{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T13:51:58Z","timestamp":1788616318332,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]],"date-time":"2019-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]],"date-time":"2019-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Can J Anesth\/J Can Anesth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-019-01548-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]],"date-time":"2019-12-16T20:03:41Z","timestamp":1576526621000},"page":"360-368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Tramadol-associated hallucinations: a systematic review and narrative synthesis of their pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment","Les hallucinations associ\u00e9es au tramadol\u00a0: revue syst\u00e9matique et synth\u00e8se narrative de leur physiopathologie, leur diagnostic et leur traitement"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Yuel-Kai","family":"Jean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melvin C.","family":"Gitlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6744-3517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith A.","family":"Candiotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"1548_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2004.09.019","volume":"112","author":"E Kalso","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kalso E, Edwards JE, Moore RA, McQuay HJ. Opioids in chronic non-cancer pain: systematic review of efficacy and safety. Pain 2004; 112: 372-80.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"1548_CR2","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Justice. Statement of Paul E. Knierim. For a hearing entitled: Tackling Fentanyl: The China Connection. Presented September 6, 2018. Available from URL: https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2018-09\/DEA%20Testimony%20-%20China%20and%20Fentanyl%20HFAC_0.pdf (accessed October 2019)."},{"key":"1548_CR3","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. What is the U.S. Opioid Epidemic? Available from URL: https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/opioids\/about-the-epidemic\/index.html (accessed October 2019)."},{"key":"1548_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025059","author":"N Sanger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sanger N, Shahid H, Dennis BB, et al. Identifying patient-important outcomes in medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder patients: a systematic review protocol. BMJ Open 2018; DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025059.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"1548_CR5","unstructured":"Florida Department of Health. House Bill 21 \u2013 Frequently Asked Questions. Available from URL: http:\/\/www.flhealthsource.gov\/FloridaTakeControl\/files\/HB21-FAQ.pdf (accessed October 2019)."},{"key":"1548_CR6","unstructured":"Government of Canada. Meetings and Correspondence on Marketing and Advertising of Opioids. Available from URL: https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/substance-use\/problematic-prescription-drug-use\/opioids\/responding-canada-opioid-crisis\/advertising-opioid-medications\/meetings.html (accessed October 2019)."},{"key":"1548_CR7","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. Opioid Prescribing Rate Maps. Available from URL: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/drugoverdose\/maps\/rxrate-maps.html (accessed October 2019)."},{"key":"1548_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200443130-00004","volume":"43","author":"S Grond","year":"2004","unstructured":"Grond S, Sablotzki A. Clinical pharmacology of tramadol. Clin Pharmacokinet 2004; 43: 879-923.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"1548_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v25n02_08","volume":"25","author":"JA Inciardi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Inciardi JA, Cicero TJ, Munoz A, et al. The diversion of Ultram, Ultracet, and generic tramadol HCL. J Addict Dis 2006; 25: 53-8.","journal-title":"J Addict Dis"},{"key":"1548_CR10","unstructured":"Florida Health. 2016-2017 Prescription Drug Monitoring Program Annual Report. Available from URL: http:\/\/www.floridahealth.gov\/statistics-and-data\/e-forcse\/funding\/2017pdmpannualreport.pdf (accessed October 2019)."},{"key":"1548_CR11","unstructured":"Canadian Institute for Health Information. Pan-Canadian Trends in the Prescribing of Opioids and Benzodiazepines, 2012 to 2017. Ottawa, ON: CIHI; 2018. Available from URL: https:\/\/www.cihi.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/document\/opioid-prescribing-june2018-en-web.pdf (accessed October 2019)."},{"key":"1548_CR12","unstructured":"United States Drug Enforcement Administration. Justice Department, DEA propose significant opioid manufacturing reduction in 2019. Available from URL: https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/press-releases\/2018\/08\/16\/justice-department-dea-propose-significant-opioid-manufacturing-reduction (accessed October 2019)."},{"key":"1548_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098618760939","volume":"9","author":"C Abeyaratne","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abeyaratne C, Lalic S, Bell JS, Ilom\u00e4ki J. Spontaneously reported adverse drug events related to tapentadol and oxycodone\/naloxone in Australia. Ther Adv Drug Saf 2018; 9: 197-205.