{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:56:59Z","timestamp":1792601819786,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740528000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006126","name":"Hospital for Sick Children","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Perioperative Services Summer Studentship Program 2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Perioperative Services Summer Studentship Program 2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006126","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006126","name":"Hospital for Sick Children","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Perioperative Services Summer Studentship Program 2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Perioperative Services Summer Studentship Program 2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006126","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006126","name":"Hospital for Sick Children","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Perioperative Services Summer Studentship Program 2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Perioperative Services Summer Studentship Program 2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006126","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006126","name":"Hospital for Sick Children","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Perioperative Services Summer Studentship Program 2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Perioperative Services Summer Studentship Program 2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006126","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006126","name":"Hospital for Sick Children","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Outcomes Research Award 2020\u20132021, Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Outcomes Research Award 2020\u20132021, Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006126","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006126","name":"Hospital for Sick Children","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Outcomes Research Award 2020\u20132021, Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Outcomes Research Award 2020\u20132021, Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006126","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006126","name":"Hospital for Sick Children","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Outcomes Research Award 2020\u20132021, Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Outcomes Research Award 2020\u20132021, Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006126","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Can J Anesth\/J Can Anesth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-024-02889-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T16:08:41Z","timestamp":1740586121000},"page":"384-396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Risk factors for pediatric emergence delirium: a systematic review","Facteurs de risque du d\u00e9lire d\u2019\u00e9mergence en p\u00e9diatrie : une revue syst\u00e9matique"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"72","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7502-0896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuyoshi","family":"Aoyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Machiko","family":"Furuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lieven","family":"Ameye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria-Alexandra","family":"Petre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Englesakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehwish","family":"Rana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Gai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arie","family":"Peliowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bibek","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2889_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aew477","volume":"118","author":"KP Mason","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mason KP. Paediatric emergence delirium: a comprehensive review and interpretation of the literature. Br J Anaesth 2017; 118: 335\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bja\/aew477","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"2889_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ortiz AC, Atallah AN, Matos D, da Silva EM. Intravenous versus inhalational anaesthesia for paediatric outpatient surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; CD009015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD009015.pub2","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009015.pub2"},{"key":"2889_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000062522.21048.61","volume":"96","author":"T Voepel-Lewis","year":"2003","unstructured":"Voepel-Lewis T, Malviya S, Tait AR. A prospective cohort study of emergence agitation in the pediatric postanesthesia care unit. Anesth Analg 2003; 96: 1625\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1213\/01.ane.0000062522.21048.61","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"2889_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-043968","volume":"11","author":"MA Petre","year":"2021","unstructured":"Petre MA, Saha B, Kasuya S, et al. Risk prediction models for emergence delirium in paediatric general anaesthesia: a systematic review. BMJ Open 2021; 11: e043968. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-043968","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2889_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000136471.36680.97","volume":"99","author":"ZN Kain","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kain ZN, Caldwell-Andrews AA, Maranets I, et al. Preoperative anxiety and emergence delirium and postoperative maladaptive behaviors. Anesth Analg 2004; 99: 1648\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1213\/01.ane.0000136471.36680.97","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"2889_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","volume":"4","author":"D Moher","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev 2015; 4: 1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"2889_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200405000-00015","volume":"100","author":"N Sikich","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sikich N, Lerman J. Development and psychometric evaluation of the pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium scale. Anesthesiology 2004; 100: 1138\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000542-200405000-00015","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2889_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9592.2003.00948.x","volume":"13","author":"IT Cohen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cohen IT, Finkel JC, Hannallah RS, Hummer KA, Patel KM. Rapid emergence does not explain agitation following sevoflurane anaesthesia in infants and children: a comparison with propofol. Pediatr Anesth 2003; 13: 