{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T17:55:10Z","timestamp":1790186110587,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":547,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of nutrition, health and aging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,28]],"date-time":"2022-05-28T11:02:51Z","timestamp":1653735771000},"page":"606-614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["The Ketogenic Diet and Alzheimer's Disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Haley","family":"Hersant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Grossberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib1","unstructured":"National Institute on Aging (2021) Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Fact Sheet. https:\/\/www.nia.nih.gov\/health\/alzheimers-disease-fact-sheet. Accessed 30 August 2021."},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib2","unstructured":"CDC (2021) What is Alzheimer\u2019s Disease? https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/aging\/aginginfo\/alzheimers.htm. Accessed 30 August 2021."},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib3","unstructured":"National Institute on Aging (2021) How Is Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Treated? http:\/\/www.nia.nih.gov\/health\/how-alzheimers-disease-treated Accessed 1 September 2021."},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib4","unstructured":"Information NC for B, Pike USNL of M 8600 R, MD B, Usa 20894. Non-Drug Interventions for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2017. Accessed September 1, 2021. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK279355\/."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3109\/00207454.2016.1155572","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease and diet: a systematic review","volume":"127","author":"Yusufov","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaa113","article-title":"Ketogenic diet and cognition in neurological diseases: a systematic review","volume":"79","author":"Pav\u00f3n","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrition Reviews"},{"issue":"9984","key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60461-5","article-title":"A 2 year multidomain intervention of diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring versus control to prevent cognitive decline in at-risk elderly people (FINGER): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"385","author":"Ngandu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702802","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.702802","article-title":"Ketogenic Diets and Chronic Disease: Weighing the Benefits Against the Risks","volume":"8","author":"Crosby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy002","article-title":"Modeling the Western Diet for Preclinical Investigations","volume":"9","author":"Hintze","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib10","unstructured":"Dietary fat - Better Health Channel. Accessed November 15, 2021. https:\/\/www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au\/health\/healthyliving\/fats-and-oils."},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib11","unstructured":"Mawer R (2020). The Ketogenic Diet: A Detailed Beginner\u2019s Guide to Keto. Healthline. https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/nutrition\/ketogenic-diet-101#_noHeaderPrefixedContent. Accessed 22 November 2021."},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib12","unstructured":"Review of current evidence and clinical recommendations on the effects of low-carbohydrate and very-low-carbohydrate (including ketogenic) diets for the management of body weight and other cardiometabolic risk factors: A scientific statement from the National Lipid Association Nutrition and Lifestyle Task Force - ClinicalKey. Accessed November 15, 2021. https:\/\/www-clinicalkey-com.ezp.slu.edu\/#!\/content\/playContent\/1-s2.0-S1933287419302673?returnurl=null&referrer=null."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E8767","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228767","article-title":"Effects of Ketone Bodies on Brain Metabolism and Function in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"21","author":"Jensen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-021-00783-x","article-title":"Randomized crossover trial of a modified ketogenic diet in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Phillips","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Research & Therapy"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1097\/00008877-200609000-00009","article-title":"Neuroprotective and disease-modifying effects of the ketogenic diet","volume":"17","author":"Gasior","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behav Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib16","unstructured":"Fish, meat, and risk of dementia: cohort study. Accessed January 9, 2022. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC130057\/."},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib17","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Ketogenic Diet","author":"Masood","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5541","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S200490","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease: pathogenesis, diagnostics, and therapeutics","volume":"14","author":"Tiwari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib19","first-page":"347","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"2","author":"Swerdlow","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3892","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20163892","article-title":"Ketogenic Diet in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"20","author":"Rusek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.162263","article-title":"A high-glycemic diet is associated with cerebral amyloid burden in cognitively normal older adults","volume":"106","author":"Taylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.9740\/mhc.2021.05.211","article-title":"The use of the ketogenic diet in the treatment of psychiatric disorders","volume":"11","author":"Tillery","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ment Health Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-020-00376-6","article-title":"Mitochondria dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: recent advances","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecular Neurodegeneration"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox7050063","article-title":"Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ketogenic Diet: New Perspectives for Neuroprotection in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"7","author":"Pinto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib25","first-page":"28","article-title":"Feasibility and efficacy data from a ketogenic diet intervention in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"4","author":"Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"nzz003","DOI":"10.1093\/cdn\/nzz003","article-title":"An Experimental Ketogenic Diet for Alzheimer Disease Was Nutritionally Dense and Rich in Vegetables and Avocado","volume":"3","author":"Taylor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Dev Nutr"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib27","unstructured":"Utility of Ketone Supplementation to Enhance Physical Performance: A Systematic Review."