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Drug Saf"},{"key":"1548_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000001417","volume":"123","author":"E Sivanesan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sivanesan E, Gitlin MC, Candiotti KA. Opioid-induced hallucinations: a review of the literature, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Anesth Analg 2016; 123: 836-43.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"1548_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098617736191","volume":"9","author":"A Lavan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lavan A, Eustace J, Dahly D, et al. Incident adverse drug reactions in geriatric inpatients: a multicentred observational study. Ther Adv Drug Saf 2018; 9: 13-23.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Drug Saf"},{"key":"1548_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.3163\/1536-5050.104.3.014","volume":"104","author":"WM Bramer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bramer WM, Giustini D, de Jonge GB, Holland L, Bekhuis T. De-duplication of database search results for systematic reviews in EndNote. J Med Libr Assoc 2016; 104: 240-3.","journal-title":"J Med Libr Assoc"},{"key":"1548_CR17","unstructured":"VonVille HM. Excel Workbooks & User Guides for Systematic Reviews. 2017. Available from URL: https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/sh\/x8b13xea3djpkq5\/AADwdba0A4UeNkM2AF06dbh3a?dl=0 (accessed September 2017)."},{"key":"1548_CR18","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Justice. Schedules of Controlled Substances: Placement of Tramadol Into Schedule IV. Available from UR: https:\/\/www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov\/fed_regs\/rules\/2014\/fr0702.htm (accessed October 2019)."},{"key":"1548_CR19","unstructured":"Government of Canada. Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. Notice to interested parties \u2014 Proposal to add tramadol to Schedule I to the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act and the Schedule to the Narcotic Control Regulations. Available from URL: http:\/\/www.gazette.gc.ca\/rp-pr\/p1\/2018\/2018-06-16\/html\/notice-avis-eng.html#ne2 (accessed October 2019)."},{"key":"1548_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(00)00227-4","volume":"97","author":"MM Ohayon","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ohayon MM. Prevalence of hallucinations and their pathological associations in the general population. Psychiatry Res 2000; 97: 153-64.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1548_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028015604631","volume":"49","author":"BT Tsutaoka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tsutaoka BT, Ho RY, Fung SM, Kearney TE. Comparative toxicity of tapentadol and tramadol utilizing data reported to the National Poison Data System. Ann Pharmacother 2015; 49: 1311-6.","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"1548_CR22","unstructured":"Topliss D, Isaacs D, Lander C, et al. Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee (DRAC). Tramadol - Four years\u2019 experience. Australian Adverse Drug Reactions Bulletin 2003; 22: 1-4. Available from URL: https:\/\/www.tga.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/aadrb-0302.pdf (accessed October 2019)."},{"key":"1548_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7276.1608","author":"PW Keeley","year":"2000","unstructured":"Keeley PW, Foster G, Whitelaw L. Hear my song: auditory hallucinations with tramadol hydrochloride. BMJ 2000; DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.321.7276.1608.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1548_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2007.01.1145","author":"MT Alonso","year":"2007","unstructured":"Alonso MT, Rios RR, Mori\u00f1igo JD, et al. Musical hallucinations induced by tramadol. Eur Psychiatry 2007; DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2007.01.1145.","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"1548_CR25","unstructured":"Calvisi V, Ansseau M. Clinical case of the month. Mental confusion due to the administration of tramadol in a patient treated with MOAI (French). Rev Med Liege 1999; 54: 912-3."},{"key":"1548_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03327376","volume":"15","author":"J Mascaro","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mascaro J, Formiga F, Pujol R. Charles-Bonnet syndrome exacerbated by tramadol. Aging Clin Exp Res 2003; 15: 518-9.","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"1548_CR27","first-page":"493","volume":"20","author":"VA Meseguer Ruiz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Meseguer Ruiz VA, Navarro Lopez V. Auditive and visual hallucinations secondary to tramadol administration (Spanish). An Med Interna 2003; 20: 493.","journal-title":"An Med Interna"},{"key":"1548_CR28","first-page":"309","volume":"12","author":"G Kov\u00e1cs","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kov\u00e1cs G, P\u00e9ter L. Complex hallucination (visual-auditory) during coadministration of tramadol and clarithromycin (Hungarian). Neuropsychopharmacol Hung 2010; 12: 309-12.