{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T11:29:21Z","timestamp":1769599761153,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645401600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Indian J Gastroenterol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-021-01199-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T21:13:10Z","timestamp":1645477990000},"page":"181-189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Quantifying risk factors for microscopic colitis: A nationwide, retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Abdul","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Ghoneim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neethi","family":"Paranji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7963-0587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nisheet","family":"Waghray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"1199_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lazenby AJ, Yardley JH, Giardiello FM, Jessurun J, Bayless TM. Lymphocytic (\u201cmicroscopic\u201d) colitis: a comparative histopathologic study with particular reference to collagenous colitis. Hum Pathol. 1989;20:18\u201328.","DOI":"10.1016\/0046-8177(89)90198-6"},{"key":"1199_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2013.06.001","volume":"7","author":"F Magro","year":"2013","unstructured":"Magro F, Langner C, Driessen A, et al. European consensus on the histopathology of inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2013;7:827\u201351.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1199_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasmussen J, Engel PJ, Wildt S, Fiehn AM, Munck LK. The temporal evolution of histological abnormalities in microscopic colitis. J Crohns Colitis. 2016;10:262\u20138.","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjv200"},{"key":"1199_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000030","volume":"20","author":"GE Tontini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tontini GE, Pastorelli L, Spina L, et al. Microscopic colitis and colorectal neoplastic lesion rate in chronic nonbloody diarrhea: a prospective, multicenter study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014;20:882\u201391.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"1199_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000365","volume":"27","author":"RM Genta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Genta RM, Sonnenberg A. The yield of colonic biopsy in the evaluation of chronic unexplained diarrhea. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;27:963\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1199_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonderup OK, Wigh T, Nielsen GL, Pedersen L, Fenger-Gr\u00f8n M. The epidemiology of microscopic colitis: a 10-year pathology-based nationwide Danish cohort study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2015;50:393\u20138.","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2014.940378"},{"key":"1199_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-6126-z","volume":"45","author":"L Varghese","year":"2002","unstructured":"Varghese L, Galandiuk S, Tremaine WJ, Burgart LJ. Lymphocytic colitis treated with proctocolectomy and ileal J-pouch-anal anastomosis: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;45:123\u20136.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"1199_CR8","unstructured":"About IBM Watson Health | IBM [Internet]. [cited 2021 Feb 14]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/watson-health\/about"},{"key":"1199_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garg A, Hundal J, Strunk A. Overall and subgroup prevalence of Crohn disease among patients with hidradenitis suppurativa: a population-based analysis in the United States. JAMA Dermatol. 2018;154:814\u20138.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2018.0878"},{"key":"1199_CR10","unstructured":"Overview of SNOMED CT [Internet]. U.S. National Library of Medicine; [cited 2021 Feb 14]. Available from: https:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/healthit\/snomedct\/snomed_overview.html"},{"key":"1199_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nelson SJ, Zeng K, Kilbourne J, Powell T, Moore R. Normalized names for clinical drugs: RxNorm at 6 years. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2011;18:441\u20138.","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2011-000116"},{"key":"1199_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1373\/49.4.624","volume":"49","author":"CJ McDonald","year":"2003","unstructured":"McDonald CJ, Huff SM, Suico JG, et al. LOINC, a universal standard for identifying laboratory observations: a 5-year update. Clin Chem. 2003;49:624\u201333.","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"1199_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000628","volume":"22","author":"LF Pisani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pisani LF, Tontini GE, Vecchi M, Pastorelli L. Microscopic colitis: what do we know about pathogenesis? Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2016;22:450\u20138.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"1199_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.119","volume":"110","author":"GMC Masclee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Masclee GMC, Coloma PM, Kuipers EJ, Sturkenboom MCJM. Increased risk of microscopic colitis with use of proton pump inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015;110:749\u201359.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1199_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2003.01519.x","volume":"17","author":"MH Gleeson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gleeson MH, Davis AJM. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, aspirin and newly diagnosed colitis: a case-control study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;17:817\u201325.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"1199_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310376","volume":"65","author":"F Imhann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Imhann F, Bonder MJ, Vich Vila A, et al. Proton pump inhibitors affect the gut microbiome. Gut. 2016;65:740\u20138.","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"1199_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verhaegh BPM, de Vries F, Masclee AA, et al. High risk of drug-induced microscopic colitis with concomitant use of NSAIDs and proton pump inhibitors. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;43:1004-13.","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13583"},{"key":"1199_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6070","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i42.6070","volume":"18","author":"M El-Salhy","year":"2012","unstructured":"El-Salhy M, Gundersen D, Hatlebakk JG, Hausken T. High densities of serotonin and peptide YY cells in the colon of patients with lymphocytic colitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18:6070\u20135.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1199_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2010.04150.x","volume":"161","author":"WI Khan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Khan WI, Ghia JE. Gut hormones: emerging role in immune activation and inflammation. Clin Exp Immunol. 2010;161:19\u201327.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"1199_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.03.013","volume":"126","author":"MD Coates","year":"2004","unstructured":"Coates MD, Mahoney CR, Linden DR, et al. Molecular defects in mucosal serotonin content and decreased serotonin reuptake transporter in ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2004;126:1657\u201364.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"1199_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aktunc E, Kayhan B, Arasli M, Gun BD, Barut F. The effect of atorvastatin and its role on systemic cytokine network in treatment of acute experimental colitis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2011;33:667\u201375.","DOI":"10.3109\/08923973.2011.559475"},{"key":"1199_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(00)00597-9","volume":"155","author":"D Sumi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sumi D, Hayashi T, Thakur NK, et al. A HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor possesses a potent anti-atherosclerotic effect other than serum lipid lowering effects--the relevance of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and superoxide anion scavenging action. Atherosclerosis. 2001;155:347\u201357.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis."},{"key":"1199_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1998.00694.x","volume":"93","author":"R Guimbaud","year":"1998","unstructured":"Guimbaud R, Bertrand V, Chauvelot-Moachon L, et al. Network of inflammatory cytokines and correlation with disease activity in ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;93:2397\u2013404.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1199_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.22838","volume":"18","author":"EF Yen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yen EF, Pokhrel B, Du H, et al. Current and past cigarette smoking significantly increase risk for microscopic colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012;18:1835\u201341.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"1199_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2011.610005","volume":"46","author":"L Vigren","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vigren L, Sj\u00f6berg K, Benoni C, et al. Is smoking a risk factor for collagenous colitis? Scand J Gastroenterol. 2011;46:1334\u20139.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1199_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy296","volume":"25","author":"V Jaruvongvanich","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jaruvongvanich V, Poonsombudlert K, Ungprasert P. Smoking and risk of microscopic colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2019;25:672\u20138.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"1199_CR27","first-page":"19","volume":"7","author":"B Roth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roth B, Manjer J, Ohlsson B. Microscopic colitis is associated with several concomitant diseases. Drug Target Insights. 2013;7:19\u201325.","journal-title":"Drug Target Insights"},{"key":"1199_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giraldo WAS, Vilaltella ML, Alaluna CB, et al. THU0571 association of microscopic colitis with autoimmune diseases in a series of 97 cases. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2015;74 Suppl 2:407\u20137.","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-eular.4319"},{"key":"1199_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green PHR, Yang J, Cheng J, Lee AR, Harper JW, Bhagat G. An association between microscopic colitis and celiac disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7:1210\u20136.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2009.07.011"},{"key":"1199_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2018.3631","volume":"154","author":"Y Fu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fu Y, Lee C-H, Chi C-C. Association of psoriasis with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol. 2018;154:1417\u201323.","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"1199_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011927302076","volume":"46","author":"F Fernandez-Ba\u00f1ares","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fernandez-Ba\u00f1ares F, Esteve M, Salas A, et al. Bile acid malabsorption in microscopic colitis and in previously unexplained functional chronic diarrhea. Dig Dis Sci. 2001;46:2231\u20138.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"1199_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00fcrgel N, Bojarski C, Mankertz J, Zeitz M, Fromm M, Schulzke JD. Mechanisms of diarrhea in collagenous colitis. Gastroenterology. 2002;123:433\u201343.","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.34784"},{"key":"1199_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5535","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i35.5535","volume":"11","author":"M Protic","year":"2005","unstructured":"Protic M, Jojic N, Bojic D, et al. Mechanism of diarrhea in microscopic colitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11:5535\u20139.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1199_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2007.10.031","volume":"6","author":"JJ Williams","year":"2008","unstructured":"Williams JJ, Kaplan GG, Makhija S, et al. Microscopic colitis-defining incidence rates and risk factors: a population-based study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6:35\u201340.