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.01.006","article-title":"A new way to produce hyperketonemia: use of ketone ester in a case of Alzheimer\u2019s","volume":"11","author":"Newport","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2012.09.009","article-title":"Stimulation of mild, sustained ketonemia by medium-chain triacylglycerols in healthy humans: estimated potential contribution to brain energy metabolism","volume":"29","author":"Courchesne-Loyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-6-31","article-title":"Study of the ketogenic agent AC-1202 in mild to moderate Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial","volume":"6","author":"Henderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr Metab (Lond)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317513518650","article-title":"Role of Medium Chain Triglycerides (Axona\u00ae) in the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"29","author":"Sharma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2018.07.009","article-title":"Changes in regional cerebral blood flow associated with a 45 day course of the ketogenic agent, caprylidene, in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Results of a randomized, double-blinded, pilot study","volume":"111","author":"Torosyan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.10.017","article-title":"Medium-chain triglycerides improved cognition and lipid metabolomics in mild to moderate Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients with APOE4-\/-: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial","volume":"39","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.10.048","article-title":"Effects of a medium-chain triglyceride-based ketogenic formula on cognitive function in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"690","author":"Ota","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadm.2015.06.005","article-title":"The CAIDE Dementia Risk Score App: The development of an evidence-based mobile application to predict the risk of dementia","volume":"1","author":"Sindi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (Amst)"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12317","article-title":"The effects of high-intensity interval training on glucose regulation and insulin resistance: a meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Jelleyman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obesity Reviews"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2018.04.031","article-title":"Ketogenic diet, high intensity interval training (HIIT) and memory training in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment: A case study","volume":"12","author":"Dahlgren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15166","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review of proteomic studies","volume":"156","author":"Pereira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Neurochemistry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12087","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and risk of dementia: A meta-analysis of prospective observational studies","volume":"4","author":"Gudala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Diabetes Investigation"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib40","unstructured":"Apolipoprotein E: Far More Than a Lipid Transport Protein \u2223 Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. Accessed November 27, 2021. https:\/\/www-annualreviews-org.ezp.slu.edu\/doi\/10.1146\/annurev.genom.1.1.507."},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2019.01.035","article-title":"Ketogenic diet rescues cognition in ApoE4+ patient with mild Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A case study","volume":"13","author":"Morrill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews."},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102950","article-title":"Gut mycobiome and its interaction with diet, gut bacteria and alzheimer\u2019s disease markers in subjects with mild cognitive impairment: A pilot study","volume":"59","author":"Nagpal","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2019.09.015","article-title":"Modified ketogenic diet is associated with improved cerebrospinal fluid biomarker profile, cerebral perfusion, and cerebral ketone body uptake in older adults at risk for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a pilot study","volume":"86","author":"Neth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging. f"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21559","article-title":"Decreased CSF A\u03b242 correlates with brain atrophy in cognitively normal elderly","volume":"65","author":"Fagan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2021.1951235","article-title":"Food for thought: the emerging role of a ketogenic diet in Alzheimer\u2019s disease management","volume":"21","author":"W\u0142odarek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics"}],"container-title":["The Journal of nutrition, health and aging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1279770723008539?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1279770723008539?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T12:49:44Z","timestamp":1761137384000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1279770723008539"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1279770723008539"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1279-7707"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1279-7707","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Ketogenic Diet and Alzheimer's Disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of nutrition, health and aging","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 SERDI Publisher.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}