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol Hung"},{"key":"1548_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1080\/17843286.1996.11718509","volume":"51","author":"J Devulder","year":"1996","unstructured":"Devulder J, De Laat M, Dumoulin K, Renson A, Rolly G. Nightmares and hallucinations after long-term intake of tramadol combined with antidepressants. Acta Clin Belg 1996; 51: 184-6.","journal-title":"Acta Clin Belg"},{"key":"1548_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4321\/S0213-61632015000100002","volume":"29","author":"M Abou Taam","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abou Taam M, de Boissieu P, Abou Taam R, Breton A, Trenque T. Drug-induced hallucination: a case\/non case study in the French Pharmacovigilance Database. Eur J Psychiat 2015; 29: 21-31.","journal-title":"Eur J Psychiat"},{"key":"1548_CR31","first-page":"65","volume":"19","author":"BA Irigoyen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Irigoyen BA, Zulet MI. Musical auditive hallucinations secondary to tramadol administration: a case report (Spanish). Psiq Biol 2012; 19: 65-7.","journal-title":"Psiq Biol"},{"key":"1548_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014074","author":"MJ Baggott","year":"2010","unstructured":"Baggott MJ, Siegrist JD, Galloway GP, Robertson LC, Coyle JR, Mendelson JE. Investigating the mechanisms of hallucinogen-induced visions using 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA): a randomized controlled trial in humans. PLoS One 2010; DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0014074.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1548_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10544","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3007-12.2013","volume":"33","author":"M Kometer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kometer M, Schmidt A, J\u00e4ncke L, Vollenweider FX. Activation of serotonin 2A receptors underlies the psilocybin-induced effects on \u03b1 oscillations, N170 visual-evoked potentials, and visual hallucinations. J Neurosci 2013; 33: 10544-51.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"45","key":"1548_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8505","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000008505","volume":"96","author":"Ana Luc\u00eda Arellano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arellano AL, Martin-Subero M, Monerris M, LLerena A, Farr\u00e9 M, Montan\u00e9 E. Multiple adverse drug reactions and genetic polymorphism testing: a case report with negative result. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96: e8505.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"1548_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-013-1517-5","volume":"69","author":"P Pellegrino","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pellegrino P, Carnovale C, Borsadoli C, et al. Two cases of hallucination in elderly patients due to a probable interaction between flu immunization and tramadol. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 69: 1615-6.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"1548_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.58.3.6","volume":"58","author":"SJ Gardiner","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gardiner SJ, Begg EJ. Pharmacogenetics, drug-metabolizing enzymes, and clinical practice. Pharmacol Rev 2006; 58: 521-90.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"1548_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12345","volume":"32","author":"T Duflot","year":"2018","unstructured":"Duflot T, Marie-Cardine A, Verstuyft C, et al. Possible role of CYP2B6 genetic polymorphisms in ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy: report of three cases. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2018; 32: 337-42.","journal-title":"Fundam Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"1548_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000154303.93909.A3","volume":"101","author":"M Nakamura","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nakamura M, Minami K, Uezono Y, et al. The effects of the tramadol metabolite O-desmethyl tramadol on muscarinic receptor-induced responses in Xenopus oocytes expressing cloned M1 or M3 receptors. Anesth Analg 2005; 101: 180-6.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"1548_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03324944","volume":"22","author":"F Lauretani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lauretani F, Ceda GP, Maggio M, Nardelli A, Saccavini M, Ferrucci L. Capturing side-effect of medication to identify persons at risk of delirium. Aging Clin Exp Res 2010; 22: 456-8.","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"1548_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/492685","author":"S Ghosh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ghosh S, Mondal SK, Bhattacharya A, Saddichha S. Acute delirium due to parenteral tramadol. Case Rep Emerg Med 2013; DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/492685.","journal-title":"Case Rep Emerg Med"},{"key":"1548_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2008.00276.x","volume":"103","author":"AK Rehni","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rehni AK, Singh I, Kumar M. Tramadol-induced seizurogenic effect: a possible role of opioid-dependent gamma-aminobutyric acid inhibitory pathway. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2008; 103: 262-6.","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"1548_CR42","first-page":"533","volume":"13","author":"J Volpi-Abadie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Volpi-Abadie J, Kaye AM, Kaye AD. Serotonin syndrome. Ochsner J 2013; 13: 533-40.","journal-title":"Ochsner J"},{"key":"1548_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcg109","volume":"96","author":"EJ Dunkley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dunkley EJ, Isbister GK, Sibbritt D, Dawson AH, Whyte IM. The Hunter Serotonin Toxicity Criteria: simple and accurate diagnostic decision rules for serotonin toxicity. QJM 2003; 96: 635-42.","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"1548_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.11.1750a","author":"EC Lauterbach","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lauterbach EC. Dopaminergic hallucinosis with fluoxetine in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Am J Psychiatry 1993; DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.150.11.1750a.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1548_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2007.00141.x","volume":"8","author":"MC Gitlin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gitlin MC, Taylor BK, Kalarickal PL, Lonseth ED. Does dysregulation of catechol-O-methyltransferase predispose to opioid-induced hallucinations? A report of a patient with microdeletion of chromosome 22 and opioid-associated hallucinations. Pain Med 2007; 8: 84-6.","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"1548_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.32.11.1624","volume":"32","author":"S Segev","year":"1988","unstructured":"Segev S, Rehavi M, Rubinstein E. Quinolones, theophylline, and diclofenac interactions with the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1988; 32: 1624-6.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"1548_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(97)00011-7","volume":"52","author":"BC Sangalli","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sangalli BC. Role of the central histaminergic neuronal system in the CNS toxicity of the first generation H1-antagonists. Prog Neurobiol 1997; 52: 145-57.","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"1548_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.therap.2017.03.004","volume":"72","author":"F Moulis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moulis F, Rousseau V, Abadie D, et al. Serious adverse drug reactions with tramadol reported to the French pharmacovigilance database between 2011 and 2015 (French). Therapie 2017; 72: 615-24.","journal-title":"Therapie"},{"key":"1548_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11934","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.182234399","volume":"99","author":"BL Roth","year":"2002","unstructured":"Roth BL, Baner K, Westkaemper R, et al. Salvinorin A: a potent naturally occurring nonnitrogenous kappa opioid selective agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002; 99: 11934-9.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"1548_CR50","first-page":"146","volume":"4","author":"M Mehrpour","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mehrpour M. Intravenous tramadol-induced seizure: two case reports. Iran J Pharmacol Ther 2005; 4: 146-7.","journal-title":"Iran J Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"1548_CR51","first-page":"194","volume":"39","author":"G K\u00fcnig","year":"2006","unstructured":"K\u00fcnig G, D\u00e4twyler S, Eschen A, Schreiter Gasser U. Unrecognised long-lasting tramadol-induced delirium in two elderly patients. A case report. Pharmacopsychiatry 2006; 39: 194-9.","journal-title":"A case report. Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"1548_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12007","volume":"13","author":"G Ito","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ito G, Kanemoto K. A case of topical opioid-induced delirium mistaken as behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia in demented state. Psychogeriatrics 2013; 13: 118-23.","journal-title":"Psychogeriatrics"},{"key":"1548_CR53","first-page":"105","volume":"30","author":"N Ir","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ir N, Celik Y, Balci K, Inal MT, Memis D. Visual hallucinations induced by tramadol overdose: case report. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci 2010; 30: 105-7.","journal-title":"Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci"},{"key":"1548_CR54","first-page":"60","volume":"19","author":"A Radwan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Radwan A, Kilzieh N. De novo mania with psychotic features related to tramadol use: a case report. Eur J Clin Pharm 2017; 19: 60-2.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharm"},{"key":"1548_CR55","first-page":"611","volume":"141","author":"JS Kabel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kabel JS. Bijwerkingen-Neuropsychiatrische bijwerkingen door tramadol (Dutch). Pharmaceutisch Weekblad 2006; 141: 611-2.","journal-title":"Pharmaceutisch Weekblad"},{"key":"1548_CR56","unstructured":"Bush DM. The CBHSQ Report: Emergency Department Visits for Adverse Reactions Involving the Pain Medication Tramadol. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Available from URL: https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/sites\/default\/files\/report_1965\/ShortReport-1965.html (accessed October 2019)."},{"key":"1548_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.6.1129","author":"R Mahlberg","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mahlberg R, Kunz D, Sasse J, Kirchheiner J. Serotonin syndrome with tramadol and citalopram. Am J Psychiatry 2004; DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.6.1129.