{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T14:45:19Z","timestamp":1781621119379,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tata Memorial Hospital - TMC"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Indian J Gastroenterol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Primary pediatric non-hepatoblastoma (n-HB) liver tumors are rare with limited literature on their clinical-epidemiological profile and outcomes. We audit the above in this study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children diagnosed with n-HB primary liver tumors from January 2012 to December 2023 were analyzed retrospectively. Patients underwent contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) of the abdomen and computed tomography (CT) of the thorax or fluorodeoxyglucosepositron emission tomography\/computed tomography (FDG-PET\/CT)\u00a0for staging of malignant tumors. Treatment was administered based on the definitive diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty-nine patients formed the study cohort. The most common tumors in various age groups were infantile hepatic hemangioma (IHH)\u201466.7%, malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT)\u201425%; six\u00a0months to three\u00a0years: MRT\u201425.0%, mesenchymal hamartoma and hemangioendothelioma\u201418.7% each; three to 10\u00a0years: hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)\u201431.6%, undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma of the liver (UESL)\u201426.3%; and\u2009&gt; =\u200910\u00a0years: HCC\u201445.4%, UESL\u201422.7%. Median alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level in HCC was 131,249\u00a0ng\/mL. Treatment was delivered to 65.8% patients. Chemotherapy for treated malignant tumors was administered in 81.5%, surgery in 85.2% and radiotherapy in 18.5%, alone or combined. In the different malignant cancer sub-types, the proportion of relapse\/deaths in treated patients was HCC\u201422.2%, UESL\u201433.3%, rhabdoid\u201425%, hemangioendotheliomas\u201425% and sarcomas\u201425%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There was a high proportion of malignant rhabdoid tumors and higher serum AFP levels in HCC in our cohort. The overall outcomes of treated malignant tumors were relatively favorable, though limited by the sample size in this rare cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-025-01823-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T11:15:08Z","timestamp":1752837308000},"page":"697-705","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Primary non-hepatoblastoma liver tumors in children\u2014Defining the profile of a very rare subset of childhood tumors"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Abha","family":"Mehta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6459-2058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Badira Cheriyalinkal","family":"Parambil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akshay","family":"Baheti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venkata Ram Mohan","family":"Gollamudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasundhara","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sajid","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mukta","family":"Ramadwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Poonam","family":"Panjwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunal","family":"Gala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siddhartha","family":"Laskar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nehal","family":"Khanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jifmi Jose","family":"Manjali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sneha","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Girish","family":"Chinnaswammy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"1823_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soc.2020.11.006","volume":"30","author":"R Meyers","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meyers R, Hiyama E, Czauderna P, Tiao GM. Liver tumors in pediatric patients. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2021;30:253\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.soc.2020.11.006.","journal-title":"Surg Oncol Clin N Am."},{"key":"1823_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50375","volume":"38","author":"A Darbari","year":"2003","unstructured":"Darbari A, Sabin KM, Shapiro CN, Schwarz KB. Epidemiology of primary hepatic malignancies in U.S. children. Hepatology. 2003;38:560\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/jhep.2003.50375.","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"key":"1823_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1007\/s12029-020-00494-w","volume":"51","author":"F\u0130 Varol","year":"2020","unstructured":"Varol F\u0130. Pediatric hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointest Cancer. 2020;51:1169\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12029-020-00494-w.","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Cancer"},{"key":"1823_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2584","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.22.4857","volume":"28","author":"J Zs\u00edros","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zs\u00edros J, Maibach R, Shafford E, et al. Successful treatment of childhood high-risk hepatoblastoma with dose-intensive multiagent chemotherapy and surgery: final results of the SIOPEL-3HR study. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:2584\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2009.22.4857.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol."},{"key":"1823_CR5","unstructured":"Vasudevan A, Shanmugam N, Rammohan A, Rela M. Non-hepatoblastoma liver tumors in children \u2013 long term outcomes following hepatic resection and liver transplantation. 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Patients\u2019 anonymity was maintained.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"As it is a retrospective study, no medical decisions were affected due to study.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human ethics"}},{"value":"As it is a retrospective study with anonymous data, consent for publication from patients was not required.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors are solely responsible for the data and the contents of the paper. In no way, the Honorary Editor-in-Chief, Editorial Board Members, the Indian Society of Gastroenterology\u00a0or the printer\/publishers are responsible for the results\/findings and content of this article.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclaimer"}}]}}