{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T22:30:09Z","timestamp":1790116209644,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Indian J Gastroenterol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-025-01880-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T15:30:28Z","timestamp":1771601428000},"page":"397-421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Perianal fistulizing Crohn\u2019s disease: Clinical practice update from Colitis and Crohn\u2019s Foundation (India)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Peeyush","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arshdeep","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neha","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vandana","family":"Midha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rupa","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naresh","family":"Bhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adarsh","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devendra","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usha","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pankaj","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uday C.","family":"Ghoshal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandan","family":"Kakkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saurabh","family":"Kedia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Govind","family":"Makharia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandeep","family":"Nijhawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Partha","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathew","family":"Philip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amarender","family":"Puri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. V.","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishal","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satpal Singh","family":"Virk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakesh","family":"Kochhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajit","family":"Sood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajay","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1577-0118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vineet","family":"Ahuja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"1880_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-008-0469-6","volume":"54","author":"K Das","year":"2009","unstructured":"Das K, Ghoshal UC, Dhali GK, Benjamin J, Ahuja V, Makharia GK. Crohn\u2019s disease in India: a multicenter study from a country where tuberculosis is endemic. Dig Dis Sci. 2009;54:1099\u2013107.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci."},{"key":"1880_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-012-0258-1","volume":"31","author":"GK Makharia","year":"2012","unstructured":"Makharia GK, Ramakrishna BS, Abraham P, et al. Survey of inflammatory bowel diseases in India. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2012;31:299\u2013306.","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1880_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izab287","volume":"28","author":"L Tsai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tsai L, McCurdy JD, Ma C, Jairath V, Singh S. Epidemiology and natural history of perianal Crohn\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based cohorts. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2022;28:1477\u201384.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"key":"1880_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800630102","volume":"63","author":"AG Parks","year":"1976","unstructured":"Parks AG, Gordon PH, Hardcastle JD. A classification of fistula-in-ano. Br J Surg. 1976;63:1\u201312.","journal-title":"Br J Surg."},{"key":"1880_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.20.3.g00mc15623","volume":"20","author":"J Morris","year":"2000","unstructured":"Morris J, Spencer JA, Ambrose NS. MR imaging classification of perianal fistulas and its implications for patient management. Radiographics. 2000;20:623\u201335.","journal-title":"Radiographics."},{"key":"1880_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2017.04.019","volume":"42","author":"P Garg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Garg P. Comparing existing classifications of fistula-in-ano in 440 operated patients: is it time for a new classification? a retrospective cohort study. Int J Surg. 2017;42:34\u201340.","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"1880_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandborn WJ, Fazio VW, Feagan BG, Hanauer SB, American Gastroenterological Association Clinical Practice Committee. AGA technical review on perianal Crohn\u2019s disease. Gastroenterology. 2003;125:1508\u201330.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastro.2003.08.025"},{"key":"1880_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00007-3","volume":"7","author":"J Geldof","year":"2022","unstructured":"Geldof J, Iqbal N, LeBlanc JF, et al. Classifying perianal fistulising Crohn\u2019s disease: an expert consensus to guide decision-making in daily practice and clinical trials. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;7:576\u201384.","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"1880_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjae056","volume":"18","author":"MK Schroeder","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schroeder MK, Abushamma S, George AT, et al. Topclass expert consensus classification of perianal fistulising Crohn\u2019s disease: a real-world application in a serial fistula MRI cohort. J Crohns Colitis. 2024;18:1430\u20139.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis."},{"key":"1880_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-022-07491-y","volume":"68","author":"Y Fan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fan Y, Delgado-Aros S, Valdecantos WC, et al. Characteristics of patients with Crohn\u2019s disease with or without perianal fistulae in the Corevitas inflammatory bowel disease registry. Dig Dis Sci. 2023;68:214\u201322.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci."},{"key":"1880_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-020-01054-7","volume":"39","author":"SK Vuyyuru","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vuyyuru SK, Sahu P, Kedia S, et al. Long-term outcomes in perianal fistulizing Crohn\u2019s disease in a resource-limited setting: A cohort analysis. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2020;39:435\u201344.","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1880_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13310","volume":"31","author":"YM Han","year":"2016","unstructured":"Han YM, Kim JW, Koh SJ, et al. Patients with perianal Crohn\u2019s disease have poor disease outcomes after primary bowel resection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;31:1436\u201342.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"1880_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-020-01622-7","volume":"18","author":"SO Adegbola","year":"2020","unstructured":"Adegbola SO, Dibley L, Sahnan K, et al. Burden of disease and adaptation to life in patients with Crohn\u2019s perianal fistula: a qualitative exploration. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2020;18:370.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes."},{"key":"1880_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-009-1061-x","volume":"14","author":"M Thomas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thomas M, Bienkowski R, Vandermeer TJ, Trostle D, Cagir B. Malignant transformation in perianal fistulas of Crohn\u2019s disease: a systematic review of literature. J Gastrointest Surg. 2010;14:66\u201373.","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg."},{"key":"1880_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.11.041","volume":"16","author":"L Beaugerie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Beaugerie L, Carrat F, Nahon S, et al. High risk of anal and rectal cancer in patients with anal and\/or perianal Crohn\u2019s disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16:892-99.e2.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"1880_CR16","first-page":"00504","volume":"S1542\u20133565","author":"SY Wong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wong SY, Rowan C, Brockmans ED, et al. Perianal fistulizing Crohn\u2019s disease-associated anorectal and fistula cancers: systematic review and expert consensus. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025;S1542\u20133565:00504\u201314.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1880_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4734","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-06826-5","volume":"30","author":"S Halligan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Halligan S, Tolan D, Amitai MM, et al. ESGAR consensus statement on the imaging of fistula-in-ano and other causes of anal sepsis. Eur Radiol. 2020;30:4734\u201340.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"1880_CR18","first-page":"00248","volume":"S1542\u20133565","author":"E Anand","year":"2025","unstructured":"Anand E, Devi J, Ballard DH, et al. TOpClass collaborative authors. Defining radiological healing in perianal fistulizing Crohn\u2019s disease: a TOpClass global expert delphi consensus. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025;S1542\u20133565:00248\u20134.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"1880_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-023-01399-9","volume":"42","author":"A Singh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singh A, Kakkar C, Garg S, Arora K, Midha V, Mahajan R, et al. Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging spectrum of complex perianal fistulizing Crohn\u2019s disease: A cohort study from northern India. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2023;42:668\u201376.","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1880_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.21.26615","volume":"218","author":"MLC Greer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Greer MLC, Taylor SA. Perianal imaging in Crohn disease: current status with a focus on MRI, from the AJR special series on imaging of inflammation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2022;218:781\u201392.","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"1880_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-025-03122-6","volume":"29","author":"E Anand","year":"2025","unstructured":"Anand E, Pelly T, Joshi S, et al. Current practice and innovations in diagnosing perianal fistulizing Crohn\u2019s disease (pfCD): a narrative review. Tech Coloproctol. 2025;29:102.","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"key":"1880_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.28676","volume":"121","author":"DA Schwartz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schwartz DA, Wiersema MJ, Dudiak KM, et al. A comparison of endoscopic ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and exam under anesthesia for evaluation of Crohn\u2019s perianal fistulas. Gastroenterology. 2001;121:1064\u201372.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1880_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0b013e318249d26c","volume":"55","author":"MRS Siddiqui","year":"2012","unstructured":"Siddiqui MRS, Ashrafian H, Tozer P, et al. A diagnostic accuracy meta-analysis of endoanal ultrasound and MRI for perianal fistula assessment. Dis Colon Rectum. 2012;55:576\u201385.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"1880_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1586\/17474124.2015.1031110","volume":"9","author":"VN Chidi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chidi VN, Schwartz DA. Imaging of perianal fistulizing Crohn\u2019s disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;9:797\u2013806.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1880_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-200303000-00003","volume":"9","author":"M Regueiro","year":"2003","unstructured":"Regueiro M, Mardini H. Treatment of perianal fistulizing Crohn\u2019s disease with infliximab alone or as an adjunct to exam under anesthesia with seton placement. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2003;9:98\u2013103.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"1880_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2014.15.6.712","volume":"15","author":"C Liang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liang C, Lu Y, Zhao B, Du Y, Wang C, Jiang W. Imaging of anal fistulas: comparison of computed tomographic fistulography and magnetic resonance imaging. Korean J Radiol. 2014;15:712\u201323.","journal-title":"Korean J Radiol"},{"key":"1880_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s43055-020-00252-9","volume":"51","author":"A Sharma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sharma A, Yadav P, Sahu M, Verma A. Current imaging techniques for evaluation of fistula in ano: a review. Egypt J Radiol Nucl Med. 2020;51:130.","journal-title":"Egypt J Radiol Nucl Med"},{"key":"1880_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-306709","volume":"63","author":"KB Gecse","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gecse KB, Bemelman W, Kamm MA, et al. A global consensus on the classification, diagnosis and multidisciplinary treatment of perianal fistulising Crohn\u2019s disease. Gut. 2014;63:1381\u201392.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1880_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02552656","volume":"28","author":"HC Kuijpers","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kuijpers HC, Schulpen T. Fistulography for fistula-in-ano. Is it useful? Dis Colon Rectum. 1985;28:103\u20134.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"1880_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2022.100097","volume":"3","author":"R Atreya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Atreya R, Bojarski C, K\u00fchl AA, Trajanoski Z, Neurath MF, Siegmund B. Ileal and colonic Crohn\u2019s disease: does location makes a difference in therapy efficacy? Curr Res Pharmacol Drug Discov. 2022;3:100097.","journal-title":"Curr Res Pharmacol Drug Discov"},{"key":"1880_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i15.1939","volume":"17","author":"C Ruffolo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ruffolo C, Citton M, Scarpa M, et al. Perianal Crohn\u2019s disease: is there something new? World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17:1939\u201346.