{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:22:32Z","timestamp":1780446152318,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,28]],"date-time":"2020-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582848000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,28]],"date-time":"2020-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Earth Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Floods are considered one of the most severe natural disasters worldwide. They impact vast areas, particularly in arid\/semi-arid regions, causing serious damages with thousands of human casualties and billions of Euros in economic losses. This study contributes to a comprehensive evaluation of flash flooding occurrences, impacts, and possible mitigation. In this study, The Dahab region in southern Egypt\u2019s\u00a0Sinai Peninsula was selected for flash flooding vulnerability assessment. Although located in an arid region, it suffers from frequent and severe flash floods. Here, a straightforward workflow was applied to simulate the impact of flash flooding and assess the vulnerability of the Dahab area via consideration of a maximum storm event as a worst- case\u00a0scenario. Originally, morphometric analysis was performed to determine the most hazardous sub-basins susceptible to flash flooding. The highest recorded storm event in the region was selected to calculate the maximum volume of surface runoff for the model simulation. Then, the hydrologic model and River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) software were used to calculate the inundation level across the entire city of Dahab. Despite some data limitations, this study shows clearly that the Dahab area would have problems incurring from flash flooding if no mitigation measures were to be considered. Results indicate\u00a0that the area of Dahab is greatly vulnerable to flash flooding with approximately 72% of the total infrastructure being negatively impacted in the worst-case scenario. The adopted approach used in this study can be applied efficiently in similar regions in the Sinai Peninsula or elsewhere.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-020-8860-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,28]],"date-time":"2020-02-28T06:02:48Z","timestamp":1582869768000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Vulnerability assessment of flash floods in Wadi Dahab Basin, Egypt"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Prama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adel","family":"Omran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dietrich","family":"Schr\u00f6der","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdou","family":"Abouelmagd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"8860_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.3390\/w9070553","volume":"9","author":"M Abdel-Fattah","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abdel-Fattah M, Saber M, Kantoush S, Khalil F, SumiT SA (2017) A hydrological and geomorphometric approach to understanding the generation of wadi flash floods. Water 9:553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w9070553","journal-title":"Water"},{"issue":"09","key":"8860_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.4236\/ijg.2014.59083","volume":"05","author":"F. Abdalla","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abdalla F, El-Shamy I, Bamousa A, Mansour A, Mohamed A, Tahoon M (2014) Flash floods and groundwater recharge potentials in arid land alluvial basins, southern red sea coast, Egypt. Int J Geosci 5:971\u2013982. https:\/\/www.scirp.org\/journal\/ijg (10.4236\/ijg.2014.59083)","journal-title":"International Journal of Geosciences"},{"key":"8860_CR3","first-page":"54","volume":"133","author":"S Abuzied","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abuzied S, Yuan M, Ibrahum S, Kaiser M, Saleem T (2016) Geospatial risk assessment of flash floods in Nuweiba area. Egypt JArid Environ 133:54\u201372","journal-title":"Egypt JArid Environ"},{"key":"8860_CR4","unstructured":"Abdel-Fattah M, Kantoush S, Sumi T (2015) Integrated management of flash flood in wadi system of Egypt: disaster prevention and water harvesting. First international symposium on flash floods in wadi System\u2014disaster risk reduction and water harvesting of flash floods in the Arab Regions 14\u201315 October. https:\/\/www.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp\/nenpo\/no58\/ronbunB\/a58b0p54.pdf. Accessed 10 Jan 2017"},{"key":"8860_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/379763","author":"M Adham","year":"2014","unstructured":"Adham M, Shirazi S, Othman F, Rahman S, Yusop Z, Ismail Z (2014) Runoff potentiality of a watershed through SCS and functional data analysis technique. Sci World J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/379763","journal-title":"Sci World J"},{"key":"8860_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adib A, Salarijazi M, Najafpour K (2010) Evaluation of synthetic outlet runoff assessment models. J Appl Sci Environ Manag 14.","DOI":"10.4314\/jasem.v14i3.61450"},{"key":"8860_CR7","first-page":"14","volume":"2013","author":"F