63\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1460-9592.2003.00948.x","journal-title":"Pediatr Anesth"},{"key":"2889_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199712000-00006","volume":"87","author":"J Aono","year":"1997","unstructured":"Aono J, Ueda W, Mamiya K, Takimoto E, Manabe M. Greater incidence of delirium during recovery from sevoflurane anesthesia in preschool boys. Anesthesiology 1997; 87: 1298\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000542-199712000-00006","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2889_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/bf03008224","volume":"39","author":"MF Watcha","year":"1992","unstructured":"Watcha MF, Ramirez-Ruiz M, White PF, Jones MB, Lagueruela RG, Terkonda RP. Perioperative effects of oral ketorolac and acetaminophen in children undergoing bilateral myringotomy. Can J Anesth 1992; 39: 649\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf03008224","journal-title":"Can J Anesth"},{"key":"2889_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9592.2002.00868.x","volume":"12","author":"JW Cole","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cole JW, Murray DJ, McAllister JD, Hirshberg GE. Emergence behaviour in children: defining the incidence of excitement and agitation following anaesthesia. Pediatr Anesth 2002; 12: 442\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1460-9592.2002.00868.x","journal-title":"Pediatr Anesth"},{"key":"2889_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1037\/h0026256","volume":"70","author":"J Cohen","year":"1968","unstructured":"Cohen J. Weighted kappa: nominal scale agreement with provision for scaled disagreement or partial credit. Psychol Bull 1968; 70: 213\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0026256","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2889_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/ccm.0000000000000625","volume":"43","author":"IJ Zaal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zaal IJ, Devlin JW, Peelen LM, Slooter AJ. A systematic review of risk factors for delirium in the ICU. Crit Care Med 2015; 43: 40\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ccm.0000000000000625","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2889_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-6576.1999.430509.x","volume":"43","author":"J Aono","year":"1999","unstructured":"Aono J, Mamiya K, Manabe M. Preoperative anxiety is associated with a high incidence of problematic behavior on emergence after halothane anesthesia in boys. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1999; 43: 542\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/j.1399-6576.1999.430509.x","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"2889_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2009.03024.x","volume":"19","author":"CL Bong","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bong CL, Ng AS. Evaluation of emergence delirium in Asian children using the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium Scale. Pediatr Anesth 2009; 19: 593\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2009.03024.x","journal-title":"Pediatr Anesth"},{"key":"2889_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.23736\/s0375-9393.19.13038-6","volume":"85","author":"JI Doerrfuss","year":"2019","unstructured":"Doerrfuss JI, Kramer S, Tafelski S, Spies CD, Wernecke KD, Nachtigall I. Frequency, predictive factors and therapy of emergence delirium: data from a large observational clinical trial in a broad spectrum of postoperative pediatric patients. Minerva Anestesiol 2019; 85: 617\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23736\/s0375-9393.19.13038-6","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"key":"2889_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2009.03191.x","volume":"20","author":"DJ Faulk","year":"2010","unstructured":"Faulk DJ, Twite MD, Zuk J, Pan Z, Wallen B, Friesen RH. Hypnotic depth and the incidence of emergence agitation and negative postoperative behavioral changes. Pediatr Anesth 2010; 20: 72\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2009.03191.x","journal-title":"Pediatr Anesth"},{"key":"2889_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2016.11.005","volume":"33","author":"S Hayhoe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hayhoe S, Pallett S, Zani J, Trott J. Reduction of postanesthetic pediatric distress: a coordinated approach. J Perianesth Nurs 2018; 33: 312\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jopan.2016.11.005","journal-title":"J Perianesth Nurs"},{"key":"2889_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1097\/aln.0b013e31826be417","volume":"117","author":"Z Jacob","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jacob Z, Li H, Makaryus R, et al. Metabolomic profiling of children\u2019s brains undergoing general anesthesia with sevoflurane and propofol. Anesthesiology 2012; 117: 1062\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/aln.0b013e31826be417","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2889_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2015.10.001","volume":"33","author":"YE Jang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jang YE, Jeong SA, Kim SY, et al. The efficacy of intraoperative EEG to predict the occurrence of emergence agitation in the postanesthetic room after sevoflurane anesthesia in children. J Perianesth Nurs 2018; 33: 45\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jopan.2015.10.001","journal-title":"J Perianesth Nurs"},{"key":"2889_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060514549783","volume":"42","author":"J Joo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Joo J, Lee S, Lee Y. Emergence delirium is related to the invasiveness of strabismus surgery in preschool-age children. J Int Med Res 2014; 42: 1311\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0300060514549783","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"2889_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.13381","volume":"28","author":"P Khanna","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khanna P, Saini K, Sinha R, Nisa N, Kumar S, Maitra S. Correlation between duration of preoperative fasting and emergence delirium in pediatric patients undergoing ophthalmic examination under anesthesia: a prospective observational study. Pediatr Anesth 2018; 28: 547\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pan.13381","journal-title":"Pediatr Anesth"},{"key":"2889_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1097\/eja.0000000000000867","volume":"35","author":"S Koch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Koch S, Rupp L, Prager C, et al. Emergence delirium in children is related to epileptiform discharges during anaesthesia induction: an observational study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2018; 35: 929\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/eja.0000000000000867","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"2889_CR24","unstructured":"Mohkamkar M, Farhoudi F, Alam-Sahebpour A, Mousavi SA, Khani S, Shahmohammadi S. Postanesthetic emergence agitation in pediatric patients under general anesthesia. Iran J Pediatr 2014; 24: 184\u201390. Available from URL: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4268839\/pdf\/IJPD-24-184.pdf (accessed July 2024)."