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1880_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2007.07.153","volume":"39","author":"S Vermeire","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vermeire S, Van Assche G, Rutgeerts P. Perianal Crohn\u2019s disease: classification and clinical evaluation. Dig Liver Dis. 2007;39:959\u201362.","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"1880_CR33","first-page":"219","volume":"73","author":"P Sainio","year":"1984","unstructured":"Sainio P. Fistula-in-ano in a defined population. Incidence and epidemiological aspects. Ann Chir Gynaecol. 1984;73:219\u201324.","journal-title":"Ann Chir Gynaecol"},{"key":"1880_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2732","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.08716.x","volume":"98","author":"G Coremans","year":"2003","unstructured":"Coremans G, Dockx S, Wyndaele J, Hendrickx A. Do anal fistulas in Crohn\u2019s disease behave differently and defy Goodsall\u2019s rule more frequently than fistulas that are cryptoglandular in origin? Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:2732\u20135.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1880_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-002-1409-z","volume":"13","author":"B Nagi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nagi B, Kochhar R, Bhasin DK, Singh K. Colorectal tuberculosis. Eur Radiol. 2003;13:1907\u201312.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"1880_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.08.090","volume":"82","author":"SR Goldburg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Goldburg SR, Strober BE, Payette MJ. Hidradenitis suppurativa: epidemiology, clinical presentation, and pathogenesis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;82:1045\u201358.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"1880_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000744","volume":"22","author":"SZ Koh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koh SZ, Zaghiyan KN, Li Q, et al. Clinical factors associated with the development of Crohn\u2019s disease in inflammatory bowel disease-unclassified patients undergoing ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2016;22:1397\u2013402.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"1880_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2009.02014.x","volume":"12","author":"GB Melton","year":"2010","unstructured":"Melton GB, Kiran RP, Fazio VW, et al. Do preoperative factors predict subsequent diagnosis of Crohn\u2019s disease after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative or indeterminate colitis? Colorectal Dis. 2010;12:1026\u201332.","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"1880_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14814","volume":"48","author":"PJ Tozer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tozer PJ, Lung P, Lobo AJ, et al. Review article: pathogenesis of Crohn\u2019s perianal fistula-understanding factors impacting on success and failure of treatment strategies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018;48:260\u20139.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"1880_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1740035","volume":"35","author":"J Geldof","year":"2022","unstructured":"Geldof J, Iqbal N, Warusavitarne J, Hart A. The essential role of a multidisciplinary approach in inflammatory bowel diseases: combined medical-surgical treatment in complex perianal fistulas in CD. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2022;35:21\u201331.","journal-title":"Clin Colon Rectal Surg"},{"key":"1880_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.4291\/wjgp.v5.i3.239","volume":"5","author":"R Sordo-Mejia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sordo-Mejia R, Gaertner WB. Multidisciplinary and evidence-based management of fistulizing perianal Crohn\u2019s disease. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2014;5:239\u201351.","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol"},{"key":"1880_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.10.004","volume":"17","author":"C Ma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ma C, Parker CE, Nguyen TM, Khanna R, Feagan BG, Jairath V. Identifying outcomes in clinical trials of fistulizing Crohn\u2019s disease for the development of a core outcome set. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;17:1904\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1880_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy008","volume":"24","author":"C Legu\u00e9","year":"2018","unstructured":"Legu\u00e9 C, Brochard C, Bessi G, et al. Outcomes of perianal fistulising Crohn\u2019s disease following anti-TNF\u03b1 treatment discontinuation. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2018;24:1107\u201313.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"1880_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-021-02078-9","volume":"22","author":"P Zhu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhu P, Sun JF, Gu YF, et al. Combined therapy with early initiation of infliximab following drainage of perianal fistulising Crohn\u2019s disease: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2022;22:15.","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1880_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-315503","volume":"68","author":"K Sahnan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sahnan K, Tozer PJ, Adegbola SO, et al. Developing a core outcome set for fistulising perianal Crohn\u2019s disease. Gut. 2019;68:226\u201338.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1880_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx161","volume":"12","author":"AH Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim AH, Roberts C, Feagan BG, et al. Developing a standard set of patient-centred outcomes for inflammatory bowel disease-an international, cross-disciplinary consensus. J Crohns Colitis. 2018;12:408\u201318.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1880_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-320553","volume":"70","author":"SO Adegbola","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adegbola SO, Dibley L, Sahnan K, et al. Development and initial psychometric validation of a patient-reported outcome measure for Crohn\u2019s perianal fistula: the Crohn\u2019s anal fistula quality of life (CAF-QoL) scale. Gut. 2021;70:1649\u201356.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1880_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.07241.x","volume":"98","author":"G Van Assche","year":"2003","unstructured":"Van Assche G, Vanbeckevoort D, Bielen D, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the effects of infliximab on perianal fistulizing Crohn\u2019s disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:332\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1880_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14190","volume":"46","author":"MA Samaan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Samaan MA, Puylaert CAJ, Levesque BG, et al. The development of a magnetic resonance imaging index for fistulising Crohn\u2019s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017;46:516\u201328.