Altaf","year":"2013","unstructured":"Altaf F, Meraj G, Romshoo SA (2013) Morphometric analysis to infer hydrological behaviour of Lidder Watershed, Western Himalaya India. Geogr J 2013:14","journal-title":"Geogr J"},{"issue":"1","key":"8860_CR8","first-page":"148","volume":"5","author":"KA Al-Qudah","year":"2011","unstructured":"Al-Qudah KA (2011) Floods as water resource and as a hazard in arid regions: a case study in southern Jordan. Jordan J Civil Eng 5(1):148\u2013161","journal-title":"Jordan J Civil Eng"},{"key":"8860_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wace.2015.10.008","volume":"10","author":"EK Antwi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Antwi EK, Danquah JB, Owusu AB, Loh SK, Mensah R, Boafo YA et al (2015) Community vulnerability assessment index for flood prone savannah agro-ecological zone: a case study of Wa West District, Ghana. Water Clim Extrem 10:56\u201369","journal-title":"Water Clim Extrem"},{"issue":"8","key":"8860_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2013.868042","volume":"29","author":"S Bhatt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bhatt S, Ahmed SA (2014) Morphometric analysis to determine floods in the Upper Krishna Basin using Cartosat DEM. J Geocarto Int 29(8):878\u2013894. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10106049.2013.868042","journal-title":"J Geocarto Int"},{"key":"8860_CR11","unstructured":"Briney A (2017) Stream order\u2014a classification of the rank of stream and rivers. https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/what-is-stream-order-1435354. Accessed 16 Jan 2017"},{"key":"8860_CR12","first-page":"605","volume-title":"Geomorphology","author":"RJ Chorley","year":"1984","unstructured":"Chorley RJ, Schumm SA, Sugden DE (1984) Geomorphology. Methuen, London, p 605"},{"issue":"2","key":"8860_CR13","first-page":"253","volume":"5","author":"K Choudhari","year":"2014","unstructured":"Choudhari K, Panigrahi B, Paul JC (2014) Simulation of rainfall-runoff process using HEC-HMS model for Balijore Nala watershed, Odisha India. Int J Geomat Geosci 5(2):253\u2013265","journal-title":"Int J Geomat Geosci"},{"key":"8860_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-12-443-2012","volume":"12","author":"J Cools","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cools J, Vanderkimpen P, Afandi GE, Abdelkhalek A, Fockedey S, Sammany ME et al (2012) An early warning system for flash floods in hyper-arid Egypt. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 12:443\u2013457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/nhess-12-443-2012","journal-title":"Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci"},{"key":"8860_CR15","unstructured":"Crane E (2015) The rising danger of flooding in Egypt. https:\/\/climate.earthjournalism.net\/2015\/12\/07\/extreme-rainstorms-sweep-through-egypt\/. Accessed 10 Jan 2017"},{"key":"8860_CR16","unstructured":"Davies R (2014) World disaster report\u2014most deaths caused by flood. https:\/\/floodlist.com\/dealing-with-floods\/world-disasters-report-100-million-affected-2013. Accessed 6 Oct 2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"8860_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrs.2010.07.010","volume":"13","author":"IA El-Magd","year":"2010","unstructured":"El-Magd IA, Hermas E, Bestawesy M (2010) GIS-modeling of the spatial variability of flash flood hazard in Abu Dabbab catchment, Red Sea Region Egypt. Egypt J Remote Sens Space Sci 13(1):81\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejrs.2010.07.010","journal-title":"Egypt J Remote Sens Space Sci"},{"key":"8860_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/gep.2016.46002","author":"Y Farhan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Farhan Y, Anaba O, Salim A (2016) Morphometric Analysis and flash floods assessment for drainage basins of the Ras En Naqb Area South Jordan Using GIS. J Geosci Environ Protect. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/gep.2016.46002","journal-title":"J Geosci Environ Protect"},{"issue":"2","key":"8860_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-9-337-2009","volume":"9","author":"S Fuchs","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fuchs S (2009) Susceptibility versus resilience to mountain hazards in Austria\u2014paradigms of vulnerability revisited. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 9(2):337\u2013352","journal-title":"Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci"},{"key":"8860_CR20","unstructured":"Geriesh H (1998) Artificial recharge as an effective tool for augmenting the natural groundwater resources in Saint Katherine area, South Sinai, Egypt. In: Proceedings of the 5th conference Geol. Sinai development, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, p. 47\u201364."},{"key":"8860_CR21","unstructured":"Google Maps (2017)\u00a0Google Maps. [online] Available at: https:\/\/www.google.com.au\/maps\/@-23.3394728,150.5201386,12z?hl=en."},{"key":"8860_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2016.05.002","author":"W Gumindoga","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gumindoga W, Rwasoka D, Nhapi I, Dube T (2016) Ungauged runoff simulation in Upper Manyame Catchment, Zimbabwe: application of the HEC-HMS model. Phys Chem Earth Parts A\/B\/C. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pce.2016.05.002","journal-title":"Phys Chem Earth Parts A\/B\/C"},{"key":"8860_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guisti E, Schneider W (1965) The distribution of branches in river network. Geological Survey Professional Paper 422-G, United Sates Department of The Interior. https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/pp\/0422g\/report.pdf. Accessed 20 Oct 2016","DOI":"10.3133\/pp422G"},{"key":"8860_CR24","unstructured":"Hagras MA, Elmoustafa AM, Kotb A (2013) Flood plain mitigation in arid regions case study: south of Al. Kharj City, Saudi Arabia. Int J Res Rev Appl Sci 16(1), 147\u2013156."},{"issue":"3","key":"8860_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7587.100015","volume":"4","author":"RA Hajam","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hajam RA, Hamid A, Bhat S (2013) Application of morphometric analysis for geo-hydrological studies using geo-spatial technology\u2014a case study of Vishav Drainage Basin. Hydrol Curr Res 4(3):1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2157-7587.100015","journal-title":"Hydrol Curr Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"8860_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1248.2012.00092","volume":"3","author":"WS Hong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hong WS, Tao P, Feng HS (2012) Climate change risk research: a case study on flood disaster risk in China. Adv Clim Change Res 3(2):92\u201398","journal-title":"Adv Clim Change Res"},{"key":"8860_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(1945)56[275:EDOSAT]2.0.CO;2","volume":"56","author":"R Horton","year":"1945","unstructured":"Horton R (1945) Erosional development of streams and their drainage basins: hydrophysical approach to quantitative morphology. Geol Soc Am Bull 56:275\u2013370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1130\/0016-7606(1945)56[275:EDOSAT]2.0.CO;2","journal-title":"Geol Soc Am Bull"},{"issue":"3","key":"8860_CR28","first-page":"16","volume":"2","author":"I Jadhav","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jadhav I, Babar MD (2014) Linear and aerial aspect of basin morphometry of kundka sub-basin of Sindphana Basin (Beed), Maharashtra, India. Int J Geol Agric Environ Sci 2(3):16\u201320","journal-title":"Int J Geol Agric Environ Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"8860_CR29","first-page":"1593","volume":"54","author":"SK Jenson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Jenson SK, Domingue JO (1988) Extracting Topographic Structure from digital elevation data for geographic information system analysis. Photogramm Eng Remote Sens 54(11):1593\u20131600","journal-title":"Photogramm Eng Remote Sens"},{"key":"8860_CR30","unstructured":"Jhariya G, Ramjan R, Jaiswal RK (2014) Morphological analysis of bina river basin using GIS and remote sensing. In: 4th international conference on hydrology and watershed management: ecosystem resilience-rural and urban water requirements, India. pp 206\u2013214"},{"key":"8860_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5155","DOI":"10.3390\/w7095155","volume":"7","author":"H Jin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jin H, Liang R, Wang Y, Tumula P (2015) Flood\u2014runoff in semi-arid and sub-humid regions, a case study: a simulation of Jianghe Watershed in Northern China. Water 7:5155\u20135172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w7095155 (Accessed 10 January 2017)","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"8860_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2016.02.052","volume":"541","author":"Konstantinos Karagiorgos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Karagiorgos K, Thaler T, Heiser M, H\u00fcbl J, Fuchs S (2016) Integrated flash flood vulnerability assessment: insights from East Attica, Greece. J Hydrol 541(A): 553\u2013562. doi: 10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2016.02.052.","journal-title":"Journal of Hydrology"},{"issue":"7","key":"8860_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8072907","volume":"8","author":"ES Kim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim ES, Choi H (2011) Assessment of vulnerability to extreme flash floods in design storms. Int J Environ Res Public Health 8(7):2907\u20132922","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"8860_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7060206","volume":"7","author":"S Koneti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Koneti S, Sunkara S, Roy P (2018) Hydrological modeling with respect to impact of land-use and land-cover change on the runoff dynamics in Godavari River Basin using the HEC-HMS Model. ISPRS Int J Geo Inf 7(6):206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi7060206","journal-title":"ISPRS Int J Geo Inf"},{"issue":"1","key":"8860_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1080\/02508060008686798","volume":"25","author":"ZW Kundzewicz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kundzewicz ZW, Kaczmarek Z (2000) Coping with hydrological extremes. J Water Int 25(1):66\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02508060008686798","journal-title":"J Water Int"},{"key":"8860_CR36","first-page":"65","volume-title":"Flash floods in arid and semi-arid zones","author":"X Lin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lin X (1999) Flash floods in arid and semi-arid zones. UNESCO, Paris, p 65"},{"key":"8860_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2006.05.003","author":"R Ludwig","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ludwig R, Schneider P (2006) Validation of digital elevation models from SRTM X-SAR for applications in hydrologic modelling. ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2006.05.003","journal-title":"ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens."},{"key":"8860_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3817","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-18-3817-2014","volume":"18","author":"B Mazzorana","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mazzorana B, Simoni S, Scherer C, Gems B, Fuchs S, Keiler M (2014) A Physical approach on flood risk vulnerability of buildings. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 18:3817\u20133836. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/hess-18-3817-2014 (Accessed 15 Jan 2017)","journal-title":"Hydrol Earth Syst Sci"},{"key":"8860_CR39","volume-title":"National engineering handbook, section 4, chapter 7: hydrologic soil groups","author":"V Mockus","year":"1972","unstructured":"Mockus V (1972) National engineering handbook, section 4, chapter 7: hydrologic soil groups. US Department of Agriculture, Washington"},{"issue":"02","key":"8860_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.4038\/engineer.v43i2.6979","volume":"XXXXIII","author":"H Nandalal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nandalal H, Ratnayake R (2010) Event based modeling of a watershed using HEC-HMS. Engineer XXXXIII(02):28\u201337","journal-title":"Engineer"},{"issue":"3","key":"8860_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s40899-016-0051-x","volume":"2","author":"H Nasiri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nasiri H, Yusof MJM, Ali TAM (2016) An Overview to flood vulnerability assessment methods. Sustain Water Resour Manag 2(3):331\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40899-016-0051-x (Accessed 20 Dec)","journal-title":"Sustain Water Resour Manag"},{"key":"8860_CR42","unstructured":"National Flood Programs and Policies Review (2007) Arid regions hazards, resources and issues. National flood programs and policies in review, pp 62\u201363. https:\/\/www.floods.org\/PDF\/ASFPM_NFPPR_2007.pdf. Accessed 28 Dec 2016"},{"issue":"9","key":"8860_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3449","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-18-3449-2014","volume":"18","author":"AR Neto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Neto AR, Scott AA, Lima EA, Montenegro SMGL, Cirilo JA (2014) Infrastructure sufficiency in meeting water demand under climate-induced socio-hydrological transition in the urbanizing capibaribe River Basin\u2014Brazil. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 18(9):3449\u20133459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/hess-18-3449-2014","journal-title":"Hydrol Earth Syst Sci"},{"key":"8860_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noori N, Kalin L, Srivastava P, Lebleu C (2011) Effects of initial abstraction ratio in SCS-CN method on modeling the impacts of urbanization on peak flows. In: World environmental and water resources congress 2012: cross boundaries, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States, pp: 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/9780784412312","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784412312"},{"key":"8860_CR45","unstructured":"OCHA (2016) Egypt: floods \u2013 Oct 2016. Relief Web. https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/disaster\/fl-2016-000114-egy\/thumb#content_top. Accessed 22 Dec 2016"},{"key":"8860_CR46","unstructured":"Omran A (2013) Application for GIS and Remote sensing for water resource management in Arid Area-Wadi Dahab Basin-South Eastern Sinai-Egypt (Case Study). Dissertation, University of T\u00fcbingen, Germany."},{"key":"8860_CR47","unstructured":"Omran A, Schr\u00f6der D, El Rayes A, Geriesh M (2011) Flood hazard assessment in Wadi Dahab Based on Basin Morphometry using GIS Techniques. GI_Forum Symposium and Exhibit applied Geoinformatics, Salzburg, Austria, Wichman, pp 1\u201311"},{"key":"8860_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omran A, Schr\u00f6der D, Abouelmagd A, M\u00e4rker M (2016) New ArcGIS tools developed for stream network extraction and basin delineations using Python and Java Script. Computer & Geoscience, Elsevier 94, p. 140\u2013149. https:\/\/www.deepdyve.com\/lp\/elsevier\/new-arcgis-tools-developed-for-stream-network-extraction-and-basin-dIC9VmzVoz","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2016.06.012"},{"key":"8860_CR49","unstructured":"Pierson SM, Rosenbaum BJ, Mckay LD, Dewald TG (2008) Strahler Stream Order and Strahler Calculation Values in NHD Plus. United States Geological Survey. ftp:\/\/ftp.horizon-systems.com\/NHDPlus\/NHDPlusV1\/NHDPlusExtensions\/SOSC\/SOSC_technical_paper.pdf Accessed 20 Dec 2016."