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The study did not involve human subjects. Honey bee sampling was conducted from managed apiaries with the permission of the apiarists in accordance with institutional guidelines of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}