{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T08:28:06Z","timestamp":1786436886987,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Probiotics &amp; Antimicro. Prot."],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-026-11156-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T07:32:30Z","timestamp":1786433550000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High Burden of Vaginal Infections and Multidrug Resistance With Promising Probiotic Candidates From Cervicovaginal Microbiota in North Region, Cameroon"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6346-6666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nodem Sohanang Francky","family":"Steve","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yemele Mefokou","family":"Didiane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iwewe Somo","family":"Yves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Palou Zoua","family":"Arno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ndjida Gbayara","family":"Romuald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gberi Emgbang","family":"Arnaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengue Marie Jeanne","family":"Corina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katoua Ndeguena","family":"Fabrice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fodouop Chegaing","family":"Simeon-Pierre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sokeng Dongmo","family":"Selestin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsadjieu Ngoune","family":"Leopold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammadou Bouba","family":"Adji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"11156_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6976.12029","volume":"37","author":"MI Petrova","year":"2013","unstructured":"Petrova MI, Van Den Broek M, Balzarini J, Vanderleyden J, Lebeer S (2013) Vaginal microbiota and its role in HIV transmission and infection. FEMS Microbiol Rev 37(5):762\u2013792. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1574-6976.12029","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"11156_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl246","volume":"58","author":"ME Falagas","year":"2006","unstructured":"Falagas ME, Betsi GI, Athanasiou S (2006) Probiotics for prevention of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: a review. J Antimicrob Chemother 58(2):266\u2013272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkl246","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"8","key":"11156_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.66","volume":"11","author":"C Hill","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hill C, Guarner F, Reid G, Gibson GR, Merenstein DJ, Pot B et al (2014) The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 11(8):506\u2013514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.66","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"11156_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00017-08","volume":"72","author":"S Lebeer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lebeer S, Vanderleyden J, De Keersmaecker SCJ (2008) Genes and molecules of Lactobacilli supporting probiotic action. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 72(4):728\u2013764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/MMBR.00017-08","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"11156_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-014-9176-0","volume":"7","author":"SM Kovachev","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kovachev SM, Vatcheva-Dobrevska RS (2015) Local probiotic therapy for vaginal Candida albicans infections. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 7(1):38\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12602-014-9176-0","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins"},{"issue":"7","key":"11156_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000302","volume":"162","author":"CMA Santos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Santos CMA, Pires MCV, Le\u00e3o TL, Hern\u00e1ndez ZP, Rodriguez ML, Martins AKS et al (2016) Selection of Lactobacillus strains as potential probiotics for vaginitis treatment. Microbiology 162(7):1195\u20131207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/mic.0.000302","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"11156_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-021-02264-5","volume":"21","author":"N Das Neves Selis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Das Neves Selis N, De Oliveira HBM, Le\u00e3o HF, Dos Anjos YB, Sampaio BA et al (2021) Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains isolated from spontaneously fermented cocoa exhibit potential probiotic properties against Gardnerella vaginalis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. BMC Microbiol 21(1):198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-021-02264-5","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"11156_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2000.00845.x","volume":"31","author":"B Del Re","year":"2000","unstructured":"Del Re B, Sgorbati B, Miglioli M, Palenzona D (2000) Adhesion, autoaggregation and hydrophobicity of 13 strains of Bifidobacterium longum. Lett Appl Microbiol 31(6):438\u2013442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2000.00845.x","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"11156_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1960.tb00188.x","volume":"23","author":"JC De Man","year":"1960","unstructured":"De Man JC, Rogosa M, Sharpe ME (1960) A medium for the cultivation of lactobacilli. J Appl Bacteriol 23(1):130\u2013135","journal-title":"J Appl Bacteriol"},{"issue":"4","key":"11156_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(90)78742-2","volume":"73","author":"SE Gilliland","year":"1990","unstructured":"Gilliland SE, Walker DK (1990) Factors to consider when selecting a culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus as a dietary adjunct to produce a hypocholesterolemic effect in humans. J Dairy Sci 73(4):905\u2013911. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(90)78742-2","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"11156_CR11","volume-title":"Manual of methods for general bacteriology","author":"P Gerhardt","year":"1981","unstructured":"Gerhardt P, Murray RGE, Costilow RN, Nester EW, Wood WA, Krieg NR (1981) Manual of methods for general bacteriology. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC"},{"issue":"12","key":"11156_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-61.12.1636","volume":"61","author":"WP Charteris","year":"1998","unstructured":"Charteris WP, Kelly PM, Morelli L, Collins JK (1998) Antibiotic susceptibility of potentially probiotic Lactobacillus species. J Food Prot 61(12):1636\u20131643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4315\/0362-028X-61.12.1636","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"11156_CR13","unstructured":"The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. Versions 13.1\u201314.0 (2023\u20132024). Available at: http:\/\/www.eucast.org"},{"key":"11156_CR14","first-page":"400","volume":"4","author":"GP Ngaba","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ngaba GP, Essomba N (2014) Profil des germes impliqu\u00e9s dans les infections cervico-vaginales chez la femme en \u00e2ge de procr\u00e9er \u00e0 l\u2019h\u00f4pital de district de Bonassama. Rev M\u00e9decine Pharm 4:400\u2013408","journal-title":"Rev M\u00e9decine Pharm"},{"issue":"2","key":"11156_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4314\/ajcem.v16i2.4","volume":"16","author":"L Ane-Anyangwe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ane-Anyangwe L, Meriki HD, Silum SP, Nsongomanyi FR, Zofou D (2015) Antifungal susceptibility profiles and risk factors for vaginal candidiasis among female university students in southwest region, Cameroon. Afr J Clin Exp Microbiol 16(2):67\u201372","journal-title":"Afr J Clin Exp Microbiol"},{"key":"11156_CR16","unstructured":"Kountchou CL, Toukap EOM, Velhima A, Noubom M, Kechia FA et al (2021) Vulvo-vaginal candidiasis in pregnant women at the Bafoussam Regional Hospital (West region of Cameroon) and susceptibility of isolates to antifungals. Br J Med Health Sci 3(1):737\u2013743"},{"issue":"1","key":"11156_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2312-9","volume":"19","author":"YM Kamga","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kamga YM, Ngunde JP, Akoachere J-F (2019) Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and associated risk factors in pregnant women receiving antenatal care at the Kumba Health District (KHD), Cameroon. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 19(1):166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-019-2312-9","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"11","key":"11156_CR18","first-page":"313","volume":"11","author":"M Mohamadou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mohamadou M, Elie AV, Essome MCN, Mbah CE, Emvoutou V et al (2023) High prevalence of bacterial vaginosis due to Gardnerella species and intra-genital hygiene impact practices among rural and urban women in Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon. J Biosci Med 11(11):313\u2013325","journal-title":"J Biosci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"11156_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.4314\/ijbcs.v10i1.20","volume":"10","author":"MLK Mogtomo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mogtomo MLK, Fotso Feudjio A, Ngongang Djientcheu JA, Nde Fon P, Tagne Simo R, Lehman LG (2016) Pr\u00e9valence des germes impliqu\u00e9s dans les infections vaginales chez les femmes camerounaises et facteurs de risque. Int J Biol Chem Sci 10(1):255\u2013268","journal-title":"Int J Biol Chem Sci"},{"key":"11156_CR20","unstructured":"Eyong IM, Iwewe YS, Yangsi TT, Abas A, Katoua FN et al (2023) Vulvovaginal candidiasis in pregnant women attending the Garoua Regional Hospital (Cameroon) and antifungal susceptibility profile of isolates. Asian Res J Gynaecol Obstet 6(1):151\u2013159"},{"key":"11156_CR21","volume-title":"WHO guidelines for the treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2016) WHO guidelines for the treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. WHO, Geneva"},{"issue":"7","key":"11156_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2021-055057","volume":"98","author":"DC Nyemba","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nyemba DC, Haddison EC, Wang C, Johnson LF, Myer L, Davey DJ (2022) Prevalence of curable STIs and bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Infect 98(7):484\u2013491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2021-055057","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"11156_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dlae043","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlae043","volume":"6","author":"CI Djuikoue","year":"2024","unstructured":"Djuikoue CI, Nzouankeu A, Ngandjio A, Kuaban C, Fonkoua MC (2024) Antimicrobial susceptibility testing data analysis over 3 years at the Yaound\u00e9 General Hospital, Cameroon. JAC-Antimicrob Resist 6(2):dlae043. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jacamr\/dlae043","journal-title":"JAC-Antimicrob Resist"},{"issue":"10","key":"11156_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109670","volume":"9","author":"V Jespers","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jespers V, Crucitti T, Menten J, Verhelst R, Mwaura M, Mandaliya K et al (2014) Prevalence and correlates of bacterial vaginosis in different sub-populations of women in sub-Saharan Africa: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One 9(10):e109670. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0109670","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"11156_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0238782","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238782","volume":"15","author":"I Afeke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Afeke I, Opare-Asamoah K, Kwadwo Awuah AS, Ussher FA, Brakohiapa EK, Yao J et al (2020) Prevalence of vaginal infections and associated lifestyles of students in the University of Cape Coast, Ghana. PLoS ONE 15(9):e0238782. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0238782","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"11156_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.10.014","volume":"220","author":"L Bayigga","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bayigga L, Kateete DP, Anderson DJ, Sekikubo M, Nakanjako D (2019) Diversity of vaginal microbiota in sub-Saharan Africa and its effects on HIV transmission and prevention. Am J Obstet Gynecol 220(2):155\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.10.014","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"7","key":"11156_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myac037","volume":"60","author":"MF Mushi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mushi MF, Olum R, Bongomin F (2022) Prevalence, antifungal susceptibility and etiology of vulvovaginal candidiasis in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression. Med Mycol 60(7):myac037. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mmy\/myac037","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"11156_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.4314\/ijbcs.v17i6.6","volume":"17","author":"BT Talom","year":"2024","unstructured":"Talom BT, Dahara DH, Nodem FSS, Djoko CLT, Sodea NY, Damoulaye EX et al (2024) Resistance profile of pathogenic strains isolated from community acquired infection at the Protestant Hospital of Ngaoundere (Cameroon). Int J Biol Chem Sci 17:2206\u20132214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/ijbcs.v17i6.6","journal-title":"Int J Biol Chem Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"11156_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.10984","volume":"13","author":"J-FTK Akoachere","year":"2019","unstructured":"Akoachere J-FTK, Kamga HL, Nsagha DS, Njunda AL, Assob NJC (2019) Community-acquired antimicrobial resistance in Cameroon: a review. J Infect Dev Ctries 13(9):789\u2013802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3855\/jidc.10984","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"issue":"8","key":"11156_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkac159","volume":"77","author":"CC Iwuji","year":"2022","unstructured":"Iwuji CC, Pillay D, Shamu P, Murire M, Nzenze S, Cox LA, Mullick S (2022) A systematic review of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Mycoplasma genitalium in sub-Saharan Africa. J Antimicrob Chemother 77(8):2074\u20132093. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkac159","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"11156_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2023.44.90.31326","volume":"44","author":"MAE Bissong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bissong MAE, Mobey KN, Muma V, Mkong PB (2023) Reduced susceptibility to carbapenems in Enterobacteriaceae and antimicrobial resistance profile of Escherichia coli strains isolated from clinical and zoonotic sources in the Bamenda Municipality, Cameroon. Pan Afr Med J 44:90. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11604\/pamj.2023.44.90.31326","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"11156_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-025-01148-3","volume":"5","author":"J Gar\u00e9","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gar\u00e9 J, Sanou A, Ou\u00e9draogo AS, Belem AMG, Bonkoungou IJO, Traore O et al (2025) Antimicrobial resistance of Enterobacterales in Central Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Commun Med (Lond) 5(1):48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43856-025-01148-3","journal-title":"Commun Med (Lond)"},{"key":"11156_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2015.04.014","volume":"34","author":"A Davoodabadi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Davoodabadi A, Soltan Dallal MM, Rahimi Foroushani A, Douraghi M, Sharifi Yazdi MK, Amin Harati F (2015) Antibacterial activity of Lactobacillus spp. isolated from the feces of healthy infants against enteropathogenic bacteria. Anaerobe 34:53\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2015.04.014","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"11156_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2014.09.018","volume":"182","author":"F De Seta","year":"2014","unstructured":"De Seta F, Parazzini F, De Leo R, Banco R, Maso GP, De Santo D et al (2014) Lactobacillus plantarum P17630 for preventing Candida vaginitis recurrence: a retrospective comparative study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 