},{"key":"2889_CR25","unstructured":"Saringcarinkul A, Manchupong S, Punjasawadwong Y. Incidence and risk factors of emergence agitation in pediatric patients after general anesthesia. J Med Assoc Thai 2008; 91: 1226\u201331. Available from URL: https:\/\/www.thaiscience.info\/Journals\/Article\/JMAT\/10402611.pdf?utm_medium=email&utm_source=transaction (accessed July 2024)."},{"key":"2889_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1097\/CJ9.0000000000000024","volume":"46","author":"VH Gonz\u00e1lez-Cardenas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Cardenas VH, Munar-Gonz\u00e1lez FD, Pinz\u00f3n-Villazon IL, et al. Study of paediatric postoperative delirium and acute pain in low surgical risk procedures. Colomb J Anesthesiol 2018; 46: 126\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CJ9.0000000000000024","journal-title":"Colomb J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"2889_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jormas.2020.11.006","volume":"122","author":"Y Shi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shi Y, Zhang X, Sun Y, Mei E, Wan X, Tian L. Emergence agitation after the cleft lip or palate surgery in pediatric patients: a prospective study. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg 2021; 122: 539\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jormas.2020.11.006","journal-title":"J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"2889_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-021-01507-2","volume":"21","author":"W Do","year":"2021","unstructured":"Do W, Kim H-S, Kim SH, et al. Sleep quality and emergence delirium in children undergoing strabismus surgery: a comparison between preschool- and school-age patients. BMC Anesthesiol 2021; 21: 290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12871-021-01507-2","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"key":"2889_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.13937","volume":"30","author":"Z Jooma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jooma Z, Perrie H, Scribante J, Kleyenstuber T. Emergence delirium in children undergoing dental surgery under general anesthesia. Pediatr Anesth 2020; 30: 1020\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pan.13937","journal-title":"Pediatr Anesth"},{"key":"2889_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.12867","volume":"70","author":"CL Bong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bong CL, Lim E, Allen JC, et al. A comparison of single-dose dexmedetomidine or propofol on the incidence of emergence delirium in children undergoing general anaesthesia for magnetic resonance imaging. Anaesthesia 2015; 70: 393\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/anae.12867","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"2889_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2006.02101.x","volume":"17","author":"C Breschan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Breschan C, Platzer M, Jost R, Stettner H, Likar R. Midazolam does not reduce emergence delirium after sevoflurane anesthesia in children. Pediatr Anesth 2007; 17: 347\u201352 . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2006.02101.x","journal-title":"Pediatr Anesth"},{"key":"2889_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2005.00687.x","volume":"49","author":"AY Oh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Oh AY, Seo KS, Kim SD, Kim CS, Kim HS. Delayed emergence process does not result in a lower incidence of emergence agitation after sevoflurane anesthesia in children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005; 49: 297\u20139. d https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2005.00687.x","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"2889_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000096004.96603.08","volume":"98","author":"BC Weldon","year":"2004","unstructured":"Weldon BC, Bell M, Craddock T. The effect of caudal analgesia on emergence agitation in children after sevoflurane versus halothane anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2004; 98: 321\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1213\/01.ane.0000096004.96603.08","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"2889_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2147\/jpr.s153637","volume":"11","author":"S Keles","year":"2018","unstructured":"Keles S, Kocaturk O. Postoperative discomfort and emergence delirium in children undergoing dental rehabilitation under general anesthesia: comparison of nasal tracheal intubation and laryngeal mask airway. J Pain Res 2018; 11: 103\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/jpr.s153637","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"2889_CR35","unstructured":"Yang Y, Song T, Wang H, et al. Comparison of two different sevoflurane expelling methods on emergence agitation in infants following sevoflurane anesthesia. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8: 6200\u20135. Available from URL: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4483804\/pdf\/ijcem0008-6200.pdf (accessed July 2024)."},{"key":"2889_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5049.96325","volume":"56","author":"R Singh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Singh R, Kharbanda M, Sood N, Mahajan V, Chatterji C. Comparative evaluation of incidence of emergence agitation and post-operative recovery profile in paediatric patients after isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane anaesthesia. Indian J Anaesth 2012; 56: 156\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0019-5049.96325","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"key":"2889_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.4097\/kjae.2011.61.2.148","volume":"61","author":"HR Choi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Choi HR, Cho JK, Lee S, Yoo BH, Yon JH, Kim KM. The effect of remifentanil versus N(2)O on postoperative pain and emergence agitation after pediatric tonsillectomy\/adenoidectomy. Korean J Anesthesiol 2011; 61: 148\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4097\/kjae.2011.61.2.148","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"2889_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.4097\/kjae.2010.58.2.148","volume":"58","author":"HJ Jung","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jung HJ, Kim JB, Im KS, Oh SH, Lee JM. Effect of ketamine versus thiopental sodium anesthetic induction and a small dose of fentanyl on emergence agitation after sevoflurane anesthesia in children undergoing brief ophthalmic surgery. Korean J Anesthesiol 2010; 58: 148\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4097\/kjae.2010.58.2.148","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"2889_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1080\/22201181.2017.1307568","volume":"23","author":"T