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1548_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000001084","volume":"35","author":"GL Stassinos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stassinos GL, Gonzales L, Klein-Schwartz W. Characterizing the toxicity and dose-effect profile of tramadol ingestions in children. Pediatr Emerg Care 2019; 35: 117-20.","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"1548_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/0885-3924(94)90115-5","volume":"9","author":"A Caraceni","year":"1994","unstructured":"Caraceni A, Martini C, De Conno F, Ventafridda V. Organic brain syndromes and opioid administration for cancer pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 1994; 9: 527-33.","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"1548_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/0885-3924(95)90924-C","volume":"10","author":"ND de Stoutz","year":"1995","unstructured":"de Stoutz ND, Bruera E, Suarez-Almazor M. Opioid rotation for toxicity reduction in terminal cancer patients. J Pain Symptom Manage 1995; 10: 378-84.","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"1548_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1177\/089198879701000103","volume":"10","author":"F Pasquini","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pasquini F, Cole MG. Idiopathic musical hallucinations in the elderly. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1997; 10: 11-4.","journal-title":"J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol"},{"key":"1548_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s002280050163","volume":"51","author":"U Jeppesen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Jeppesen U, Gram LF, Vistisen K, Loft S, Poulsen HE, Br\u00f8sen K. Dose-dependent inhibition of CYP1A2, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 by citalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine and paroxetine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1996; 51: 73-8.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"1548_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.13110338","author":"P Palaniappan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Palaniappan P, Rajaraman V. Visual hallucinations: a treatment-emergent adverse effect of linezolid. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2015; DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.13110338.","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"1548_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S213","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu012","volume":"40","author":"F Lar\u00f8i","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lar\u00f8i F, Luhrmann TM, Bell V, et al. Culture and hallucinations: overview and future directions. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40(Suppl 4): S213-20.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"1548_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-6748.77625","volume":"19","author":"S Chaudhury","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chaudhury S. Hallucinations: clinical aspects and management. Ind Psychiatry J 2010; 19: 5-12.","journal-title":"Ind Psychiatry J"},{"key":"1548_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-008-0833-4","volume":"24","author":"TC Davis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Davis TC, Federman AD, Bass PF 3rd, et al. Improving patient understanding of prescription drug label instructions. J Gen Intern Med 2009; 24: 57-62.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"1548_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(02)00321-6","volume":"69","author":"EC Senay","year":"2003","unstructured":"Senay EC, Adams EH, Geller A, et al. Physical dependence on Ultram (tramadol hydrochloride): both opioid-like and atypical withdrawal symptoms occur. Drug Alcohol Depend 2003; 69: 233-41.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"1548_CR68","first-page":"58","volume":"1","author":"G Rajabizadeh","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rajabizadeh G, Kheradmand A, Nasirian M. Psychosis following tramadol withdrawal. Addict. Health 2009; 1: 58-61.","journal-title":"Health"},{"key":"1548_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S298","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-013-2638-3","volume":"29","author":"P Sundaragiri","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sundaragiri P, Vallabhajosyula S, Malhotra S. Acute neurological manifestations of atypical tramadol withdrawal. J Gen Intern Med 2014; 29: S298-9.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"1548_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S121920","volume":"10","author":"D Dima","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dima D, Tomuleasa C, Frinc I, et al. The use of rotation to fentanyl in cancer-related pain. J Pain Res 2017; 10: 341-8.","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"1548_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.13243","volume":"63","author":"B Planelles","year":"2019","unstructured":"Planelles B, Margarit C, Ajo R, et al. Health benefits of an adverse events reporting system for chronic pain patients using long-term opioids. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2019; 63: 248-58.","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"1548_CR72","first-page":"168","volume":"5","author":"B Suba\u015f\u0131","year":"2014","unstructured":"Suba\u015f\u0131 B. A case of altered mental status and acute renal failure due to tramadol and alprazolam usage. J Emerg Med Case Rep 2014; 5: 168-70.","journal-title":"J Emerg Med Case Rep"},{"key":"1548_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-013-0050-4","volume":"61","author":"QA Tawfic","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tawfic QA, Eipe N, Penning J. Ultra-low-dose ketamine infusion for ischemic limb pain. Can J Anesth 2014; 61: 86-7.","journal-title":"Can J Anesth"},{"key":"1548_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.9740\/mhc.2018.09.242","volume":"8","author":"G Burdge","year":"2018","unstructured":"Burdge G, Leach H, Walsh K. Ziconotide-induced psychosis: a case report and literature review. Ment Health Clin 2018; 8: 242-6.","journal-title":"Ment Health Clin"},{"key":"1548_CR75","first-page":"49","volume":"15","author":"LC Conde","year":"2013","unstructured":"Conde LC, Garc\u00eda MD, Rodr\u00edguez BP, Castro AM. Acute psychotic disorder secondary to the treatment with tramadol. Eur J Clin Pharm 2013; 15: 49-51.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharm"},{"key":"1548_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-004-0882-5","volume":"60","author":"P Hallberg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hallberg P, Brenning G. Angioedema induced by tramadol\u2014a potentially life-threatening condition. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2005; 60: 901-3.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"1548_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-6646(09)60260-6","volume":"106","author":"SS Huang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Huang SS, Jou SH, Chiu NY. Catatonia associated with coadministration of tramadol and meperidine. J Formos Med Assoc 2007; 106: 323-6.","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"1548_CR78","first-page":"111","volume":"8","author":"SW Jung","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jung SW. Ziprasidone for the treatment of delirium: Case studies. Clin Psychopharmacol. Neurosci 2010; 8: 111-4.","journal-title":"Clin Psychopharmacol. Neurosci"},{"key":"1548_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2005.04345.x","volume":"60","author":"R Kitson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kitson R, Carr B. Tramadol and severe serotonin syndrome. Anaesthesia 2005; 60: 934-5.","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"1548_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-200208000-00022","volume":"22","author":"C Lange-Asschenfeldt","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lange-Asschenfeldt C, Weigmann H, Hiemke C, Mann K. Serotonin syndrome as a result of fluoxetine in a patient with tramadol abuse: plasma level-correlated symptomatology. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2002; 22: 440-1.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1548_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S252","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(09)70363-3","volume":"19","author":"L Timmerman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Timmerman L, Hoek-Mensink AV. Opiates and SSRI\u2019s: risk for serotonin syndrome. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2009; 19: S252-3.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"1548_CR82","first-page":"199","volume":"28","author":"I Arend","year":"1978","unstructured":"Arend I, von Arnim B, Nijssen J, Scheele J, Floh\u00e9 L. Tramadol and pentazocine in a clinical double-blind crossover comparison (German). Arzneimittelforschung 1978; 28: 199-208.","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung"},{"key":"1548_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivanova O, Marina E, Julia G, et al. Tramadol as pain reliever in children and teenagers with oral mucositis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2015; 50: S529 (abstract).","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2015.160"},{"key":"1548_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2006.0117","volume":"10","author":"RF Rodriguez","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rodriguez RF, Bravo LE, Castro F, et al. Incidence of weak opioids adverse events in the management of cancer pain: a double-blind comparative trial. J Palliat Med 2007; 10: 56-60.","journal-title":"J Palliat Med"}],"container-title":["Canadian Journal of Anesthesia\/Journal canadien d'anesth\u00e9sie"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12630-019-01548-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12630-019-01548-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12630-019-01548-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]],"date-time":"2020-12-16T01:03:35Z","timestamp":1608080615000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12630-019-01548-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["1548"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12630-019-01548-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0832-610X","1496-8975"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0832-610X","type":"print"},{"value":"1496-8975","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 January 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 September 2019","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 October 2019","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 December 2019","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}