{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T03:56:05Z","timestamp":1793850965669,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":974,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of nutrition, health and aging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T23:09:16Z","timestamp":1610406556000},"page":"507-515","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":169,"title":["Respiratory Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Respiratory Disability: Concepts, Diagnosis, and Treatment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Nagano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidetaka","family":"Wakabayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Kokura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Miyazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Fujiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2018.12.013","article-title":"Definition of Respiratory Sarcopenia With Peak Expiratory Flow Rate","volume":"20","author":"Kera","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14305","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14305","article-title":"Diaphragm muscle sarcopenia into very old age in mice","volume":"8","author":"Vang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L46","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00064.2015","article-title":"Functional impact of diaphragm muscle sarcopenia in both male and female mice","volume":"309","author":"Greising","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2013.06.001","article-title":"Diaphragm muscle sarcopenia in aging mice","volume":"48","author":"Greising","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-018-1079-4","article-title":"Respiratory Muscle Strength as a Discriminator of Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Elderly: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"22","author":"Ohara","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01059.2017","article-title":"Diaphragm plasticity in aging and disease: therapies for muscle weakness go from strength to strength","volume":"125","author":"Greising","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1159\/000154930","article-title":"Respiratory muscle strength predicts decline in mobility in older persons","volume":"31","author":"Buchman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.54.7.581","article-title":"Usefulness of the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnoea scale as a measure of disability in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"54","author":"Bestall","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.04.019","article-title":"Mechanics of respiratory muscles","volume":"163","author":"Ratnovsky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.12609","article-title":"Clinical importance of cross-sectional area of intercostal muscles in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"12","author":"Ju","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Respir J"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e395","DOI":"10.1097\/TXD.0000000000000837","article-title":"Impact of Heart Transplantation on the Recovery of Peripheral and Respiratory Muscle Mass and Strength in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure","volume":"4","author":"Fernandes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transplant Direct"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-019-0410-4","article-title":"Change in diaphragm and intercostal muscle thickness in mechanically ventilated patients: a prospective observational ultrasonography study","volume":"7","author":"Nakanishi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4524-z","article-title":"Assessment of diaphragmatic dysfunction in the critically ill patient with ultrasound: a systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Zambon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-015-3687-3","article-title":"Measuring diaphragm thickness with ultrasound in mechanically ventilated patients: feasibility, reproducibility and validity","volume":"41","author":"Goligher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2006.061648","article-title":"Standardisation of lung function testing: helpful guidance from the ATS\/ERS Task Force","volume":"61","author":"Laszlo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.166.4.518","article-title":"ATS\/ERS Statement on respiratory muscle testing","volume":"166","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.12.012","article-title":"Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 Consensus Update on Sarcopenia Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.108811","article-title":"Respiratory disability: what is it, how can we measure it, what causes it and is it important?","volume":"64","author":"Harber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000141","article-title":"Respiratory disability and impairment: what is new?","volume":"21","author":"Harber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med."},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.105007","article-title":"An international prospective general population-based study of respiratory work disability","volume":"64","author":"Tor\u00e9n","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00080312","article-title":"Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3\u201395-yr age range: the global lung function 2012 equations","volume":"40","author":"Quanjer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resinv.2014.03.003","article-title":"Reference values for spirometry, including vital capacity, in Japanese adults calculated with the LMS method and compared with previous values","volume":"52","author":"Kubota","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir Investig"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis415","article-title":"Mortality attributable to 9 common infections: significant effect of influenza A, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza B, norovirus, and parainfluenza in elderly persons","volume":"206","author":"van Asten","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib24","first-page":"231","article-title":"Aspiration pneumonia","volume":"48","author":"Petroianni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pathophysiological aspects, prevention and management. A review. Panminerva Med"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.3.2005075","article-title":"Etiology of severe pneumonia in the very elderly","volume":"163","author":"El-Solh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1989.66.2.943","article-title":"Relationship between respiratory muscle function and age, sex, and other factors","volume":"66","author":"Chen","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2006.05.002","article-title":"The effects of ageing on respiratory muscle function and performance in older adults","volume":"10","author":"Watsford","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib28","first-page":"430","article-title":"Respiratory muscle strength in the elderly","volume":"149","author":"Enright","year":"1994","journal-title":"Correlates and reference values. Cardiovascular Health Study Research Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.03.012","article-title":"The aging respiratory system\u2014pulmonary structure, function and neural control","volume":"187","author":"Lalley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib30","first-page":"e6645","article-title":"Ageing of the Diaphragm Muscle","volume":"12","author":"Bordoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib31","article-title":"Diaphragm muscle structure in the elderly: Findings from an autopsy study","volume":"151487","author":"Nucci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Histochemica."