Pradeep","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pradeep T, Manissery JJ, Upadya M. Emergence agitation in paediatric patients using sevoflurane and isoflurane anaesthesia: a randomised controlled study. South African J Anaesth Analg 2017; 23: 32\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/22201181.2017.1307568","journal-title":"South African J Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"2889_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.4038\/slja.v23i1.7514","volume":"23","author":"D Thomas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thomas D, Lagoo J, Kilpadi K. Emergence agitation in children after sevoflurane anaesthesia: a comparative evaluation of ketamine and varying doses of fentanyl. Sri Lankan J Anaesthesiol 2015; 23: 10\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4038\/slja.v23i1.7514","journal-title":"Sri Lankan J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"2889_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.5152\/tjar.2021.1104","volume":"50","author":"AB Ali","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ali AB, Khan F. Emergence delirium and its association with preoperative anxiety in paediatric patients undergoing infra umbilical surgery under combined general and caudal anaesthesia: an observational study from a tertiary care centre in a South Asian country. Turkish J Anaesthesiol Reanim 2022; 50: 129\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5152\/tjar.2021.1104","journal-title":"Turkish J Anaesthesiol Reanim"},{"key":"2889_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.932776","volume":"13","author":"Y Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li Y, Li J, Shi Y, et al. Urinary aromatic amino acid metabolites associated with postoperative emergence agitation in paediatric patients after general anaesthesia: urine metabolomics study. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13: 932776 . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2022.932776","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2889_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tacc.2022.06.003","volume":"45","author":"C Reid","year":"2022","unstructured":"Reid C, Butorac M, Baitch L. Emergence delirium and caregiver anxiety: a non-existent link? Trends Anaesth Crit Care 2022; 45: 28\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tacc.2022.06.003","journal-title":"Trends Anaesth Crit Care"},{"key":"2889_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1097\/eja.0000000000001490","volume":"38","author":"MA Petre","year":"2021","unstructured":"Petre MA, Levin DN, Englesakis M, Maynes JT, Pechlivanoglou P, Aoyama K. Dexmedetomidine vs. total intravenous anaesthesia in paediatric emergence delirium: a network meta-analysis. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2021; 38: 1111\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/eja.0000000000001490","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"2889_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-023-03201-8","volume":"37","author":"T Miyake","year":"2023","unstructured":"Miyake T, Miyamoto Y, Nakamura N. Subanesthetic-dose propofol infusion for preventing emergence agitation in children: a retrospective observational study. J Anesth 2023; 37: 546\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00540-023-03201-8","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"key":"2889_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-023-03236-x","volume":"37","author":"M Sumie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sumie M, Yang A, Hayes J, Yamaura K, Aoyama K. How to mitigate confounding factors in observational studies. J Anesth 2023; 37: 663\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00540-023-03236-x","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"key":"2889_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0000000000002126","volume":"125","author":"M Hino","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hino M, Mihara T, Miyazaki S, et al. Development and validation of a risk scale for emergence agitation after general anesthesia in children: a prospective observational study. Anesth Analg 2017; 125: 550\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1213\/ane.0000000000002126","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"2889_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.4103\/ija.ija_391_19","volume":"63","author":"S Mehrotra","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mehrotra S. Postoperative anaesthetic concerns in children: postoperative pain, emergence delirium and postoperative nausea and vomiting. Indian J Anaesth 2019; 63: 763\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ija.ija_391_19","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"key":"2889_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-023-02513-3","volume":"70","author":"J Hayes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hayes J, Zuercher M, Gai N, Chowdhury AR, Aoyama K. The Fragility Index of randomized controlled trials in pediatric anesthesiology. Can J Anesth 2023; 70: 1449\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12630-023-02513-3","journal-title":"Can J Anesth"},{"key":"2889_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-023-02658-1","volume":"71","author":"AM Ho","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ho AM, Sehgal A, Leitch J, Saha T, Mizubuti GB. Comment on: The fragility index of randomized controlled trials in pediatric anesthesiology. Can J Anesth 2024; 71: 163\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12630-023-02658-1","journal-title":"Can J Anesth"},{"key":"2889_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-023-02659-0","volume":"71","author":"J Hayes","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hayes J, Aoyama K. In reply: Comment on: The fragility index of randomized controlled trials in pediatric anesthesiology. Can J Anesth 2024; 71: 165\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12630-023-02659-0","journal-title":"Can J Anesth"}],"container-title":["Canadian Journal of Anesthesia\/Journal canadien d'anesth\u00e9sie"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12630-024-02889-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12630-024-02889-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12630-024-02889-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T01:02:18Z","timestamp":1772067738000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12630-024-02889-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["2889"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12630-024-02889-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0832-610X","1496-8975"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0832-610X","type":"print"},{"value":"1496-8975","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 June 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 February 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}