},{"issue":"6","key":"8860_CR50","first-page":"357","volume":"1","author":"B Pal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pal B, Samanta S, Pal DK (2012) Morphometric and hydrological analysis and mapping for watut watershed using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Int J Adv Eng Technol 1(6):357\u2013368","journal-title":"Int J Adv Eng Technol"},{"key":"8860_CR51","unstructured":"Palaka R, Sankar GJ (2014) Study of watershed characteristics using Google Elevation Service Geospatial Forum Hyderabad. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/260595644_Study_of_Watershed_Characteristics_using_Google_Elevation_Service. Accessed 20 Jan 2017"},{"issue":"12","key":"8860_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.4236\/jwarp.2012.412120","volume":"4","author":"R Parveen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Parveen R, Kumar U, Singh VK (2012) Geomorphometric characterization of upper south koel basin, Jharkhand: a remote sensing and GIS approach. J Water Resour Protect 4(12):1042\u20131050. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/jwarp.2012.412120","journal-title":"J Water Resour Protect"},{"key":"8860_CR53","unstructured":"Patel (2016) SCS Runoff Curve Number Method. https:\/\/www.professorpatel.com\/curve-number-introduction.html. Accessed 12 Nov"},{"key":"8860_CR54","unstructured":"Ponce VM, Magallon L (2015) Initial abstraction revisited. https:\/\/ponce.sdsu.edu\/initial_abstraction_revisited.html Accessed 2 Oct 2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"8860_CR55","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"B Pradhan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pradhan B (2010) Flood susceptible mapping and risk area delineation using logistic regression, GIS and remote sensing. J Spatial Hydrol 9(2):1\u201318","journal-title":"J Spatial Hydrol"},{"key":"8860_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqpro.2015.02.172","volume":"4","author":"SA Rahman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rahman SA, Ajeez SA, Aruchamy S, Jegankumar R (2015) Prioritization of sub-watershed based on morphometric characteristics using fuzzy analytical hierarchy process and geographical information system\u2014a study of kallar watershed Tamil Nadu. Int Conf Water Resour Coast Ocean Eng 4:1322\u20131330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aqpro.2015.02.172","journal-title":"Int Conf Water Resour Coast Ocean Eng"},{"key":"8860_CR57","unstructured":"Scharffenberg B (2004) Official HEC-HMS introduction. US Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center"},{"key":"8860_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2014.08.062","author":"A Sharma","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sharma A, Tiwari KN (2014) A comparative appraisal of hydrological behavior of SRTM DEM at catchment level. J Hydrol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2014.08.062","journal-title":"J Hydrol"},{"key":"8860_CR59","unstructured":"Sidral A, Zende A (2016) Quantitative Evaluation of Morphometric Parameters of Sakli River Using Geospatial Techniques. In: National Conference on water resource and flood management with special reference of flood modeling, 14\u201315 October"},{"issue":"2","key":"8860_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrs.2014.09.003","volume":"17","author":"P Sing","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sing P, Gupta A, Singh M (2014) Hydrological inferences from watershed analysis for water resource management using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Egypt J Remote Sens Space Sci 17(2):111\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejrs.2014.09.003","journal-title":"Egypt J Remote Sens Space Sci"},{"key":"8860_CR61","unstructured":"SSRDP-South Sinai Regional Development Programme (2006) Architectural and engineering services for the flood protection of the City of Dahab in South Sinai. The Arab Republic of Egypt"},{"key":"8860_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1029\/TR038i006p00913","volume":"38","author":"AN Strahler","year":"1957","unstructured":"Strahler AN (1957) Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology. Trans Am Geophys Union 38:913\u2013920","journal-title":"Trans Am Geophys Union"},{"key":"8860_CR63","first-page":"411","volume-title":"Handbook of applied hydrology","author":"AN Strahler","year":"1964","unstructured":"Strahler AN (1964) Quantitative geomorphology of drainage basins and channel networks. In: Chow VT (ed) Handbook of applied hydrology. McGrawHill, Newyork, p 411"},{"issue":"4","key":"8860_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2013.845114","volume":"6","author":"ER Sujatha","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sujatha ER, Selvakumar R, Rajasimman UAB, Victor RG (2013) Morphometric analysis of sub-watershed in parts of Western Ghats, South India using ASTER DEM. Geomat Nat Hazard Risk 6(4):326\u2013341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19475705.2013.845114","journal-title":"Geomat Nat Hazard Risk"},{"key":"8860_CR65","unstructured":"Talukdar R (2011) Geomorphological study of the JiaBharali River catchment N E India. Dissertation, Gauhati University, Guwahati."