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Here, we investigated the antimicrobial activity of cell-free culture supernatants (CFCS) of three lactobacilli (\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus (Lact.) johnsonii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Lact. reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Lact. crispatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) isolated from caecal microbiota from mature, healthy broiler chickens, against five\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                    serovars (\n                    <jats:italic>Salm.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhimurium 4\/74,\n                    <jats:italic>Salm.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Enteritidis P125109,\n                    <jats:italic>Salm.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Enteritidis AviPro\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Salm.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Gallinarum 9 and\n                    <jats:italic>Salm<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Gallinarum 287\/91). Lactobacilli CFCS demonstrated potent bactericidal activity against all\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    serovars although the degree of inhibition varied amongst the three strains, where MIC ranged from 8.98 to 18.58\u00a0mg\/mL, and MBC from 12.62 to 25.54\u00a0mg\/mL. In support, co-culture assays confirmed all serovars as being completely inhibited by lactobacilli CFCS within 3\u20136\u00a0h. In agar well diffusion assays,\n                    <jats:italic>Lact. crispatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    demonstrated highest inhibitory activity, with\n                    <jats:italic>Salm.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Gallinarum showed highest susceptibility. Lactobacilli CFCS significantly suppressed\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    invasion of caecal enterocytes and proinflammatory cytokine release from macrophages. Molecular characterisation of inhibitory moieties within lactobacilli CFCS established they were \u2264\u20093\u00a0kDa, pH dependant, heat tolerant and resistant to proteases. Head-space solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry identified volatile organic short- and medium-chain fatty acids, aldehydes, alcohols, ketones and pyrazines as candidate anti-\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    post-biotics generated by lactobacilli. In conclusion, lactobacilli isolated from the caecal microbiota of healthy broiler chickens exhibit excellent potential as probiotic candidates to control salmonellosis in poultry and warrant testing in flock intervention studies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-026-10980-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T08:35:21Z","timestamp":1773909321000},"page":"7723-7743","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lactobacilli Isolated from the Caecum of Healthy Broilers with Antimicrobial Activity are Probiotic Candidates for Controlling Salmonella"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8101-5866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Schwann","family":"Chuwatthanakhajorn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4164-545X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy","family":"Wedley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3309-332X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amyleigh","family":"Watts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9765-6978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachael","family":"Slater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0589-7475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kraig","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4550-0239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Probert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0058-0477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Witthawat","family":"Wiriyarat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6563-0773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Wigley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7407-012X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barry J.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"10980_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo10120482","volume":"10","author":"P Aggarwal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aggarwal P, Baker J, Boyd MT, Coyle S, Probert C, Chapman EA (2020) Optimisation of urine sample preparation for headspace-solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: altering sample pH, sulphuric acid concentration and phase ratio. 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