{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T08:16:59Z","timestamp":1787905019551,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783123200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurotox Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-026-00804-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T01:46:45Z","timestamp":1783129605000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Silymarin Reverses Seizure-Precipitating Effects of Alcohol and Associated Psychiatric Comorbidities, and Neurotoxicity in Pentylenetetrazol Pre-Kindled Mice"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Benneth","family":"Ben-Azu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itivere A.","family":"Omogbiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph O.T.","family":"Emudainohwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aliance R.","family":"Fokoua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olajide S.","family":"Annafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bienose S.","family":"Chijioke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel T.","family":"Esuku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel O.","family":"Chidebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Oritsemuelebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxwell","family":"Oboh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Whiliki Oscar","family":"Onoriadjeren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eze K.","family":"Nwangwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"804_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s41983-024-00897-7","volume":"60","author":"AM Abdou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abdou AM, Karim AMA, Abozaid RM, Gaber DES (2024) Burden and impact of substance abuse among epileptic patients attending epilepsy outpatient clinic. Egypt J Neurol Psychiatry Neurosurg 60:132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41983-024-00897-7","journal-title":"Egypt J Neurol Psychiatry Neurosurg"},{"key":"804_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.313046","volume":"16","author":"A Achar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Achar A, Ghosh C (2021) Multiple hurdle mechanism and blood-brain barrier in epilepsy: glucocorticoid receptor-heat shock proteins on drug regulation. Neural Regen Res 16:2427\u20132428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1673-5374.313046","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"804_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ajayi AM, Ben-Azu B, Godson JC, Umukoro S (2020) Effect of Spondias Mombin Fruit Extract on Scopolamine-induced Memory Impairment and Oxidative Stress in Mice Brain. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants","DOI":"10.1080\/10496475.2020.1777613"},{"issue":"1","key":"804_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2023.2244685","volume":"26","author":"MN Akhtar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Akhtar MN, Saeed R, Saeed F, Asghar A, Ghani S, Ateeq H, Ahmed A, Rasheed A, Afzaal M, Waheed M, Hussain B (2023) Silymarin: a review on paving the way towards promising pharmacological agent. Int J Food Prop 26(1):2256\u20132272","journal-title":"Int J Food Prop"},{"key":"804_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-014-1778-5","volume":"35","author":"D Aksoy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aksoy D, Solmaz V, Ta\u015fk\u0131ran D, Erba\u015f O (2014) The association between seizure predisposition and inflammation in a rat model of fatty liver disease. Neurol Sci 35:1441\u20131446","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"804_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.21608\/jabps.2020.37074.1091","volume":"3","author":"A Al-Kadi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al-Kadi A, Ahmed A-S, El-Tahawy NFG, Khalifa MMA, El-Daly M (2020) Silymarin protects against sepsis-induced acute liver and kidney injury via anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms in the rat. J Adv Biomedical Pharm Sci 3:190\u2013197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/jabps.2020.37074.1091","journal-title":"J Adv Biomedical Pharm Sci"},{"key":"804_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(81)90214-8","volume":"20","author":"TE Albertson","year":"1981","unstructured":"Albertson TE, Peterson SL, Stark LG (1981) The anticonvulsant effects of diazepam and phenobarbital in prekindled and kindled seizures in rats. Neuropharmacology 20:597\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0028-3908(81)90214-8","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"804_CR9","first-page":"112","volume":"37","author":"M Alborghetti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alborghetti M, Rossi L, Fontana A, Ferri R (2024) Cellular pathways in epileptogenesis: emerging perspectives. J Neurophysiol Res 37(2):112\u2013125","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol Res"},{"key":"804_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alumona G, Ben-Azu B, Esuku DT et al (2025) Antiepileptic and Neuroprotective Biochemical Actions of Sabinene Prevent the Development of Pentylenetetrazol-Induced Seizures and Neuropsychiatric Comorbidities in Mice. J Mol Neurosci. ;75(3):116. Published 2025 Sep 15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12031-025-02404-w","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-025-02404-w"},{"key":"804_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-025-00750-6","volume":"43","author":"AJ Amenotie","year":"2025","unstructured":"Amenotie AJ, Ben-Azu B, Esuku DT, Chijioke BS, Abo E, Ozah EO, Lawrence EO, Efejene OI, Onyeukwu OB, Alabi BA, Ajayi AM (2025) Sabinene Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Memory Decline by Enhancing Cholinergic Function, Decreasing Molybdenum Enzymes, and Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation. Neurotox Res 43:26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12640-025-00750-6","journal-title":"Neurotox Res"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"804_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-4160(03)00141-6","volume":"34","author":"M Arundine","year":"2003","unstructured":"Arundine M, Tymianski M (2003) Molecular mechanisms of calcium-dependent neurodegeneration in excitotoxicity. Cell Calcium 34(4\u20135):325\u2013337","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"key":"804_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2021.107850","volume":"117","author":"JL Bacci","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bacci JL, Zaraa S, Stergachis A, Simic G, White HS (2021) Community pharmacists\u2019 role in caring for people living with epilepsy: a scoping review. Epilepsy Behav 117:107850","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"804_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14963","volume":"46","author":"GA Barkell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barkell GA, Parekh SV, Paniccia JE, Martin AJ, Reissner KJ, Knapp DJ, Robinson SL, Thiele TE, Lysle DT (2022) Chronic ethanol consumption exacerbates future stress-enhanced fear learning, an effect mediated by dorsal hippocampal astrocytes. Alcohol: Clin Experimental Res 46:2177\u20132190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acer.14963","journal-title":"Alcohol: Clin Experimental Res"},{"key":"804_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S72","DOI":"10.1684\/j.1950-6945.2006.tb00203.x","volume":"8","author":"F Bartolomei","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bartolomei F (2006) Epilepsy and alcohol. Epileptic Disord 8:S72\u2013S78","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"key":"804_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.106698","volume":"189","author":"A Becchetti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Becchetti A, Grandi LC, Cerina M, Amadeo A (2023) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and epilepsy. Pharmacol Res 189:106698","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"804_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1055\/A-0575-3730","volume":"68","author":"B Ben-Azu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ben-Azu B, Nwoke EE, Umukoro S, Aderibigbe AO, Ajayi AM, Iwalewa EO (2018) Evaluation of the Neurobehavioral Properties of Naringin in Swiss Mice. Drug Res 68(8):465\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/A-0575-3730","journal-title":"Drug Res"},{"key":"804_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.02.052","volume":"70","author":"B Ben-Azu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ben-Azu B, Aderibigbe AO, Ajayi AM, Eneni A-EO, Omogbiya IA, Owoeye O, Umukoro S, Iwalewa EO (2019a) Morin decreases cortical pyramidal neuron degeneration via inhibition of neuroinflammation in mouse model of schizophrenia. Int Immunopharmacol 70:338\u2013353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.02.052","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"804_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.10.055","volume":"109","author":"B Ben-Azu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ben-Azu B, Nwoke EE, Aderibigbe AO, Omogbiya IA, Ajayi AM, Olonode ET, Umukoro S, Iwalewa EO (2019b) Possible neuroprotective mechanisms of action involved in the neurobehavioral property of naringin in mice. Biomed Pharmacotherapy 109:536\u2013546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.10.055","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"804_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2024.09.003","volume":"179","author":"B Ben-Azu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ben-Azu B, Fokoua AR, Annafi OS, Adebayo OG, Del Re EC, Okuchukwu N, Aregbesola GJ, Ejenavi A-EC, Isiwele DM, Efezino AJ, Okpu ID (2024c) Effective action of silymarin against ketamine-induced schizophrenia in male mice: Insight into the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of action. J Psychiatr Res 179:141\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2024.09.003","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"804_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JPSYCHIRES.2024.09.003","volume":"179","author":"B Ben-Azu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ben-Azu B, Fokoua AR, Annafi OS, Adebayo OG, del Re EC, Okuchukwu N, Aregbesola GJ, Ejenavi A, esiri C, Isiwele DM, Efezino AJ, Okpu ID (2024b) Effective action of silymarin against ketamine-induced schizophrenia in male mice: Insight into the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of action. J Psychiatr Res 179:141\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JPSYCHIRES.2024.09.003","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"804_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176791","volume":"978","author":"B Ben-Azu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ben-Azu B, Oritsemuelebi B, Oghorodi AM, Adebesin A, Isibor H, Eduviere AT, Otuacha OS, Akudo M, Ekereya S, Maidoh IF, Iyayi JO, Uzochukwu-Godfrey FC (2024e) Psychopharmacological interaction of alcohol and posttraumatic stress disorder: Effective action of naringin. Eur J Pharmacol 978:176791. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176791","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"804_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctmp.2024.200148","volume":"5","author":"B Ben-Azu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ben-Azu B, Chidebe EO, Toloyai P-EY, Annafi OS, Oritsemuelebi B, Asiwe J, Moke GE, Ajayi AM, Chukwuebuka NB, Onuelu JE, Utomi CW, Iregbeyen UF, Raheem DO (2024a) Adaptogenic action of diosgenin againsts chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced neuroimmune dysfunction of HPA axis reverses psychiatric behavior in mice. Clin Traditional Med Pharmacol 5:200148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ctmp.2024.200148","journal-title":"Clin Traditional Med Pharmacol"},{"key":"804_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ben-Azu B, Moke EG, Chris-Ozoko LE, Jaiyeoba-Ojigho EJ, Adebayo OG, Ajayi AM, Oyovwi MO, Odjugo G, Omozojie VI, Ejomafuwe G, Onike N, Eneni A-EO, Ichipi-Ifukor CP, Achuba IF (2024d) Diosgenin alleviates alcohol-mediated escalation of social defeat stress and the neurobiological sequalae. Psychopharmacology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-023-06509-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-023-06509-1"},{"key":"804_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ben-Azu B, Toloyai P-EY, Adebesin A, Ojiokor VO, Adebayo OG, Fokoua AR, Moke GE, Ejukolemu EJ, Akpojevughe I-OO, Abdulkadir AM, Okwuchi E (2024f) Alcohol-exacerbates post-traumatic stress psychiatric behavior and its neuropathological sequalae in experimental mice: preventive effects of morin. Alcohol S 0741-8329(24)00111\u201300113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.alcohol.2024.07.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2024.07.009"},{"key":"804_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2026.02.015","volume":"599","author":"B Ben-Azu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Ben-Azu B, Chidebe EO, Chijioke BS, Esuku DT, Oritsemuelebi B, Onuelu JE, Iwhiwhu P, Oyovwi OM, Emudainohwo JOT, Uruaka CI, Ajayi AM (2026) Diosgenin prevents alcohol-induced intensification of seizures, psychiatric comorbidities, and their neuropathological consequences in kindled epileptic mice. Neuroscience 599:113\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2026.02.015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"8","key":"804_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e209928","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000209928","volume":"103","author":"E Benarroch","year":"2024","unstructured":"Benarroch E (2024) What Is the Role of Cytokines in Synaptic Transmission? Neurology 103(8):e209928","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"804_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0915139107","volume":"107","author":"R Bhat","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bhat R, Axtell R, Mitra A, Miranda M, Lock C, Tsien RW, Steinman L (2010) Inhibitory role for GABA in autoimmune inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107:2580\u20132585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0915139107","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"18","key":"804_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9686","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189686","volume":"22","author":"A Birkov\u00e1","year":"2021","unstructured":"Birkov\u00e1 A, Hubkov\u00e1 B, \u010ci\u017em\u00e1rov\u00e1 B, Boler\u00e1zska B (2021) Current view on the mechanisms of alcohol-mediated toxicity. Int J Mol Sci 22(18):9686","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"804_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4395","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.277574","volume":"592","author":"GF Buchanan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Buchanan GF, Murray NM, Hajek MA, Richerson GB (2014) Serotonin neurones have anti-convulsant effects and reduce seizure-induced mortality. J Physiol 592:4395\u20134410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.277574","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"804_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2835","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.135","volume":"39","author":"C Bull","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bull C, Freitas KC, Zou S, Poland RS, Syed WA, Urban DJ, Minter SC, Shelton KL, Hauser KF, Negus SS, Knapp PE, Bowers MS (2014) Rat Nucleus Accumbens Core Astrocytes Modulate Reward and the Motivation to Self-Administer Ethanol after Abstinence. Neuropsychopharmacology 39:2835\u20132845. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/npp.2014.135","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"17","key":"804_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5402","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4699-08.2009","volume":"29","author":"L Chauvi\u00e8re","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chauvi\u00e8re L, Rafrafi N, Thinus-Blanc C, Bartolomei F, Esclapez M, Bernard C (2009) Early deficits in spatial memory and theta rhythm in experimental temporal lobe epilepsy. J neuroscience: official J Soc Neurosci 29(17):5402\u20135410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4699-08.2009","journal-title":"J neuroscience: official J Soc Neurosci"},{"key":"804_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11030783","volume":"11","author":"T-S Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen T-S, Huang T-H, Lai M-C, Huang C-W (2023) The Role of Glutamate Receptors in Epilepsy. Biomedicines 11:783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines11030783","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"804_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chidebe EO, Ben-Azu B, Oritsemuelebi B, Moke EG, Omogbiya IA, Ezedom T (2025) Diosgenin mitigates oxidative stress and inflammation within the hepatorenal system associated with epilepsy and alcohol use disorders in murine models. Phytomed Plus 5:100833. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phyplu.2025.100833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phyplu.2025.100833"},{"key":"804_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Costa VDC, Santos LEC, Rodrigues AM, Scorza FA, Scorza CA, de Andrade AG, de Almeida A-CG (2019) Chapter 14 - Alcohol and Hippocampal Epileptiform Activity. In: Preedy VR (ed) Neuroscience of Alcohol. Academic, pp 131\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-813125-1.00014-3","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813125-1.00014-3"},{"key":"804_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1139\/jpn.0333","volume":"28","author":"M Davies","year":"2003","unstructured":"Davies M (2003) The role of GABAA receptors in mediating the effects of alcohol in the central nervous system. J Psychiatry Neurosci 28:263\u2013274","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"key":"804_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12071397","volume":"12","author":"AD de Melo","year":"2023","unstructured":"de Melo AD, Freire VAF, Diogo \u00cdL, Santos HdeL, Barbosa LA, de Carvalho LED (2023) Antioxidant Therapy Reduces Oxidative Stress, Restores Na,K-ATPase Function and Induces Neuroprotection in Rodent Models of Seizure and Epilepsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Antioxid (Basel) 12:1397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox12071397","journal-title":"Antioxid (Basel)"},{"key":"804_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(03)15166-5","volume":"363","author":"T Eid","year":"2004","unstructured":"Eid T, Thomas MJ, Spencer DD, Rund\u00e9n-Pran E, Lai JCK, Malthankar GV, Kim JH, Danbolt NC, Ottersen OP, de Lanerolle NC (2004) Loss of glutamine synthetase in the human epileptogenic hippocampus: possible mechanism for raised extracellular glutamate in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Lancet 363:28\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(03)15166-5","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"804_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(61)90145-9","volume":"7","author":"GL Ellman","year":"1961","unstructured":"Ellman GL, Courtney KD, Andres V, Featherstone RM (1961) A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochem Pharmacol 7:88\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0006-2952(61)90145-9","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"804_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-019-01805-0","volume":"393","author":"O Emokpae","year":"2020","unstructured":"Emokpae O, Ben-Azu B, Ajayi AM, Umukoro S (2020) D-Ribose-L-cysteine attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced memory deficits through inhibition of oxidative stress, release of proinflammatory cytokines, and nuclear factor-kappa B expression in mice. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 393:909\u2013925. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00210-019-01805-0","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"804_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Emudainohwo JOT, Ben-Azu B, Adebayo OG, Aduema W, Uruaka C, Ajayi AM, Okpakpor EE, Ozolua RI (2023) Normalization of HPA axis, cholinergic neurotransmission, and inhibiting brain oxidative and inflammatory dynamics are associated with the adaptogenic-like effect of rutin against psychosocial defeat stress. J Mol Neurosci 73:60\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12031-022-02084-w","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-022-02084-w"},{"key":"804_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eneni A-EO, Ben-Azu B, Ajayi AM, Aderibibge AO (2025) Ketamine-Induced Behavioral Perturbations, Redox Imbalances, and Neurotransmitter Deficits in Mice: The Preventive and Reversal Neuromodulatory Potential of Diosmin as an Antipsychotic. Brain Disorders 100210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dscb.2025.100210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dscb.2025.100210"},{"issue":"1","key":"804_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-2-1","volume":"20","author":"Y Fan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fan Y, Zhang H, Wu Y, Li X (2023) Glial cell-mediated inflammation in epileptogenesis: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. J Neuroinflamm 20(1):1\u201313","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"804_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2858","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17072","volume":"62","author":"MG Farina","year":"2021","unstructured":"Farina MG, Sandhu MRS, Parent M, Sanganahalli BG, Derbin M, Dhaher R, Wang H, Zaveri HP, Zhou Y, Danbolt NC, Hyder F, Eid T (2021) Small loci of astroglial glutamine synthetase deficiency in the postnatal brain cause epileptic seizures and impaired functional connectivity. Epilepsia 62:2858\u20132870. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/epi.17072","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"10","key":"804_CR50","first-page":"109","volume":"35","author":"C F\u00f6ldi","year":"2021","unstructured":"F\u00f6ldi C, Korotkova T, Szabadics J, T\u00f3th K (2021) Astrocyte\u2013neuron interactions in epilepsy: emerging targets for intervention. Cell Rep 35(10):109\u2013116","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"804_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-021-00825-1","volume":"36","author":"AR Fokoua","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fokoua AR, Ajayi AM, Ben-Azu B, Chouna R, Folarin O, Olopade J, Nkeng-Efouet PA, Aderibigbe AO, Umukoro S, Nguelefack TB (2021) The antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of the Psychotria camptopus Verd. Hook. (Rubiaceae) stem bark methanol extract contributes to its antiepileptogenic activity against pentylenetetrazol kindling in male Wistar rats. Metab Brain Dis 36:2015\u20132027. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11011-021-00825-1","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"804_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2020.04.012","volume":"176","author":"N Forthoffer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Forthoffer N, Brissart H, Tyvaert L, Maillard L (2020) Long-term cognitive outcomes in patient with epilepsy. Revue Neurologique Special Issue: future epilepsy 176:448\u2013455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurol.2020.04.012","journal-title":"Revue Neurologique Special Issue: future epilepsy"},{"issue":"3","key":"804_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.encep.2010.10.004","volume":"37","author":"C Gheorghiev","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gheorghiev C, De Montleau F, Defuentes G (2010) Alcohol and epilepsy: a case report between alcohol withdrawal seizures and neuroborreliosis. L\u2019encephale 37(3):231\u2013237","journal-title":"L\u2019encephale"},{"key":"804_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000901","volume":"34","author":"FG Gilliam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gilliam FG, Hecimovic H, Gentry MS (2021) Serotonergic Therapy in Epilepsy. Curr Opin Neurol 34:206\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000901","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"804_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3532","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26083532","volume":"26","author":"M Gryka-Marton","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gryka-Marton M, Grabowska AD, Szukiewicz D (2025) Breaking the Barrier: The Role of Proinflammatory Cytokines in BBB Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 26(8):3532","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"804_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-022-01299-4","volume":"19","author":"A Guarino","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guarino A, Bettegazzi B, Aziz N, Barbieri M, Bochicchio D, Crippa L, Marino P, Sguizzato M, Soukupova M, Zucchini S, Simonato M (2022) Low-dose 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone Administration After Status Epilepticus Prevents Epilepsy Development. Neurotherapeutics: J Am Soc Experimental Neurother 19(6):1951\u20131965","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics: J Am Soc Experimental Neurother"},{"key":"804_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2018.10.023","volume":"91","author":"E Gutmane","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gutmane E, Suna N, Tomilova A, Liepina L, Folkmanis V, Karelis G (2019) Alcohol-related seizures may be associated with more severe depression, alcohol dependence syndrome, and more pronounced alcohol-related problems. Epilepsy Behav 91:81\u201385","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"804_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00401","volume":"9","author":"M Hamerle","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hamerle M, Ghaeni L, Kowski A, Weissinger F, Holtkamp M (2018) Alcohol Use and Alcohol-Related Seizures in Patients With Epilepsy. Front Neurol 9:401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2018.00401","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"804_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2014.08.003","volume":"48","author":"A Heberlein","year":"2014","unstructured":"Heberlein A, K\u00e4ser M, Lichtinghagen R, Rhein M, Lenz B, Kornhuber J, Bleich S, Hillemacher T (2014) TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 serum levels: Neurobiological markers of alcohol consumption in alcohol-dependent patients? Alcohol 48:671\u2013676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.alcohol.2014.08.003","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"804_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Holmes GL (2015) Cognitive impairment in epilepsy: the role of network abnormalities. Epileptic Disord, 17(2):101\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1684\/epd.2015.0739","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2015.0739"},{"issue":"1","key":"804_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24106","volume":"70","author":"AL Hotz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hotz AL, Jamali A, Rieser NN, Niklaus S, Aydin E, Myren-Svelstad S, Lalla L, Jurisch\u2010Yaksi N, Yaksi E, Neuhauss SC (2022) Loss of glutamate transporter eaat2a leads to aberrant neuronal excitability, recurrent epileptic seizures, and basal hypoactivity. Glia 70(1):196\u2013214","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"1","key":"804_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-05532-x","volume":"63","author":"P Iwhiwhu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Iwhiwhu P, Ben-Azu B, Chijioke BS, Ozah EO, Friday FB, Esuku DT, Nekabari MK, Moses AS, Oborhoghene EG, Ajayi AM, Uruaka CI (2025) Combined Maternal Immune Activation and Prenatal Intermittent Hypoxic Stress Lead to Developmental Motor Deficits in Rats: a Two-hit Animal Model for Cerebral Palsy Across Different Age Trajectories. Mol Neurobiol 63(1):222","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"804_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3483","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.051628698","volume":"98","author":"E Izzo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Izzo E, Auta J, Impagnatiello F, Pesold C, Guidotti A, Costa E (2001) Glutamic acid decarboxylase and glutamate receptor changes during tolerance and dependence to benzodiazepines. Proc Natl Acad Sci 98:3483\u20133488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.051628698","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"804_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3097","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.4010","volume":"12","author":"HM Jaffar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jaffar HM, Al-Asmari F, Khan FA, Rahim MA, Zongo E (2024) Silymarin: Unveiling its pharmacological spectrum and therapeutic potential in liver diseases\u2014A comprehensive narrative review. Food Sci Nutr 12(5):3097\u20133111","journal-title":"Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"804_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11070877","volume":"11","author":"A Jasionis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jasionis A, Puteikis K, Mameni\u0161kien\u0117 R (2021) The Impact of Social Cognition on the Real-Life of People with Epilepsy. Brain Sci 11:877. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci11070877","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"804_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"p1505867","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1505867","volume":"15","author":"D Ji","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ji D, Mylvaganam S, Ravi Chander P, Tarnopolsky M, Murphy K, Carlen P (2025) Mitochondria and oxidative stress in epilepsy: advances in antioxidant therapy. Front Pharmacol 15:p1505867","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"804_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jin L, Wu L, Zhu G, Yang L, Zhao D, He J, Zhang Y (2025) Association between dietary flavonoid intake and anxiety: data from NHANES 2017\u20132018. BMC Public Health 25(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12889-025-22621-7","DOI":"10.1186\/S12889-025-22621-7"},{"key":"804_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-500X.85952","volume":"2","author":"MA Jose","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jose MA, Abraham A, Narmadha MP (2011) Effect of silymarin in diabetes mellitus patients with liver diseases. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2:287\u2013289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0976-500X.85952","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Pharmacother"},{"key":"804_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3390\/jmp6020012","volume":"6","author":"UG Joseph","year":"2025","unstructured":"Joseph UG, Oyovwi MO, Jeroh E, Esuku DT, Ben-Azu B (2025) Dysfunctional Astrocyte Metabolism: A Driver of Imbalanced Excitatory\/Inhibitory Tone and Support for Therapeutic Intervention Targets. J Mol Pathol 6:12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jmp6020012","journal-title":"J Mol Pathol"},{"key":"804_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.10.009","volume":"83","author":"AM Kanner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kanner AM, Helmstaedter C, Sadat-Hossieny Z, Meador K (2020) Cognitive disorders in epilepsy I: Clinical experience, real-world evidence and recommendations. Seizure 83:216\u2013222","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"804_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2011.03.027","volume":"34","author":"A Karkanis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Karkanis A, Bilalis D, Efthimiadou A (2011) Cultivation of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.), a medicinal weed. Ind Crops Prod 34:825\u2013830. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.indcrop.2011.03.027","journal-title":"Ind Crops Prod"},{"key":"804_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2020.05.005","volume":"79","author":"Z Kazmi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kazmi Z, Zeeshan S, Khan A, Malik S, Shehzad A, Seo EK, Khan S (2020) Anti-epileptic activity of daidzin in PTZ-induced mice model by targeting oxidative stress and BDNF\/VEGF signaling. Neurotoxicology 79:150\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuro.2020.05.005","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"issue":"1","key":"804_CR74","first-page":"397","volume":"67","author":"J Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim J, Han SH, Kim NK, Tran GH, Shim J, Chin JH, Kim JH, Lee S (2024) Antioxidant activities and silymarin content of Silybum marianum using different extraction methods. J Appl Biol Chem 67(1):397\u2013406","journal-title":"J Appl Biol Chem"},{"key":"804_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13147","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.13147","volume":"27","author":"BA Kimmey","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kimmey BA, Wittenberg RE, Croicu A, Shadani N, Ostroumov A, Dani JA (2022) The serotonin 2A receptor agonist TCB-2 attenuates heavy alcohol drinking and alcohol-induced midbrain inhibitory plasticity. Addict Biol 27:e13147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/adb.13147","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"issue":"7","key":"804_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.300976","volume":"16","author":"S Kinoshita","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kinoshita S, Koyama R (2021) Pro-and anti-epileptic roles of microglia. Neural regeneration Res 16(7):1369\u20131371","journal-title":"Neural regeneration Res"},{"key":"804_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2017.11.012","volume":"338","author":"M Kosari-Nasab","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kosari-Nasab M, Shokouhi G, Ghorbanihaghjo A, Abbasi MM, Salari A-A (2018) Anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of Silymarin compared to diazepam and fluoxetine in a mouse model of mild traumatic brain injury. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 338:159\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.taap.2017.11.012","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"804_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13050602","volume":"13","author":"AV Kozlov","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kozlov AV, Javadov S, Sommer N (2024) Cellular ROS and antioxidants: physiological and pathological role. Antioxidants 13(5):602","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"804_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5594","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0184-19.2019","volume":"39","author":"ML Lehmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lehmann ML, Weigel TK, Poffenberger CN, Herkenham M (2019) The Behavioral Sequelae of Social Defeat Require Microglia and Are Driven by Oxidative Stress in Mice. J Neurosci 39:5594\u20135605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0184-19.2019","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"804_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4547(20001101)62:3<357::AID-JNR5>3.0.CO;2-6","volume":"62","author":"ES Levine","year":"2000","unstructured":"Levine ES, Kolb JE (2000) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor increases activity of NR2B-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in excised patches from hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci Res 62:357\u2013362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1097-4547(20001101)62:3%3C357::AID-JNR5%3E3.0.CO;2-6","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"804_CR81","first-page":"9","volume":"230","author":"J Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu J, Wang Z, Zhang Y (2025) Disrupted neural circuit remodeling in epileptic brain development. Brain Struct Function 230(1):9\u201325","journal-title":"Brain Struct Function"},{"key":"804_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3277","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl287","volume":"129","author":"F Loup","year":"2006","unstructured":"Loup F, Picard F, Andr\u00e9 VM, Kehrli P, Yonekawa Y, Wieser H-G, Fritschy J-M (2006) Altered expression of alpha3-containing GABAA receptors in the neocortex of patients with focal epilepsy. Brain 129:3277\u20133289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awl287","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"804_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2009.08.038","volume":"206","author":"J Ma","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ma J, Leung LS (2010) Kindled seizure in the prefrontal cortex activated behavioral hyperactivity and increase in accumbens gamma oscillations through the hippocampus. Behav Brain Res 206:68\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2009.08.038","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"804_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13050784","volume":"13","author":"S Madireddy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Madireddy S, Madireddy S (2023) Therapeutic Strategies to Ameliorate Neuronal Damage in Epilepsy by Regulating Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Neuroinflammation. Brain Sci 13:784. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci13050784","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"804_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"p1000870","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1000870","volume":"13","author":"NI Malik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Malik NI, Fatima R, Ullah I, Atta M, Awan A, Nashwan AJ, Ahmed S (2022) Perceived stigma, discrimination and psychological problems among patients with epilepsy. Front Psychiatry 13:p1000870","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"804_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-025-01569-7","volume":"45","author":"H Mashayekhi-Sardoo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mashayekhi-Sardoo H, Razazpour F, Hakemi Z, Hedayati-Moghadam M, Baghcheghi Y (2025) Ethanol-Induced Depression: Exploring the Underlying Molecular Mechanisms. Cell Mol Neurobiol 45(1):1\u201329","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"804_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2572","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.8173","volume":"38","author":"S Mohammadi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mohammadi S, Ashtary-Larky D, Asbaghi O, Farrokhi V, Jadidi Y, Mofidi F, Mohammadian M, Afrisham R (2024) Effects of silymarin supplementation on liver and kidney functions: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Phytother Res 38:2572\u20132593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ptr.8173","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"804_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen QA, Klein PM, Xie C, Benthall KN, Iafrati J, Homidan J, Bendor JT, Dudok B, Farrell JS, Gschwind T, Porter CL (2024) Acetylcholine receptor based chemogenetics engineered for neuronal inhibition and seizure control assessed in mice. Nature communications, 15(1), p.601","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-44853-8"},{"key":"804_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11010267","volume":"11","author":"A Novak","year":"2022","unstructured":"Novak A, Vizjak K, Rakusa M (2022) Cognitive Impairment in People with Epilepsy. J Clin Med 11:267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11010267","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"804_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-026-10281-2","volume":"21","author":"VO Ojiakor","year":"2026","unstructured":"Ojiakor VO, Ben-Azu B, Ani PN, Ozioko MO, Oviosun A, Ozor II, Esom EA, Anyanwu EG (2026) Naringin Reverses Chronic Stress-Induced Cognitive Deficits and Enhances Hippocampal Neuroplasticity in Mice. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 21:19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11481-026-10281-2","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"key":"804_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7709","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-020-05845-1","volume":"47","author":"L Okoh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Okoh L, Ajayi AM, Ben-Azu B, Akinluyi ET, Emokpae O, Umukoro S (2020) D-Ribose-L-cysteine exhibits adaptogenic-like activity through inhibition of oxido-inflammatory responses and increased neuronal caspase-3 activity in mice exposed to unpredictable chronic mild stress. Mol Biol Rep 47:7709\u20137722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11033-020-05845-1","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"804_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-020-01664-y","volume":"71","author":"OM Oladapo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oladapo OM, Ben-Azu B, Ajayi AM, Emokpae O, Eneni A-EO, Omogbiya IA, Iwalewa EO (2021) Naringin Confers Protection against Psychosocial Defeat Stress-Induced Neurobehavioral Deficits in Mice: Involvement of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Isoform-67, Oxido-Nitrergic Stress, and Neuroinflammatory Mechanisms. J Mol Neurosci 71:431\u2013445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12031-020-01664-y","journal-title":"J Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"804_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14342","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.14342","volume":"46","author":"TG Olubodun-Obadun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Olubodun-Obadun TG, Ishola IO, Ben-Azu B, Afolayan O, Nwose E, James AB, Ajayi AM, Umukoro S, Adeyemi OO (2022) Probable mechanisms involved in the antiepileptic activity of Clerodendrum polycephalum Baker (Labiatae) leaf extract in mice exposed to chemical-induced seizures. J Food Biochem 46:e14342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jfbc.14342","journal-title":"J Food Biochem"},{"issue":"3","key":"804_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.5497\/wjp.v11.i3.27]","volume":"11","author":"AY Onaolapo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Onaolapo AY, Sulaiman H, Olofinnade AT, Onaolapo OJ (2022) Antidepressant-like potential of silymarin and silymarin-sertraline combination in mice: Highlighting effects on behaviour, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. World J Pharmacol 11(3):27\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5497\/wjp.v11.i3.27]","journal-title":"World J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"804_CR96","first-page":"278","volume":"99","author":"T Ono","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ono T, Galanopoulou AS (2012) Cellular and synaptic changes in epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 99(3):278\u2013289","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"key":"804_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s41110-022-00180-w","volume":"47","author":"MO Oyovwi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oyovwi MO, Ben-Azu B, Agbonifo-Chijiokwu E, Moke EG, Ajayi AM, Wilson JI, Omenogor P, Nwangwa EK, Igweh JC (2022) Possible mechanisms involved in the prevention and reversal of chlorpromazine-induced testicular damage by taurine and coenzyme-Q10 in rats. Nutrire 47:31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41110-022-00180-w","journal-title":"Nutrire"},{"key":"804_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2015.01.002","volume":"49","author":"F Plescia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Plescia F, Brancato A, Venniro M, Maniaci G, Cannizzaro E, Sutera FM, De Caro V, Giannola LI, Cannizzaro C (2015) Acetaldehyde self-administration by a two-bottle choice paradigm: consequences on emotional reactivity, spatial learning, and memory. Alcohol 49:139\u2013148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.alcohol.2015.01.002","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"804_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-3267-1","volume":"5","author":"D Ravikumar Reddy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ravikumar Reddy D, Khurana A, Bale S, Ravirala R, Samba Siva Reddy V, Mohankumar M, Godugu C (2016) Natural flavonoids silymarin and quercetin improve the brain distribution of co-administered P-gp substrate drugs. SpringerPlus 5:1618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40064-016-3267-1","journal-title":"SpringerPlus"},{"key":"804_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rawani NS, Chan AW, Dursun SM, Baker GB (2024) The underlying neurobiological mechanisms of psychosis: focus on neurotransmission dysregulation, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Antioxidants 13(6):709","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13060709"},{"issue":"5","key":"804_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1055\/s-1999-14085","volume":"65","author":"C Reid","year":"1999","unstructured":"Reid C, Edwards J, Wang M, Manybeads Y, Mike L, Martinez N, La Grange L, Reyes E (1999) Prevention