{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T22:44:20Z","timestamp":1778193860767,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Indian J Gastroenterol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-026-01985-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T20:33:07Z","timestamp":1773347587000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Is Clostridioides difficile superinfection a major causative factor for acute flares associated with moderate to severe ulcerative colitis in northern India?"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Hitesh","family":"Panchal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sukrit","family":"Sud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Puri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonam","family":"Singla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3663-2494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amarender S.","family":"Puri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"1985_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen Y, Furuya-Kanamori L, Doi SA, Ananthakrishnan AN, Kirk M. Clostridium difficile\u00a0infection and risk of colectomy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a bias-adjusted meta-analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2017;23:200\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000998.","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000998"},{"key":"1985_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Amakye D, Ssentongo P, Patel S, et al. Global patterns of Clostridioides difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence, epidemiology, and risk factors. Crohn\u2019s & Colitis 360. 2025;7:otaf024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/crocol\/otaf024.","DOI":"10.1093\/crocol\/otaf024"},{"issue":"2","key":"1985_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15406\/ghoa.2014.01.00008","volume":"1","author":"ANR Fernandopulle","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fernandopulle ANR, Mayadunne PB, Navarathne NMM. The prevalence of Clostridium difficile infection in a cohort of Sri Lankan patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterol Hepatol Open Access. 2014;1:00008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15406\/ghoa.2014.01.00008.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol Open Access"},{"key":"1985_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4947.1041","volume":"2","author":"SC Truelove","year":"1955","unstructured":"Truelove SC, Witts LJ. Cortisone in ulcerative colitis: final report on a therapeutic trial. Br Med J. 1955;2:1041\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.2.4947.1041.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"6","key":"1985_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.38.6.905","volume":"38","author":"SP Travis","year":"1996","unstructured":"Travis SP, Farrant JM, Ricketts C, et al. Predicting outcome in severe ulcerative colitis. Gut. 1996;38:905\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.38.6.905.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"6","key":"1985_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.082909","volume":"55","author":"J Satsangi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Satsangi J, Silverberg MS, Vermeire S, Colombel JF. The Montreal classification of inflammatory bowel disease: controversies, consensus, and implications. Gut. 2006;55:749\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.2005.082909.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"26","key":"1985_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198712243172603","volume":"317","author":"KW Schroeder","year":"1987","unstructured":"Schroeder KW, Tremaine WJ, Ilstrup DM. Coated oral 5-aminosalicylic acid therapy for mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis: A randomized study. N Engl J Med. 1987;317(26):1625\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM198712243172603.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"1985_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix1085","volume":"66","author":"LC McDonald","year":"2018","unstructured":"McDonald LC, Gerding DN, Johnson S,\u00a0et al. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults and children: 2017 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA). Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66:e1-e48.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/cix1085.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1985_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2010.09.007","volume":"5","author":"R Kariv","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kariv R, Navaneethan U, Venkatesh PG, Lopez R, Shen B. Impact of Clostridium difficile infection in patients with ulcerative colitis. J Crohns Colitis. 2011;5:34\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crohns.2010.09.007.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1985_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kochhar R, Ayyagari A, Goenka MK, Dhali GK, Aggarwal R, Mehta SK. Role of infectious agents in exacerbations of ulcerative colitis in India: A study of Clostridium difficile. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1993;16:26\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004836-199301000-00008.","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-199301000-00008"},{"issue":"1","key":"1985_CR11","first-page":"13","volume":"24","author":"C Vaishnavi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Vaishnavi C, Kochhar R, Bhasin D, Thennarasu K, Singh K. Simultaneous assays for Clostridium difficile and fecal lactoferrin in ulcerative colitis. Trop Gastroenterol. 2003;24:13\u20136.","journal-title":"Trop Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1985_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-022-01336-2","volume":"42","author":"S Mundhra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mundhra S, Thomas D, Jain S, et al. Low prevalence of Clostridioides difficile infection in acute severe ulcerative colitis: A retrospective cohort study from northern India. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2023;42:411\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12664-022-01336-2.","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1985_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-012-0302-1","volume":"32","author":"VH Iyer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Iyer VH, Augustine J, Pulimood AB, Ajjampur SS, Ramakrishna BS. Correlation between coinfection with parasites, cytomegalovirus, and Clostridium difficile and disease severity in patients with ulcerative colitis. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2013;32:115\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12664-012-0302-1.","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1985_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.25259\/JLP-2023-3-5-(1657)","volume":"16","author":"U Ghoshal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ghoshal U, Singh R, Tejan N, Sahu C, Pandey A, Ghoshal UC. A study to assess the prevalence and risk factors for Clostridioides difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in a tertiary care hospital in northern India. J Lab Physicians. 2024;16:267\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/JLP-2023-3-5-(1657).","journal-title":"J Lab Physicians"},{"key":"1985_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Singh A, Luthra M, Bhardwaj A, et al. Clinical spectrum of acute severe ulcerative colitis in the biologic era: a prospective cohort study from India. Intest Res. 2025.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5217\/ir.2024.00189.","DOI":"10.5217\/ir.2024.00189"},{"issue":"6","key":"1985_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001278","volume":"116","author":"CR Kelly","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kelly CR, Fischer M, Allegretti JR, et al. ACG clinical guidelines: prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of Clostridioides difficile infections. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021;116:1124\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001278.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1985_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/914303","volume":"28","author":"ME Negr\u00f3n","year":"2014","unstructured":"Negr\u00f3n ME, Barkema HW, Rioux K, et al. Clostridium difficile infection worsens the prognosis of ulcerative colitis. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;28:373\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/914303.","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12664-026-01985-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12664-026-01985-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12664-026-01985-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T20:33:08Z","timestamp":1773347588000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12664-026-01985-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"references-count":17,"alternative-id":["1985"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12664-026-01985-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0254-8860","0975-0711"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0254-8860","type":"print"},{"value":"0975-0711","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"HP, SS, RP, SoS and ASP\u00a0declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval obtained from Medanta \u2013 The Medicity Ethics Committee. IRB No.: 1693\/2024. Date of approval: 22\/05\/2024.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"IRB approval"}},{"value":"The study was performed conforming to the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000 and 2008 concerning human and animal rights, and the authors followed the policy concerning informed consent as shown on Springer.com.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics statement"}},{"value":"The authors are solely responsible for the data and the contents of the paper. In no way, the Honorary Editor-in-Chief, Editorial Board Members, the Indian Society of Gastroenterology\u00a0or the printer\/publishers are responsible for the results\/findings and content of this article.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclaimer"}}]}}