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"1880_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab168","volume":"16","author":"KL van Rijn","year":"2022","unstructured":"van Rijn KL, Meima-van Praag EM, Bossuyt PM, et al. Fibrosis and MAGNIFI-CD activity index at magnetic resonance imaging to predict treatment outcome in perianal fistulizing Crohn\u2019s disease patients. J Crohns Colitis. 2022;16:708\u201316.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1880_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjad214","volume":"18","author":"SK Vuyyuru","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vuyyuru SK, Solitano V, Singh S, et al. Scoring indices for perianal fistulising Crohn\u2019s disease: a systematic review. J Crohns Colitis. 2024;18:836\u201350.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1880_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000148","volume":"20","author":"I Molendijk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Molendijk I, Nuij VJAA, van der Meulen-de Jong AE, van der Woude CJ. Disappointing durable remission rates in complex Crohn\u2019s disease fistula. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014;20:2022\u20138.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"1880_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2014.368","volume":"3","author":"XW Wu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wu XW, Ji HZ, Wang FY. Meta-analysis of ciprofloxacin in treatment of Crohn\u2019s disease. Biomed Rep. 2015;3:70\u20134.","journal-title":"Biomed Rep"},{"key":"1880_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serclova Z, Garcia-Olmo D, Chen ST, et al. OP18 Efficacy and safety of darvadstrocel treatment in patients with complex perianal fistulas and Crohn\u2019s Disease: results from the global ADMIRE-CD II phase 3 study. J Crohns Colitis. 2024;18 Supplement_1:i34-5.","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjad212.0018"},{"key":"1880_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20608","volume":"15","author":"KT Thia","year":"2009","unstructured":"Thia KT, Mahadevan U, Feagan BG, et al. Ciprofloxacin or metronidazole for the treatment of perianal fistulas in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009;15:17\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ibd.20608.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"1880_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.7121","volume":"97","author":"Y Maeda","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maeda Y, Ng SC, Durdey P, Burt C, Torkington J, Rao PK, Mayberry J, Moshkovska T, Stone CD, Carapeti E, Vaizey CJ. Topical Metronidazole in Perianal Crohn\u2019s Study Group. Randomized clinical trial of metronidazole ointment versus placebo in perianal Crohn\u2019s disease. Br J Surg. 2010;97(9):1340\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bjs.7121.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"1880_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2004.02247.x","volume":"20","author":"RL West","year":"2004","unstructured":"West RL, Van der Woude CJ, Hansen BE, et al. Clinical and endosonographic effect of ciprofloxacin on the treatment of perianal fistulae in Crohn\u2019s disease with infliximab: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;20:1329\u201336.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"1880_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-304488","volume":"63","author":"P Dewint","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dewint P, Hansen BE, Verhey E, et al. Adalimumab combined with ciprofloxacin is superior to adalimumab monotherapy in perianal fistula closure in Crohn\u2019s disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled trial (ADAFI). Gut. 2014;63:292\u20139.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1880_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1007\/s005350200153","volume":"37","author":"Y Takesue","year":"2002","unstructured":"Takesue Y, Ohge H, Yokoyama T, Murakami Y, Imamura Y, Sueda T. Long-term results of seton drainage on complex anal fistulae in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease. J Gastroenterol. 2002;37:912\u20135.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1880_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.6608","volume":"96","author":"PJ van Koperen","year":"2009","unstructured":"van Koperen PJ, Safiruddin F, Bemelman WA, Slors JFM. Outcome of surgical treatment for fistula in ano in Crohn\u2019s disease. Br J Surg. 2009;96:675\u20139.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"1880_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-6296-8","volume":"45","author":"LS Poritz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Poritz LS, Rowe WA, Koltun WA. Remicade does not abolish the need for surgery in fistulizing Crohn\u2019s disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;45:771\u20135.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"1880_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2016.05.017","volume":"223","author":"CS Choi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Choi CS, Berg AS, Sangster W, et al. Combined medical and surgical approach improves healing of septic perianal Crohn\u2019s disease. J Am Coll Surg. 2016;223:506-14.e1.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"key":"1880_CR63","first-page":"299","volume":"53","author":"G Sciaudone","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sciaudone G, Di Stazio C, Limongelli P, et al. Treatment of complex perianal fistulas in Crohn disease: infliximab, surgery or combined approach. Can J Surg. 2010;53:299\u2013304.","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"key":"1880_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12906","volume":"40","author":"NA Yassin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yassin NA, Askari A, Warusavitarne J, et al. Systematic review: the combined surgical and medical treatment of fistulising perianal Crohn\u2019s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;40:741\u20139.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"1880_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa004","volume":"14","author":"KA Wasmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wasmann KA, De Groof EJ, Stellingwerf ME, et al. Treatment of perianal fistulas in Crohn\u2019s disease, seton versus anti-TNF versus surgical closure following anti-TNF [PISA]: a randomised controlled trial. J Crohns Colitis. 2020;14:1049\u201356.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1880_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00088-7","volume":"7","author":"EM Meima-van Praag","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meima-van Praag EM, van Rijn KL, Wasmann KA, et al. Short-term anti-TNF therapy with surgical closure versus anti-TNF therapy in the treatment of perianal fistulas in Crohn\u2019s disease (PISA-II): a patient preference randomised trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;7:617\u201326.","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"1880_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199905063401804","volume":"340","author":"DH Present","year":"1999","unstructured":"Present DH, Rutgeerts P, Targan S, et al. Infliximab for the treatment of fistulas in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1398\u2013405.