},{"key":"8860_CR66","unstructured":"UNISDR (2009) Terminologies on disaster risk reduction United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction Geneva, Switzerland"},{"key":"8860_CR67","unstructured":"USDA-United States Department of Agriculture (1993) National Engineering Handbook. Section 4: Part 630, Hydrologic Engineering. Soil Conservation Services, United States government"},{"key":"8860_CR68","unstructured":"USDA-United States Department of Agriculture (1986) Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds. United States, Technical Release 55, Conservation Engineering Division. https:\/\/www.nrcs.usda.gov\/Internet\/FSE_DOCUMENTS\/stelprdb1044171.pdf. Accessed 10 Feb"},{"key":"8860_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.2495\/FRIAR100171","volume":"133","author":"P Vanderkimpen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vanderkimpen P, Rocabado I, Cools J, El-Sammany M, Abdelkhalek A (2010) FlaFloM \u2013 an early warning system for flash floods in Egypt. WIT Trans Ecol Environ 133:193\u2013202","journal-title":"WIT Trans Ecol Environ"},{"key":"8860_CR70","unstructured":"Wagener T, Gupta H, Yatheendradas S, Goodrich D, Unkrich C, Schaffner M (2007) Understanding sources of uncertainty in flash-flood forecasting for semi-arid region. Quantification and Reduction of predictive uncertainty for sustainable resources management- 24th General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), Italy, pp 204\u2013212. https:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.504.3644&rep=rep1&type=pdf Accessed 2 Jan 2017"},{"key":"8860_CR71","first-page":"179","volume":"2","author":"ML Waikar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Waikar ML, Nilawar AP (2014) Morphometric analysis of a drainage basin using geographical information system: a case study. Int J Multidiscip Curr Res 2:179\u2013184","journal-title":"Int J Multidiscip Curr Res"},{"key":"8860_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-2016-518","author":"M Wicht","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wicht M, Skotak KO (2016) Identifying urban areas prone to flash flood using GIS-preliminary results. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/hess-2016-518 (Accessed 10 Jan 2017)","journal-title":"Hydrol Earth Syst Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"8860_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4236\/ijg.2010.11002","volume":"1","author":"J Windarto","year":"2010","unstructured":"Windarto J (2010) Flood early warning system develop at garang river semarang using information technology base on SMS and web. Int J Geomat Geosci 1(1):14\u201328","journal-title":"Int J Geomat Geosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"8860_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2015.1012750","volume":"7","author":"AM Youssef","year":"2016","unstructured":"Youssef AM, Sefry SA, Pradhan B, Alfadail EA (2016) Analysis on causes of flash flood in Jeddah city (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia) of 2009 and 2011 using multi-sensor remote sensing data and GIS. Geomat Nat Hazards Risk 7(3):1018\u20131042. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19475705.2015.1012750","journal-title":"Geomat Nat Hazards Risk"},{"issue":"4","key":"8860_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.3390\/s8042223","volume":"8","author":"Hao Zhang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhang H, Ma W, Wang XR (2008) Rapid urbanization and implementations for flood risk management in hinterland of the Pearl River Delta, China: the Foshan Study. Sensors 8(4): 2223\u20132239. https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/8\/4\/2223. (Accessed 10 Dec 2016)","journal-title":"Sensors"}],"container-title":["Environmental Earth Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12665-020-8860-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12665-020-8860-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12665-020-8860-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]],"date-time":"2021-02-27T00:11:16Z","timestamp":1614384676000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12665-020-8860-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,28]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["8860"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12665-020-8860-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1866-6280","1866-6299"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1866-6280","type":"print"},{"value":"1866-6299","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 March 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 February 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 February 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"114"}}