by a silymarin\/phospholipid compound of ethanol-induced social learning deficits in rats. Planta Med 65(5):421\u2013424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-1999-14085","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"key":"804_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01406.x","volume":"164","author":"TL Ripley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ripley TL, Stephens DN (2011) Critical thoughts on current rodent models for evaluating potential treatments of alcohol addiction and withdrawal. Br J Pharmacol 164:1335\u20131356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01406.x","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"804_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2015.07.003","volume":"82","author":"C Roseti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Roseti C, van Vliet EA, Cifelli P, Ruffolo G, Baayen JC, Di Castro MA, Bertollini C, Limatola C, Aronica E, Vezzani A, Palma E (2015) GABAA currents are decreased by IL-1\u03b2 in epileptogenic tissue of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy: implications for ictogenesis. Neurobiol Dis 82:311\u2013320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbd.2015.07.003","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"804_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12376","volume":"22","author":"A Rubio-Araiz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rubio-Araiz A, Porcu F, P\u00e9rez-Hern\u00e1ndez M, Garc\u00eda-Guti\u00e9rrez MS, Aracil-Fern\u00e1ndez MA, Gutierrez-L\u00f3pez MD, Guerri C, Manzanares J, O\u2019Shea E, Colado MI (2017) Disruption of blood-brain barrier integrity in postmortem alcoholic brain: preclinical evidence of TLR4 involvement from a binge-like drinking model. Addict Biol 22:1103\u20131116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/adb.12376","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"804_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02426.x","volume":"51","author":"AV Samokhvalov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Samokhvalov AV, Irving H, Mohapatra S, Rehm J (2010) Alcohol consumption, unprovoked seizures, and epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsia 51:1177\u20131184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02426.x","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"804_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"p1100256","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1100256","volume":"16","author":"V Sanabria","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sanabria V, Romariz S, Braga M, Foresti ML, Naffah-Mazzacoratti MDG, Mello LE, Longo BM (2023) Anticholinergics: A potential option for preventing posttraumatic epilepsy. Front NeuroSci 16:p1100256","journal-title":"Front NeuroSci"},{"issue":"1","key":"804_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-060821-014008","volume":"84","author":"L Simon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Simon L, Souza-Smith FM, Molina PE (2022) Alcohol-associated tissue injury: current views on pathophysiological mechanisms. Annu Rev Physiol 84(1):87\u2013112","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"804_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.106949","volume":"105","author":"G Singh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singh G, Sander JW (2020) The global burden of epilepsy report: Implications for low-and middle-income countries. Epilepsy Behav 105:106949","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"804_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-022-02725-6","volume":"59","author":"A Soltani Khaboushan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Soltani Khaboushan A, Yazdanpanah N, Rezaei N (2022) Neuroinflammation and proinflammatory cytokines in epileptogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 59(3):1724\u20131743","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"804_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2016.09.008","volume":"44","author":"BK Steiger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Steiger BK, Jokeit H (2017) Why epilepsy challenges social life. Seizure 25th Anniversary Issue 44:194\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seizure.2016.09.008","journal-title":"Seizure 25th Anniversary Issue"},{"key":"804_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s42494-023-00137-0","volume":"5","author":"KT Sumadewi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sumadewi KT, Harkitasari S, Tjandra DC (2023) Biomolecular mechanisms of epileptic seizures and epilepsy: a review. Acta Epileptologica 5:28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42494-023-00137-0","journal-title":"Acta Epileptologica"},{"key":"804_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13604","volume":"58","author":"DJ Thurman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thurman DJ, Logroscino G, Beghi E, Hauser A, Hesdorffer DC, Newton CR et al (2017) The burden of premature mortality of epilepsy in high-income countries: a systematic review from the Mortality Task Force of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia 58:17\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/epi.13604","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"804_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tizabi Y, Getachew B, Collins MA (2021) Ethanol neurotoxicity. Handbook of neurotoxicity, pp.1\u201323","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-71519-9_205-1"},{"issue":"2","key":"804_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1113\/JP275413","volume":"596","author":"K T\u00f3th","year":"2018","unstructured":"T\u00f3th K, Hofer KT, Kandr\u00e1cs \u00c1, Entz L, Bag\u00f3 A, Er\u0151ss L, Jord\u00e1n Z, Nagy G, S\u00f3lyom A, Fab\u00f3 D, Ulbert I (2018) Hyperexcitability of the network contributes to synchronization processes in the human epileptic neocortex. J Physiol 596(2):317\u2013342","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"804_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2022.03.004","volume":"183","author":"PI Ugwu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ugwu PI, Ben-Azu B, Ugwu SU, Uruaka CI, Nworgu CC, Okorie PO, Okafor KO, Anachuna KK, Elendu MU, Ugwu AO, Anyaehie UB, Nwankwo AA, Osim EE (2022) Preventive putative mechanisms involved in the psychopathologies of mice passively coping with psychosocial defeat stress by quercetin. Brain Res Bull 183:127\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2022.03.004","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"804_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Umukoro S, Ben-Azu B, Iyiola AO, Adeboye B, Ajayi AM, Adebesin A, Omorobge O (2019) Evaluation of the anticonvulsant and anxiolytic-like activities of aqueous leaf extract of Cymbopogon citratus in mice. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jbcpp-2019-0100","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2019-0100"},{"issue":"2","key":"804_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"000213","DOI":"10.23880\/ijbp-16000213","volume":"7","author":"SG Usin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Usin SG, Ugwu MN (2022) Hepatoprotective effect of petroleum ether extract of unripe Carica papaya seed on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Int J Biochem Physiol 7(2):000213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23880\/ijbp-16000213","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Physiol"},{"key":"804_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17651","volume":"64","author":"EJH van van Hugte","year":"2023","unstructured":"van van Hugte EJH, Schubert D, Nadif Kasri N (2023) Excitatory\/inhibitory balance in epilepsies and neurodevelopmental disorders: Depolarizing \u03b3-aminobutyric acid as a common mechanism. Epilepsia 64:1975\u20131990. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/epi.17651","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"2","key":"804_CR122","first-page":"85","volume":"19","author":"JM Villasana-Salazar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Villasana-Salazar JM, Vezzani A (2023) Neuroinflammation and glial dysfunction in epilepsy: from mechanisms to therapy. Nat Reviews Neurol 19(2):85\u2013101","journal-title":"Nat Reviews Neurol"},{"key":"804_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8692","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-25-08692.2003","volume":"23","author":"B Viviani","year":"2003","unstructured":"Viviani B, Bartesaghi S, Gardoni F, Vezzani A, Behrens MM, Bartfai T, Binaglia M, Corsini E, Di Luca M, Galli CL, Marinovich M (2003) Interleukin-1\u03b2 Enhances NMDA Receptor-Mediated Intracellular Calcium Increase through Activation of the Src Family of Kinases. J Neurosci 23:8692\u20138700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-25-08692.2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"804_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2021.10.014","volume":"88","author":"AFK Vizuete","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vizuete AFK, Mussulini BH, Zenki KC, Baggio S, Pasqualotto A, Rosemberg DB, Bogo MR, de Oliveira DL, Rico EP (2022) Prolonged ethanol exposure alters glutamate uptake leading to astrogliosis and neuroinflammation in adult zebrafish brain. Neurotoxicology 88:57\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuro.2021.10.014","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"issue":"16","key":"804_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5327","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27165327","volume":"27","author":"K Wadhwa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wadhwa K, Pahwa R, Kumar M, Kumar S, Sharma PC, Singh G, Verma R, Mittal V, Singh I, Kaushik D, Jeandet P (2022) Mechanistic insights into the pharmacological significance of silymarin. Molecules 27(16):5327","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"804_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2018.12.005","volume":"175","author":"Y Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang Y, Chen L (2019) Molecular mechanisms of epileptogenesis. Prog Neurobiol 175:54\u201373","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"804_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.06.004","volume":"95","author":"Y Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang Y, Xu C, Xu Z, Ji C, Liang J, Wang, Ying, Chen B, Wu X, Gao F, Wang S, Guo Y, Li X, Luo J, Duan S, Chen Z (2017) Depolarized GABAergic Signaling in Subicular Microcircuits Mediates Generalized Seizure in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Neuron 95:92\u2013105e5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.06.004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"804_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waqar H, Khan HM, Anjum AA (2016) Antiepileptic potential of Silybum marianum seeds in pentylenetetrazol-induced kindled mice. Bangladesh J Pharmacol 11, http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8262-8720","DOI":"10.3329\/bjp.v11i3.26181"},{"key":"804_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8722","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-25-08722.2003","volume":"23","author":"RA Wardle","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wardle RA, Poo M (2003) Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Modulation of GABAergic Synapses by Postsynaptic Regulation of Chloride Transport. J Neurosci 23:8722\u20138732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-25-08722.2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"804_CR131","first-page":"441","volume":"129","author":"MU Werner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Werner MU, Cove\u00f1as R (2019) Neurotransmitter crosstalk in epilepsy: roles of dopamine, serotonin, GABA, and glutamate. Int J Neurosci 129(5):441\u2013456","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"804_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enzmictec.2011.06.007","volume":"49","author":"K Yu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yu K, Hu S, Huang J, Mei L-H (2011) A high-throughput colorimetric assay to measure the activity of glutamate decarboxylase. Enzyme Microb Technol 49:272\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enzmictec.2011.06.007","journal-title":"Enzyme Microb Technol"},{"key":"804_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-022-03126-5","volume":"60","author":"H Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang H, Xu L, Xiong J, Li X, Yang Y, Liu Y, Zhang C, Wang Q, Wang J, Wang P, Wu X, Wang X, Zhu X, Guan Y (2023a) Role of KCC2 in the Regulation of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor on Ethanol Consumption in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 60:1040\u20131049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-022-03126-5","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"804_CR135","first-page":"112","volume":"17","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Luo Y, Zhang H, Chen G (2023b) Astrocytic modulation of neurotransmitter cycling and ion homeostasis in epileptic circuits. Front Cell Neurosci 17:112\u2013129","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"804_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.111109","volume":"27","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Zhou Y, Gong T, Liu Z, Yang W, Xiong Y, Xiao D, Cifuentes A, Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez E, Lu W (2024) The clinical anti-inflammatory effects and underlying mechanisms of silymarin. iScience 27:111109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2024.111109","journal-title":"iScience"}],"container-title":["Neurotoxicity Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12640-026-00804-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12640-026-00804-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12640-026-00804-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T07:24:37Z","timestamp":1787901877000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12640-026-00804-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"references-count":123,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["804"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12640-026-00804-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1029-8428","1476-3524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1029-8428","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-3524","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 April 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 June 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 July 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All experiments received approval and were conducted in accordance with the Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences at Delta State University\u2019s Animal Ethics Committee (REC\/FBMS\/DELSU\/23\/185) and the National Institutes of Health\u2019s Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Publication number: 85\u2009\u2212\u200923, revised 1985).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"30"}}