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1880_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030815","volume":"350","author":"BE Sands","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sands BE, Anderson FH, Bernstein CN, et al. Infliximab maintenance therapy for fistulizing Crohn\u2019s disease. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:876\u201385.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1880_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.11.041","volume":"132","author":"JF Colombel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Colombel JF, Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P, et al. Adalimumab for maintenance of clinical response and remission in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease: the CHARM trial. Gastroenterology. 2007;132:52\u201365.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1880_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1745692","volume":"2017","author":"YM Fu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fu YM, Chen M, Liao AJ. A meta-analysis of adalimumab for fistula in Crohn\u2019s disease. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2017;2017:1745692.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Res Pract"},{"key":"1880_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000172811.57242.18","volume":"11","author":"DA Schwartz","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schwartz DA, White CM, Wise PE, Herline AJ. Use of endoscopic ultrasound to guide combination medical and surgical therapy for patients with Crohn\u2019s perianal fistulas. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2005;11:727\u201332.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"1880_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.01.030","volume":"16","author":"MJ Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee MJ, Parker CE, Taylor SR, et al. Efficacy of medical therapies for fistulizing Crohn\u2019s disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16:1879\u201392.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1880_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2012.12.042","volume":"11","author":"G Bouguen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bouguen G, Siproudhis L, Gizard E, et al. Long-term outcome of perianal fistulizing Crohn\u2019s disease treated with infliximab. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11:975\u201381.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1880_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy087","volume":"12","author":"FM Ruemmele","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ruemmele FM, Rosh J, Faubion WA, et al. Efficacy of adalimumab for treatment of perianal fistula in children with moderately to severely active Crohn\u2019s disease: results from IMAgINE 1 and IMAgINE 2. J Crohns Colitis. 2018;12:1249\u201354.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1880_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2018.27","volume":"113","author":"GR Lichtenstein","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lichtenstein GR, Loftus EV, Isaacs KL, Regueiro MD, Gerson LB, Sands BE. ACG clinical guideline: management of Crohn\u2019s disease in adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 2018;113:481\u2013517.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1880_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.14102","volume":"20","author":"MJ Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee MJ, Freer C, Adegbola S, et al. Patients with perianal Crohn\u2019s fistulas experience delays in accessing anti- TNF therapy due to slow recognition, diagnosis and integration of specialist services: lessons learned from three referral centres. Colorectal Dis. 2018;20:797\u2013803.","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"1880_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3393\/ac.2018.11.23.1","volume":"35","author":"M Jeon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jeon M, Song K, Koo J, Kim S. Evaluation of a seton procedure combined with infliximab therapy (early vs. late) in perianal fistula with Crohn disease. Ann Coloproctol. 2019;35:249\u201353.","journal-title":"Ann Coloproctol"},{"key":"1880_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-021-02078-9","volume":"22","author":"P Zhu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhu P, Sun JF, Gu YF, et al. Combined therapy with early initiation of infliximab following drainage of perianal fistulising Crohn\u2019s disease: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2022;22:15.","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1880_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001111","volume":"116","author":"K Papamichael","year":"2021","unstructured":"Papamichael K, Vande Casteele N, Jeyarajah J, Jairath V, Osterman MT, Cheifetz AS. Higher postinduction infliximab concentrations are associated with improved clinical outcomes in fistulizing Crohn\u2019s disease: an ACCENT-II post hoc analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021;116:1007\u201314.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1880_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i23.2597","volume":"28","author":"B Gu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gu B, Venkatesh K, Williams AJ, et al. Higher infliximab and adalimumab trough levels are associated with fistula healing in patients with fistulising perianal Crohn\u2019s disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2022;28:2597\u2013608.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1880_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13970","volume":"45","author":"AJ Yarur","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yarur AJ, Kanagala V, Stein DJ, et al. Higher infliximab trough levels are associated with perianal fistula healing in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017;45:933\u201340.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"1880_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.07.053","volume":"20","author":"M De Gregorio","year":"2022","unstructured":"De Gregorio M, Lee T, Krishnaprasad K, et al. Higher anti-tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 levels correlate with improved radiologic outcomes in Crohn\u2019s perianal fistulas. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;20:1306\u201314.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1880_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx094","volume":"11","author":"WY Mak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mak WY, Lung PFC, Hart A. In patients with perianal Crohn\u2019s fistulas, what are the outcomes when \u201cradiological healing\u201d is achieved? Does radiological healing of perianal Crohn\u2019s fistulas herald the time point for stopping a biologic? J Crohns Colitis. 2017;11:1506.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1880_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21940","volume":"18","author":"P Tozer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tozer P, Ng SC, Siddiqui MR, et al. Long-term MRI-guided combined anti-TNF-\u03b1 and thiopurine therapy for Crohn\u2019s perianal fistulas. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012;18:1825\u201334.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"1880_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02670.x","volume":"22","author":"E Dom\u00e8nech","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dom\u00e8nech E, Hinojosa J, Nos P, et al. Clinical evolution of luminal and perianal Crohn\u2019s disease after inducing remission with infliximab: how long should patients be treated? Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;22:1107\u201313.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"1880_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15547","volume":"50","author":"JWY Mak","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mak JWY, Tang W, Yip TCF, et al. Stopping anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy in patients with perianal Crohn\u2019s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019;50:1195\u2013203.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"1880_CR87","first-page":"1456","volume":"11","author":"AJ Brooks","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brooks AJ, Sebastian S, Cross SS, et al. Outcome of elective withdrawal of anti-tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1 therapy in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease in established remission. J Crohns Colitis. 2017;11:1456\u201362.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1880_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izz200","volume":"26","author":"A Malian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Malian A, Rivi\u00e8re P, Bouchard D, et al. Pedictors of perianal fistula relapse in Crohn\u2019s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2020;26:926\u201331.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"1880_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjad118","volume":"18","author":"HS Ten Bokkel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ten Bokkel HS, Thomassen D, Steyerberg EW, et al. Discontinuation of anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy in patients with perianal fistulizing Crohn\u2019s disease: individual participant data meta-analysis of 309 patients from 12 studies. J Crohns Colitis. 2024;18:134\u201343.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1880_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2018.12.010","volume":"51","author":"M Chambaz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chambaz M, Verdalle-Cazes M, Desprez C, et al. Deep remission on magnetic resonance imaging impacts outcomes of perianal fistulizing Crohn\u2019s disease. Dig Liver Dis. 2019;51:358\u201363.","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"1880_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.12475","volume":"5","author":"T Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee T, Kamm MA, Bell S, et al. Long-term outcomes of perianal fistulizing Crohn\u2019s disease in the biologic era. JGH Open. 2021;5:235\u201341.","journal-title":"JGH Open"},{"key":"1880_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198005013021801","volume":"302","author":"DH Present","year":"1980","unstructured":"Present DH, Korelitz BI, Wisch N, Glass JL, Sachar DB, Pasternack BS. Treatment of Crohn\u2019s disease with 6-mercaptopurine. a long-term, randomized, double-blind study. N Engl J Med. 1980;302:981\u20137.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1880_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)90457-V","volume":"101","author":"JJ O\u2019Brien","year":"1991","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien JJ, Bayless TM, Bayless JA. Use of azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine in the treatment of Crohn\u2019s disease. Gastroenterology. 1991;101:39\u201346.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1880_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01318372","volume":"30","author":"BI Korelitz","year":"1985","unstructured":"Korelitz BI, Present DH. Favorable effect of 6-mercaptopurine on fistulae of Crohn\u2019s disease. Dig Dis Sci. 1985;30:58\u201364.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"1880_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-123-2-199507150-00009","volume":"123","author":"DC Pearson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Pearson DC, May GR, Fick GH, Sutherland LR. Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in Crohn disease. Meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1995;123:132\u201342.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1880_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-6795-7","volume":"46","author":"T Lecomte","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lecomte T, Contou JF, Beaugerie L, et al. Predictive factors of response of perianal Crohn\u2019s disease to azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine. Dis Colon Rectum. 2003;46:1469\u201375.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"1880_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-018-5381-0","volume":"64","author":"C Su\u00e1rez Ferrer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Su\u00e1rez Ferrer C, Gonz\u00e1lez-Lama Y, Gonz\u00e1lez-Partida I, et al. Usefulness of thiopurine monotherapy for Crohn\u2019s disease in the era of biologics: a long-term single-center experience. Dig Dis Sci. 2019;64:875\u20139.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"1880_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2014.06.005","volume":"8","author":"U Kopylov","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kopylov U, Afif W, Cohen A, et al. Subcutaneous ustekinumab for the treatment of anti-TNF resistant Crohn\u2019s disease\u2013the mcgill experience. J Crohns Colitis. 2014;8:1516\u201322.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1880_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000842","volume":"22","author":"S Khorrami","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khorrami S, Ginard D, Mar\u00edn-Jim\u00e9nez I, et al. Ustekinumab for the treatment of refractory Crohn\u2019s disease: the Spanish experience in a large multicentre open-label cohort. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2016;22:1662\u20139.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"1880_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wils P, Bouhnik Y, Michetti P, Flourie B, Brixi H, Bourrier A, Allez M, Duclos B, Serrero M, Buisson A, Amiot A, Fumery M, Roblin X, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Filippi J, Bouguen G, Abitbol V, Coffin B, Simon M, Laharie D, Pariente B. Groupe d'Etude Th\u00e9rapeutique des Affections Inflammatoires du Tube Digestif (GETAID). Long-term efficacy and safety of ustekinumab in 122 refractory Crohn's disease patients: a multicentre experience. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018;47(5):588\u2013595.","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14487"},{"key":"1880_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S361","DOI":"10.14309\/00000434-201710001-00651","volume":"112","author":"S Tsistrakis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tsistrakis S, Oikonomou I. Real-life data on the use of ustekinumab for the treatment of fistulas in patients with crohn\u2019s disease: 651. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112:S361.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1880_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjz119","volume":"14","author":"VBC Biemans","year":"2020","unstructured":"Biemans VBC, van der Meulen- Jong AE, van der Woude CJ, et al. Ustekinumab for Crohn\u2019s disease: results of the ICC registry, a nationwide prospective observational cohort study. J Crohns Colitis. 2020;14:33\u201345.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis."},{"key":"1880_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000810","volume":"115","author":"C Chapuis-Biron","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chapuis-Biron C, Kirchgesner J, Pariente B, et al. Ustekinumab for perianal Crohn\u2019s disease: the BioLAP multicenter study from the GETAID. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020;115:1812\u201320.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1880_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2020.1854848","volume":"56","author":"M Attauabi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Attauabi M, Burisch J, Seidelin JB. Efficacy of ustekinumab for active perianal fistulizing Crohn\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the current literature. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2021;56:53\u20138.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1880_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14016","volume":"45","author":"C Ma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ma C, Fedorak RN, Kaplan GG, et al. Clinical, endoscopic and radiographic outcomes with ustekinumab in medically-refractory Crohn\u2019s disease: real world experience from a multicentre cohort. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017;45:1232\u201343.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"1880_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaa297","volume":"27","author":"M Attauabi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Attauabi M, Burisch J, Seidelin JB. Efficacy of ustekinumab for active perianal fistulizing Crohn disease: a double-center cohort study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2021;27:e37-8.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"1880_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E49","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000001232","volume":"23","author":"K Huff-Hardy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huff-Hardy K, Bedair M, Vazquez R, Burstein E. Efficacy of combination vedolizumab and ustekinumab for refractory Crohn\u2019s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2017;23:E49.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"1880_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15719","volume":"51","author":"E Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang E, Panaccione N, Whitmire N, et al. Efficacy and safety of simultaneous treatment with two biologic medications in refractory Crohn\u2019s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020;51:1031\u20138.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"1880_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2024.05.009","volume":"56","author":"MJ Casanova","year":"2024","unstructured":"Casanova MJ, Caballol B, Garc\u00eda MJ, et al. HEAL Study group of GETECCU Persistence, effectiveness and safety of ustekinumab and vedolizumab therapy for complex perianal fistula in Crohn\u2019s disease: the HEAL study from GETECCU. Dig Liver Dis. 2024;56:1845\u201353.","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis."},{"key":"1880_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3922","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-024-02963-1","volume":"41","author":"M Zhdanava","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhdanava M, Kachroo S, Boonmak P, et al. Real-world long-term persistence and surgical procedure-free period among bio-na\u00efve patients with Crohn\u2019s disease and fistula initiated on ustekinumab. Adv Ther. 2024;41:3922\u201333.","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"1880_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.4466","volume":"91","author":"GN Buchanan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Buchanan GN, Owen HA, Torkington J, Lunniss PJ, Nicholls RJ, Cohen CRG. Long-term outcome following loose-seton technique for external sphincter preservation in complex anal fistula. Br J Surg. 2004;91:476\u201380.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"1880_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen KP, Sainio AP. Cutting seton for anal fistulas: high risk of minor control defects. Dis Colon Rectum. 1997;40:1443\u20136; discussion 1447.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02070710"},{"key":"1880_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-006-0656-5","volume":"49","author":"SA Hyder","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hyder SA, Travis SPL, Jewell DP, McC Mortensen NJ, George BD. Fistulating anal Crohn\u2019s disease: results of combined surgical and infliximab treatment. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006;49:1837\u201341.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"1880_CR114","first-page":"3","volume":"57","author":"S Tanaka","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tanaka S, Matsuo K, Sasaki T, et al. Clinical advantages of combined seton placement and infliximab maintenance therapy for perianal fistulizing Crohn\u2019s disease: when and how were the seton drains removed? Hepatogastroenterology. 2010;57:3\u20137.","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"1880_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002326","volume":"118","author":"AM Parian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Parian AM, Obi M, Fleshner P, Schwartz DA. Management of perianal Crohn\u2019s disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2023;118:1323\u201331.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1880_CR116","first-page":"e11882","volume":"12","author":"SH Feroz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Feroz SH, Ahmed A, Muralidharan A, Thirunavukarasu P. Comparison of the efficacy of the various treatment modalities in the management of perianal Crohn\u2019s fistula: a review. Cureus. 2020;12:e11882.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"1880_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1007\/DCR.0b013e3181ce8b01","volume":"53","author":"A Soltani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Soltani A, Kaiser AM. Endorectal advancement flap for cryptoglandular or Crohn\u2019s fistula-in-ano. Dis Colon Rectum. 2010;53:486\u201395.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"1880_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.02.013","volume":"138","author":"JC Grimaud","year":"2010","unstructured":"Grimaud JC, Munoz-Bongrand N, Siproudhis L, et al. Fibrin glue is effective healing perianal fistulas in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease. Gastroenterology. 2010;138:2275\u201381.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"1880_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-022-02582-4","volume":"26","author":"T Wood","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wood T, Truong A, Mujukian A, Zaghiyan K, Fleshner P. Increasing experience with the LIFT procedure in Crohn\u2019s disease patients with complex anal fistula. Tech Coloproctol. 