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1199_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.09.066","volume":"12","author":"NM Gentile","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gentile NM, Khanna S, Loftus EV, et al. The epidemiology of microscopic colitis in Olmsted County from 2002 to 2010: a population-based study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12:838\u201342.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1199_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-016-4306-z","volume":"62","author":"M Fumery","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fumery M, Kohut M, Gower-Rousseau C, et al. Incidence, clinical presentation, and associated factors of microscopic colitis in Northern France: a population-based study. Dig Dis Sci. 2017;62:1571\u20139.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"1199_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pardi DS, Ramnath VR, Loftus EV Jr, Tremaine WJ, Sandborn WJ. Lymphocytic colitis: clinical features, treatment, and outcomes. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:2829\u201333.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.07030.x"},{"key":"1199_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(98)70629-8","volume":"114","author":"KD Fine","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fine KD, Lee EL. Efficacy of open-label bismuth subsalicylate for the treatment of microscopic colitis. Gastroenterology. 1998;114:29\u201336.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"1199_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miehlke S, Madisch A, Kupcinskas L, et al. Budesonide is more effective than mesalamine or placebo in short-term treatment of collagenous colitis. Gastroenterology. 2014;146:1222\u201330.e1-2.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.01.019"},{"key":"1199_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.11.008","volume":"150","author":"GC Nguyen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nguyen GC, Smalley WE, Vege SS, Carrasco-Labra A. Clinical Guidelines Committee. American Gastroenterological Association Institute Guideline on the medical management of microscopic colitis. Gastroenterology. 2016;150:242\u20136 quiz e17-18.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1199_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2007.05128.x","volume":"22","author":"J Riddell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Riddell J, Hillman L, Chiragakis L, Clarke A. Collagenous colitis: oral low-dose methotrexate for patients with difficult symptoms: long-term outcomes. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;22:1589\u201393.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1199_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vennamaneni SR, Bonner GF. Use of azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine for treatment of steroid-dependent lymphocytic and collagenous colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:2798\u20139.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.04145.x"},{"key":"1199_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esteve M, Mahadevan U, Sainz E, Rodriguez E, Salas A, Fern\u00e1ndez-Ba\u00f1ares F. Efficacy of anti-TNF therapies in refractory severe microscopic colitis. J Crohns Colitis. 2011;5:612\u20138.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2011.05.001"},{"key":"1199_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pola S, Fahmy M, Evans E, Tipps A, Sandborn WJ. Successful use of infliximab in the treatment of corticosteroid dependent collagenous colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108:857\u20138.","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.43"},{"key":"1199_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2011.639079","volume":"47","author":"A M\u00fcnch","year":"2012","unstructured":"M\u00fcnch A, Ignatova S, Str\u00f6m M. Adalimumab in budesonide and methotrexate refractory collagenous colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2012;47:59\u201363.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1199_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640619871750","volume":"7","author":"N Daferera","year":"2019","unstructured":"Daferera N, Hjortswang H, Ignatova S, M\u00fcnch A. Single-centre experience with anti-tumour necrosis factor treatment in budesonide-refractory microscopic colitis patients. United European Gastroenterol J. 2019;7:1234\u201340.","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"1199_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90332-1","volume":"109","author":"G J\u00e4rnerot","year":"1995","unstructured":"J\u00e4rnerot G, Tysk C, Bohr J, Eriksson S. Collagenous colitis and fecal stream diversion. Gastroenterology. 1995;109:449\u201355.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12664-021-01199-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12664-021-01199-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12664-021-01199-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]],"date-time":"2022-05-16T01:14:18Z","timestamp":1652663658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12664-021-01199-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1199"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12664-021-01199-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0254-8860","0975-0711"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0254-8860","type":"print"},{"value":"0975-0711","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 April 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 May 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 February 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"AM, SG, NP, and NW\u00a0declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The study was performed conforming to the Helsinki declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000 and 2008 concerning human and animal rights, and the authors followed the policy concerning informed consent as shown on Springer.com.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics statement"}},{"value":"The authors are solely responsible for the data and the contents of the paper. In no way, the Honorary Editor-in-Chief, Editorial Board Members, the Indian Society of Gastroenterology or the printer\/publishers are responsible for the results\/findings and content of this article.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclaimer"}}]}}