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Prot."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Gut microbiota has been implicated in chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression. Probiotics such as\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    may alleviate renal injury through metabolic modulation, whereas tryptophan metabolism may have divergent effects in CKD. However, whether\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and tryptophan supplementation are associated with distinct or overlapping metabolic profiles in CKD remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and tryptophan supplementation and characterize the associated serum and fecal metabolomic alterations in an adenine-induced CKD mouse model.\u00a0Six-week-old male mice were fed adenine for 3 weeks to induce CKD, followed by 8 weeks of treatment: saline for control (NC, CKD),\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (2\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\n                    CFU; CKD\u2009+\u2009Lac), or Tryptophan (4 mmol\/kg; CKD\u2009+\u2009Try). Renal function markers (SCr, BUN, CysC), inflammatory markers (CRP, PCT), and histopathology were assessed at experimental endpoint (week 12). Serum and fecal metabolomics were analyzed using UPLC-HDMS, followed by PCA, OPLS-DA and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses.\u00a0Adenine induced significant renal injury, as indicated by elevated SCr, BUN, CysC, CRP, and PCT levels, together with marked interstitial fibrosis and tubular epithelial degeneration. These alterations were partially attenuated by either\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    or tryptophan supplementation. In CKD\u2009+\u2009Lac mice, 250 serum and 332 fecal metabolites were altered across 5 pathways, including tyrosine, \u03b2-alanine, and riboflavin metabolism, prolactin signaling, and ABC transporters. In CKD\u2009+\u2009Try mice, 310 serum and 381 fecal metabolites were changed, involving tyrosine, biotin, linoleic acid, and amino acid metabolism, prolactin signaling, lipolysis, and arginine biosynthesis.\u00a0Both\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and tryptophan supplementation partially improved renal function and attenuated renal injury in adenine-induced CKD mice and were associated with altered serum and fecal metabolite profiles involving tyrosine, arginine, and related metabolic pathways.\u00a0Not applicable.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-026-11237-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:55:30Z","timestamp":1790729730000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lactobacillus and Tryptophan Supplementation Improve Renal Function and are Associated with Metabolomic Alterations in a Mouse Model of Chronic Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Miaoyu","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengdi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingxiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanhua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ge","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"11237_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-11-201306040-00007","volume":"158","author":"PE Stevens","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stevens PE, Levin A (2013) Evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease: synopsis of the kidney disease: improving global outcomes 2012 clinical practice guideline. 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