2022;26:205\u201312.","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"key":"1880_CR120","first-page":"1067","volume":"12","author":"SO Adegbola","year":"2018","unstructured":"Adegbola SO, Sahnan K, Tozer PJ, et al. Symptom amelioration in Crohn\u2019s perianal fistulas using video-assisted anal fistula treatment (VAAFT). J Crohns Colitis. 2018;12:1067\u201372.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1880_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1683916","volume":"32","author":"JP Burke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Burke JP. Role of fecal diversion in complex Crohn\u2019s disease. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2019;32:273\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Colon Rectal Surg"},{"key":"1880_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13356","volume":"42","author":"S Singh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Singh S, Ding NS, Mathis KL, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: faecal diversion for management of perianal Crohn\u2019s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;42:783\u201392.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"1880_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1740028","volume":"35","author":"T Yamamoto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yamamoto T, Shimoyama T. Fecal diversion in complex perianal fistulizing Crohn\u2019s disease. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2022;35:5\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Colon Rectal Surg"},{"key":"1880_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izab098","volume":"28","author":"J McCurdy","year":"2022","unstructured":"McCurdy J, Siw KCK, Kandel R, Larrigan S, Rosenfeld G, Boet S. The effectiveness and safety of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in various phenotypes of inflammatory bowel disease: systematic review with meta-analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2022;28:611\u201321.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"1880_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001905","volume":"58","author":"A Dokmak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dokmak A, Sweigart B, Orekondy NS, et al. Efficacy and safety of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in fistulizing Crohn\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2024;58:120\u201330.","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1880_CR126","first-page":"995","volume":"52","author":"Q Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang Q, Gao X, Chen H, et al. Efficacy of exclusive enteral nutrition in complicated Crohn\u2019s disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2017;52:995\u20131001.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1880_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-2980.2010.00434.x","volume":"11","author":"S Wong","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wong S, Lemberg DA, Day AS. Exclusive enteral nutrition in the management of perianal Crohn\u2019s disease in children. J Dig Dis. 2010;11:185\u20138.","journal-title":"J Dig Dis"},{"key":"1880_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31203-X","volume":"388","author":"J Pan\u00e9s","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pan\u00e9s J, Garc\u00eda-Olmo D, Van Assche G, et al. Expanded allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (Cx601) for complex perianal fistulas in Crohn\u2019s disease: a phase 3 randomised, double-blind controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;388:1281\u201390.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1880_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-024-03746-9","volume":"15","author":"S Swaroop","year":"2024","unstructured":"Swaroop S, Vuyyuru SK, Kante B, et al. A phase I\/II clinical trial of ex-vivo expanded human bone marrow derived allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells in adult patients with perianal fistulizing Crohn\u2019s disease. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2024;15:140.","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"1880_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.022","volume":"160","author":"JD Feuerstein","year":"2021","unstructured":"Feuerstein JD, Ho EY, Shmidt E, et al. AGA clinical practice guidelines on the medical management of moderate to severe luminal and perianal fistulizing Crohn\u2019s disease. Gastroenterology. 2021;160:2496\u2013508.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1880_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s1","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318484","volume":"68","author":"CA Lamb","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lamb CA, Kennedy NA, Raine T, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology consensus guidelines on the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults. Gut. 2019;68 Suppl 3:s1\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318484.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1880_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjz187","volume":"14","author":"M Adamina","year":"2020","unstructured":"Adamina M, Bonovas S, Raine T, et al. ECCO guidelines on therapeutics in Crohn\u2019s disease: surgical treatment. J Crohns Colitis. 2020;14:155\u201368.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12664-025-01880-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12664-025-01880-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12664-025-01880-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T09:12:08Z","timestamp":1778490728000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12664-025-01880-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"references-count":132,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1880"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12664-025-01880-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0254-8860","0975-0711"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0254-8860","type":"print"},{"value":"0975-0711","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"PK, AS, NB, VM, RB, NBh, AC, DD, UD, PG, UCG, CK, SK, GM, SN, PP, MP, AP, GVR, VS, SSV, RK, AS, AK and\u00a0VA declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This manuscript is a consensus guideline developed through expert opinion and does not involve original research on human participants.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable. No experiments involving patients or controls were conducted for this manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human ethics"}},{"value":"Not applicable. No individual patient data are included in this manuscript.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors are solely responsible for the data and the contents of the paper. In no way, the Honorary Editor-in-Chief, Editorial Board Members,\u00a0the Indian Society of Gastroenterology or the printer\/publishers are responsible for the results\/findings and content of this article.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclaimer"}}]}}