f","year":"2025","unstructured":"\u00d6ne\u015f E, Zavot\u00e7u M, Nisan N, Ba\u015f M, Sa\u011flam D (2025) Effects of Kefir consumption on gut microbiota and athletic performance in professional female soccer players: A randomized controlled trial. Nutrients 17(3):512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17030512","journal-title":"Nutrients"}],"container-title":["Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12602-026-10948-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12602-026-10948-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12602-026-10948-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:12:05Z","timestamp":1788415925000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12602-026-10948-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10948"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12602-026-10948-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1867-1306","1867-1314"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1867-1306","type":"print"},{"value":"1867-1314","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2026","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The original version of this article has been updated to add an authorship note.","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}