182:136\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2014.09.018","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"11156_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Udjianto U, Sirat NA, Rahardjo B, Zuhriyah L (2025) Effective probiotic regimens for bacterial vaginosis treatment and recurrence prevention: A systematic review. Narra J 5(1):e1671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52225\/narra.v5i1.1671","DOI":"10.52225\/narra.v5i1.1671"},{"issue":"3","key":"11156_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16030402","volume":"16","author":"F Vicariotto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vicariotto F, Malfa P, Viciani E, Ambrosino C, Del Piano M (2024) Efficacy of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum PBS067, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BL050, and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LRH020 in the amelioration of vaginal microbiota in post-menopausal women: a prospective observational clinical trial. Nutrients 16(3):402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16030402","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"11156_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S102","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000225","volume":"48","author":"F Murina","year":"2014","unstructured":"Murina F, Graziottin A, Vicariotto F, De Seta F (2014) Can Lactobacillus fermentum LF10 and Lactobacillus acidophilus LA02 in a slow-release vaginal product be useful for prevention of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis? A clinical study. J Clin Gastroenterol 48(Suppl 1):S102-105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000225","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"11156_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-025-10840-8","author":"W Cai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cai W, Xu Q, Luo S, Zhang C, Zhao Y, Zhu Z et al (2025) Lacticaseibacillus paracasei regulates vaginal microecology and inhibits hyphae formation for Candida vaginitis therapy. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12602-025-10840-8","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins"},{"key":"11156_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-38253-4","volume":"9","author":"AU Happel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Happel AU, Barnabas SL, Froissart R, Passmore JS (2019) Antimicrobial and inflammatory properties of South African clinical Lactobacillus isolates and vaginal probiotics. Sci Rep 9:3300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-38253-4","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"11156_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-022-01143-6","volume":"11","author":"CM Dunaiski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dunaiski CM, Kock MM, Jung H, Peters RPH (2022) Importance of Candida infection and fluconazole resistance in women with vaginal discharge syndrome in Namibia. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 11(1):104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13756-022-01143-6","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"issue":"5","key":"11156_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00181","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00181-23","volume":"67","author":"JD Sobel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sobel JD, Akins RA, Sobel R, Kagan MH, Bhatt VD (2023) Resistance to fluconazole of Candida albicans in vaginal isolates: a 10-year study in a clinical referral center. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 67(5):e00181\u2013e00123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.00181-23","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"11156_CR42","unstructured":"Data Bridge Market Research. Global probiotics market size, share, trends and forecast to 2032. Detroit: Data Bridge Market Research (2024) Available at: https:\/\/www.databridgemarketresearch.com\/reports\/global-probiotics-market"},{"issue":"6","key":"11156_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008559","volume":"16","author":"AU Happel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Happel AU, Kullin B, Gamieldien H, Wentzel N, Zauchenberger CZ, Jaspan HB et al (2020) Exploring potential of vaginal Lactobacillus isolates from South African women for enhancing treatment for bacterial vaginosis. PLoS Pathog 16(6):e1008559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008559","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"11156_CR44","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2017) Performance standards for antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts. 1st ed. CLSI supplement M60. Wayne, PA: CLSI"},{"issue":"3","key":"11156_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","volume":"18","author":"AP Magiorakos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, Carmeli Y, Falagas ME, Giske CG et al (2012) Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 18(3):268\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"10","key":"11156_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2006.045922","volume":"60","author":"TY Tan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tan TY, Tan AL, Tee NW, Ng LS (2007) Comparison of Sabouraud chloramphenicol agar, CHROMagar Candida and chromogenic Candida agar for the isolation and identification of vaginal Candida isolates. J Clin Pathol 60(10):1169\u20131170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jcp.2006.045922","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"11156_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2023.115044","volume":"200","author":"MA Ghannoum","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ghannoum MA, Elewski B, Weitzman I, Auger P (2023) Reviving the interest in the versatile drug nystatin: a multitude of strategies to increase its potential as an effective and safe antifungal agent. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 200:115044. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addr.2023.115044","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"11156_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7564","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04531-14","volume":"58","author":"FHY Yap","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yap FHY, Toh DSL, Hsu LY (2014) In vitro ceftriaxone susceptibility in methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58(12):7564\u20137565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.04531-14","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"10","key":"11156_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.26.10.2064-2068.1988","volume":"26","author":"KL Ruoff","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ruoff KL, Kuritzkes DR, Wolfson JS, Ferraro MJ (1988) Vancomycin-resistant gram-positive bacteria isolated from human sources. J Clin Microbiol 26(10):2064\u20132068. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.26.10.2064-2068.1988","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"11156_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.34.4.543","volume":"34","author":"JM Swenson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Swenson JM, Facklam RR, Thornsberry C (1990) Antimicrobial susceptibility of vancomycin-resistant Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, and Lactobacillus species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 34(4):543\u2013549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.34.4.543","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"5","key":"11156_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9050218","volume":"9","author":"Y Leibovici-Weissman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leibovici-Weissman Y, Tau N, Yahav D, Paul M (2020) Increased Azithromycin Susceptibility of Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria on RPMI-1640 Agar Assessed by Disk Diffusion Testing. Antibiotics 9(5):218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics9050218","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"1","key":"11156_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-021-00466-3","volume":"20","author":"NT Son","year":"2021","unstructured":"Son NT, Anh LT, Huong NTL, Cuong NV, Van NT, Anh DT et al (2021) Molecular detection of blaCTX-M gene to predict phenotypic cephalosporin resistance and clinical outcome of Escherichia coli bloodstream infections in Vietnam. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 20(1):60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12941-021-00466-3","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"issue":"4","key":"11156_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"riate","DOI":"10.9734\/BMRJ\/2012\/507","volume":"1","author":"S Chitnis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chitnis S, Chitnis V, Hemvani N, Chitnis DS (2011) Extended spectrum beta-lactamase mediated resistance in Escherichia coli in a tertiary care hospital. Br Microbiol Res J 1(4):riate. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9734\/BMRJ\/2012\/507","journal-title":"Br Microbiol Res J"},{"key":"11156_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3477","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S329996","volume":"14","author":"BM Bishaw","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bishaw BM, Tegegne GT, Berha AB (2021) Appropriate use of ceftriaxone in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. Infect Drug Resist 14:3477\u20133484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IDR.S329996","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"11156_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01144-24","author":"J Findlay","year":"2024","unstructured":"Findlay J, Poirel L, Nordmann P (2024) Cefepime-taniborbactam demonstrates potent in vitro activity vs Enterobacterales with blaOXA-48. Microbiol Spectr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.01144-24","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"11156_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08188-3","volume":"23","author":"SM Fingerhuth","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fingerhuth SM, Low N, Bonhoeffer S, Althaus CL (2023) Projecting the development of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae from antimicrobial surveillance data: a mathematical modelling study. BMC Infect Dis 23:230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-023-08188-3","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"11156_CR57","volume-title":"WHO warns of rising, worrisome levels of drug-resistant gonorrhea","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2025","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025) WHO warns of rising, worrisome levels of drug-resistant gonorrhea. WHO, Geneva"},{"key":"11156_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH18086","author":"MM Lahra","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lahra MM, Hogan TR, Islam MM, Garland SM, Smith H, Whiley DM (2018) Systematic review and survey of Neisseria gonorrhoeae ceftriaxone and azithromycin susceptibility data in the Asia Pacific, 2011 to 2016. Sex Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/SH18086","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"key":"11156_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1178633719851825","volume":"12","author":"M Diadhiou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Diadhiou M, Ba Diallo A, Barry MS, Alavo SC, Mall I, Gassama O, Ndiaye Gu\u00e8ye MD, Fall AN, Gawa E, Gaye Diallo A, Moreau JC (2019) Prevalence and risk factors of lower reproductive tract infections in symptomatic women in Dakar, Senegal. Infect Dis (Auckl) 12:1178633719851825. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1178633719851825","journal-title":"Infect Dis (Auckl)"},{"issue":"12","key":"11156_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283021a37","volume":"22","author":"J Atashili","year":"2008","unstructured":"Atashili J, Poole C, Ndumbe PM, Adimora AA, Smith JS (2008) Bacterial vaginosis and HIV acquisition: a meta-analysis of published studies. AIDS 22(12):1493\u20131501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283021a37","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"11156_CR61","unstructured":"LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Ketoconazole. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (2017) Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK547869\/"},{"key":"11156_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.045799-0","author":"E Ruiz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ruiz E, S\u00e1enz Y, Zarazaga M, Rocha-Gracia R, Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00ednez L, Arlet G, Torres C (2012) Prevalence of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae producing extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamases collected in two multicenter studies in Spain. J Med Microbiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.045799-0","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"11156_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw074","volume":"71","author":"M Bala","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bala M, Singh V, Philipova I, Bhargava A, Joshi NC, Unemo M (2016) Gentamicin in vitro activity and tentative gentamicin interpretation criteria for the CLSI and calibrated dichotomous sensitivity disc diffusion methods for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Antimicrob Chemother 71(7):1856\u20131859. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkw074","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"4","key":"11156_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dlaf120","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlaf120","volume":"7","author":"AR Tuite","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tuite AR, R\u00f6nn MM, Wolf EE, Chesson H, Torrone E, Berruti A et al (2025) Tetracycline-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae global estimates \u2014 impacts on doxycycline post-exposure prophylaxis implementation and monitoring: a systematic review. JAC-Antimicrob Resist 7(4):dlaf120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jacamr\/dlaf120","journal-title":"JAC-Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"11156_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.3.1035-1041.2005","author":"P Nordmann","year":"2005","unstructured":"Stapleton PD, Shannon KP, French GL (1999) Carbapenem resistance in Escherichia coli associated with plasmid-determined CMY-4 \u03b2-lactamase production and loss of an outer membrane protein. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43(5):1206\u20131210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.49.3.1035-1041.2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"11156_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2016.11.001","volume":"4","author":"IM Arag\u00f3n","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arag\u00f3n IM, Herrera-Imbroda B, Queipo-Ortu\u00f1o MI, Castillo E, Del Moral JSG, G\u00f3mez-Mill\u00e1n J et al (2018) The urinary tract microbiome in health and disease. Eur Urol Focus 4(1):128\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euf.2016.11.001","journal-title":"Eur Urol Focus"},{"issue":"3","key":"11156_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0299629","volume":"19","author":"MC Agimas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Agimas MC, Solomon M, Shewaye DA, Angaw DA, Derseh NM (2024) Prevalence of delayed treatment for sexually transmitted infections and its determinants in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 19(3):e0299629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0299629","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"11156_CR68","unstructured":"HikersBAy Climate Database Climate conditions in Garoua, North Region, Cameroon. Available at: https:\/\/hikersbay.com\/climate-conditions\/cameroon\/garoua"}],"container-title":["Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12602-026-11156-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12602-026-11156-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12602-026-11156-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T07:32:38Z","timestamp":1786433558000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12602-026-11156-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"references-count":68,"alternative-id":["11156"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12602-026-11156-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1867-1306","1867-1314"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1867-1306","type":"print"},{"value":"1867-1314","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for Publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing Interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}