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MTX was administered as single dose (20\u00a0mg\/kg\/bw) intraperitoneally and LGG (low dose 1 x 10\n                    <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                    CFU\/day and high dose 5\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                    CFU\/day, respectively) orally for five days. On day six, blood and kidney samples were collected and examined for oxidative indicators, enzymatic antioxidant responses, and renal functional markers. MTX significantly increased in glomerular filtration markers in serum and elevated key indicators of oxidative stress in renal tissues. More so, MTX demonstrated to disrupt renal ionic homeostasis, such as declined sodium\/potassium-ATPase, paraoxonase, and increased lactate dehydrogenase, carbonic anhydrase, xanthine oxidase, myeloperoxidase, and arginase activities. In contrast, LGG supplementation has been shown to effectively reverse all MTX-induced biochemical alterations in both serum and renal tissue. We can suggest that LGG can provide significant protection against oxidative renal toxicity induced by MTX in rats.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-026-11052-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T07:13:03Z","timestamp":1779174783000},"page":"8886-8901","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Protective Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Against Methotrexate-Induced Oxidative Renal Toxicity"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Bade","family":"Almurad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bertan Boran","family":"Bayrak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammet Oguzhan","family":"Donmez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Goksel","family":"Sener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Refiye","family":"Yanardag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"11052_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2015-0164","volume":"21","author":"SC Howard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Howard SC, McCormick J, Pui CH, Buddington RK, Harvey RD (2016) Preventing and managing toxicities of high-dose methotrexate. 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