},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2017.41.4.686","article-title":"Relation Between Respiratory Muscle Strength and Skeletal Muscle Mass and Hand Grip Strength in the Healthy Elderly","volume":"41","author":"Shin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib33","first-page":"501","article-title":"Relationship between diaphragm weight and body composition","volume":"34","author":"Nishimura","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-015-3152-8","article-title":"Low pulmonary function is related with a high risk of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2008\u20132011","volume":"26","author":"Jeon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8050667","article-title":"Association between CT-Measured Abdominal Skeletal Muscle Mass and Pulmonary Function","volume":"8","author":"Choe","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15410","article-title":"Relationship Between Handgrip Strength and Pulmonary Function in Apparently Healthy Older Women","volume":"66","author":"Son","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.3109\/13685538.2014.936001","article-title":"Relation between hand grip strength, respiratory muscle strength and spirometric measures in male nursing home residents","volume":"17","author":"Bahat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aging Male"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2015.39.6.880","article-title":"Relationship Between Respiratory Muscle Strength and Conventional Sarcopenic Indices in Young Adults: A Preliminary Study","volume":"39","author":"Ro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12485","article-title":"Relationship between pulmonary function and physical performance among community-living people: results from Look-up 7+ study","volume":"11","author":"Landi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2019.103913","article-title":"Relationship between peak expiratory flow and incidence of frailty, deaths and falls among nursing home residents: Results of the SENIOR cohort","volume":"85","author":"Charles","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-017-0777-9","article-title":"Relationships among peak expiratory flow rate, body composition, physical function, and sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults","volume":"30","author":"Kera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deniz O, Coteli S, Karatoprak NB, Pence MC, Varan HD, Kizilarslanoglu MC, et al. Diaphragmatic muscle thickness in older people with and without sarcopenia. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2020; doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40520-020-01565-5.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-020-01565-5"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2020.104082","article-title":"Respiratory muscle strength for discriminating frailty in community-dwelling elderly: a cross-sectional study","volume":"89","author":"Vidal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8111901","article-title":"Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations between Peak Expiratory Flow and Frailty in Older Adults","volume":"8","author":"Trevisan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805172","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/805172","article-title":"Role of Inflammation in Muscle Homeostasis and Myogenesis","volume":"2015","author":"Costamagna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03654825","article-title":"Potential mechanisms underlying the role of chronic inflammation in age-related muscle wasting","volume":"24","author":"Jo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1701433","article-title":"Influenza A Virus Infection Induces Muscle Wasting via IL-6 Regulation of the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Atrogin-1","volume":"202","author":"Radigan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01288.2005","article-title":"Caspase activation contributes to endotoxin-induced diaphragm weakness","volume":"100","author":"Supinski","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib49","first-page":"8672939","article-title":"Is Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress the Key Contributor to Diaphragm Atrophy and Dysfunction in Critically Ill Patients?","volume":"2020","author":"Duan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care Res Pract."},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12297","article-title":"Aspiration pneumonia induces muscle atrophy in the respiratory, skeletal, and swallowing systems","volume":"9","author":"Komatsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13839","article-title":"Association between sarcopenia and pneumonia in older people","volume":"20","author":"Okazaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199712183372503","article-title":"Cellular adaptations in the diaphragm in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"337","author":"Levine","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12550","article-title":"Distinct cachexia profiles in response to human pancreatic tumours in mouse limb and respiratory muscle","volume":"11","author":"Nosacka","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2019.01.004","article-title":"Differences in Respiratory Muscle Strength Measures in Well-Nourished and Malnourished Hospitalized Patients","volume":"119","author":"Zellner","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa070447","article-title":"Rapid disuse atrophy of diaphragm fibers in mechanically ventilated humans","volume":"358","author":"Levine","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R127","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9094","article-title":"Increased duration of mechanical ventilation is associated with decreased diaphragmatic force: a prospective observational study","volume":"14","author":"Hermans","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.05370","article-title":"Diaphragm Muscle Thinning in Subjects Receiving Mechanical Ventilation and Its Effect on Extubation","volume":"62","author":"Grosu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2015.10.001","article-title":"Functional impact of sarcopenia in respiratory muscles","volume":"226","author":"Elliott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2600","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-222844","article-title":"Diaphragm and ventilatory dysfunction during cancer cachexia","volume":"27","author":"Roberts","year":"2013","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.32.92","article-title":"Association of respiratory function with physical performance, physical activity, and sedentary behavior in older adults","volume":"32","author":"Kaneko","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib61","first-page":"1408","article-title":"The relationship of dyspnea and disease severity with anthropometric indicators of malnutrition among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"34","author":"Baig","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12738","article-title":"Respiratory impairment and dyspnea and their associations with physical inactivity and mobility in sedentary community-dwelling older persons","volume":"62","author":"Vaz Fragoso","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200304-489CP","article-title":"Ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction","volume":"169","author":"Vassilakopoulos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-007-0584-4","article-title":"Infusions of rocuronium and cisatracurium exert different effects on rat diaphragm function","volume":"33","author":"Testelmans","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200702-296OC","article-title":"Effects of acute administration of corticosteroids during mechanical ventilation on rat diaphragm","volume":"178","author":"Maes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201703-0536OC","article-title":"Mechanical Ventilation-induced Diaphragm Atrophy Strongly Impacts Clinical Outcomes","volume":"197","author":"Goligher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13591","article-title":"Sarcopenia and dysphagia: Position paper by four professional organizations","volume":"19","author":"Fujishima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib68","first-page":"43","article-title":"Reference values for maximal inspiratory pressure: a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Sclauser Pessoa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can Respir J"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib69","first-page":"795","article-title":"The effect of aging on respiratory muscle function","volume":"29","author":"Nishimura","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-019-1290-y","article-title":"Cross-Sectional Study on the Association between Pulmonary Function and Sarcopenia in Brazilian Community-Dwelling Elderly from the Amazon Region","volume":"24","author":"Ohara","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.12905","article-title":"Effects of inspiratory muscle training in COPD patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Beaumont","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Respir J"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2019.06.002","article-title":"Effectiveness of expiratory muscle strength training on expiratory strength, pulmonary function and cough in the adult population: a systematic review","volume":"106","author":"Templeman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.2017-0268","article-title":"Effects of Resistance Training of Peripheral Muscles Versus Respiratory Muscles in Older Adults With Sarcopenia Who are Institutionalized: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"26","author":"Cebri\u00e0","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Aging Phys Act"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101166","article-title":"Respiratory rehabilitation in elderly patients with COVID-19: A randomized controlled study","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Complement Ther Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2013-204388","article-title":"Efficacy of lower-limb muscle training modalities in severely dyspnoeic individuals with COPD and quadriceps muscle weakness: results from the DICES trial","volume":"69","author":"Sillen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1022","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.14131","article-title":"Effects of home-based lower limb resistance training on muscle strength and functional status in stable Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7070167","article-title":"Effect of Squat Exercises on Lung Function in Elderly Women with Sarcopenia","volume":"7","author":"Jeon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.12141","article-title":"Low-load\/high-repetition elastic band resistance training in patients with COPD: a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial","volume":"9","author":"Nyberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Respir J"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2018.09.015","article-title":"Effects of 8-week kettlebell training on body composition, muscle strength, pulmonary function, and chronic low-grade inflammation in elderly women with sarcopenia","volume":"112","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e013445","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013445","article-title":"Effects of pulmonary rehabilitation in lung transplant candidates: a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Hoffman","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-15-36","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial to assess the influence of a three months training program (gym-based individualized vs. calisthenics-based non-invidualized) in COPD-patients","volume":"15","author":"Greulich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00557.2014","article-title":"Impaired exercise training-induced muscle fiber hypertrophy and Akt\/mTOR pathway activation in hypoxemic patients with COPD","volume":"118","author":"Costes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib83","first-page":"Cd000998","article-title":"Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"12","author":"Ferreira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib84","first-page":"225","article-title":"Effect of Dietary Supplementation on Body Composition, Pulmonary Function and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Stable COPD","volume":"15","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tanaffos"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2011.214","article-title":"Oral nutritional supplements containing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids affect quality of life and functional status in lung cancer patients during multimodality treatment: an RCT","volume":"66","author":"van der Meij","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12040932","article-title":"Effects of Leucine Administration in Sarcopenia: A Randomized and Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"12","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Arnau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12219","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial investigating the efficacy of targeted nutrition as adjunct to exercise training in COPD","volume":"8","author":"van de Bool","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1479973120904953","article-title":"Nutritional supplementation during pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD: A systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Aldhahir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chron Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1590\/s0102-865020180010000007","article-title":"Combination of preoperative pulmonary and nutritional preparation for esophagectomy","volume":"33","author":"Agrelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Cir Bras"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2016.11.003","article-title":"Rehabilitation and nutritional support for sarcopenic dysphagia and tongue atrophy after glossectomy: A case report","volume":"35","author":"Hashida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2015.09.019","article-title":"Treatment of Sarcopenic Dysphagia with Rehabilitation and Nutritional Support: A Comprehensive Approach","volume":"116","author":"Maeda","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e84","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000458","article-title":"Rehabilitation Nutrition for Possible Sarcopenic Dysphagia After Lung Cancer Surgery: A Case Report","volume":"95","author":"Wakabayashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2015.11.002","article-title":"Rehabilitation Nutrition for Acute Heart Failure on Inotropes with Malnutrition, Sarcopenia, and Cachexia: A Case Report","volume":"116","author":"Someya","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-018-1150-1","article-title":"Rehabilitation Nutrition for Iatrogenic Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Dysphagia","volume":"23","author":"Nagano","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13321","article-title":"Chapter 3 Prevention of sarcopenia","volume":"18","author":"Kuzuya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13322","article-title":"Chapter 4 Treatment of sarcopenia","volume":"18","author":"Arai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"}],"container-title":["The Journal of nutrition, health and aging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S127977072300965X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S127977072300965X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T12:50:41Z","timestamp":1761137441000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S127977072300965X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S127977072300965X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1279-7707"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1279-7707","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Respiratory Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Respiratory Disability: Concepts, Diagnosis, and Treatment","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of nutrition, health and aging","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12603-021-1587-5","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 SERDI Publisher.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}