{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T19:33:53Z","timestamp":1757619233254,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]],"date-time":"2025-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752883200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]],"date-time":"2025-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Onc"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-025-03206-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]],"date-time":"2025-07-19T12:53:30Z","timestamp":1752929610000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mediating factors between autoimmune thyroiditis and breast cancer: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Pei","family":"Xin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianyang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huazhi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4015-5360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"3206_CR1","first-page":"229","volume":"74","author":"F Bray","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2024;74(3):229\u201363.","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"3","key":"3206_CR2","first-page":"221","volume":"46","author":"RS Zheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zheng RS, Chen R, Han BF, et al. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 2024;46(3):221\u201331.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi"},{"issue":"5","key":"3206_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dju055","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dju055","volume":"106","author":"N Howlader","year":"2014","unstructured":"Howlader N, Altekruse SF, Li CI, et al. US incidence of breast cancer subtypes defined by joint hormone receptor and HER2 status. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2014;106(5):dju055.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"5","key":"3206_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2016.5630","volume":"3","author":"N Priedigkeit","year":"2017","unstructured":"Priedigkeit N, Hartmaier RJ, Chen Y, et al. Intrinsic subtype switching and acquired ERBB2\/HER2 amplifications and mutations in breast Cancer brain metastases. JAMA Oncol. 2017;3(5):666\u201371.","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"9","key":"3206_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4871","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI130323","volume":"130","author":"S Garcia-Recio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garcia-Recio S, Thennavan A, East MP, et al. FGFR4 regulates tumor subtype differentiation in luminal breast cancer and metastatic disease. J Clin Investig. 2020;130(9):4871\u201387.","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"issue":"7618","key":"3206_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19328","volume":"537","author":"NV Jordan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jordan NV, Bardia A, Wittner BS, et al. HER2 expression identifies dynamic functional states within circulating breast cancer cells. Nature. 2016;537(7618):102\u20136.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"3206_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2012.07.100","volume":"127","author":"K Hemminki","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hemminki K, Liu X, Ji J, et al. Effect of autoimmune diseases on risk and survival in female cancers. Gynecol Oncol. 2012;127(1):180\u20135.","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"issue":"10","key":"3206_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.02.001","volume":"11","author":"SM Hayter","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hayter SM, Cook MC. Updated assessment of the prevalence, spectrum and case definition of autoimmune disease. Autoimmun Rev. 2012;11(10):754\u201365.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"3206_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vargas-Uricoechea H. Molecular mechanisms in autoimmune thyroid disease. Cells. 2023;12(6):918.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12060918"},{"issue":"6","key":"3206_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101367","volume":"33","author":"F Ragusa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ragusa F, Fallahi P, Elia G, et al. Hashimotos\u2019 thyroiditis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinic and therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;33(6):101367.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"3206_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-012-2019-3","volume":"133","author":"PJ Hardefeldt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hardefeldt PJ, Eslick GD, Edirimanne S. Benign thyroid disease is associated with breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012;133(3):1169\u201377.","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"3206_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984593","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.984593","volume":"13","author":"M Han","year":"2022","unstructured":"Han M, Wang Y, Jin Y, et al. Benign thyroid disease and the risk of breast cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:984593.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"5","key":"3206_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03347458","volume":"34","author":"I Muller","year":"2011","unstructured":"Muller I, Pinchera A, Fiore E, et al. High prevalence of breast cancer in patients with benign thyroid diseases. J Endocrinol Investig. 2011;34(5):349\u201352.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Investig"},{"issue":"1","key":"3206_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.21037\/gs-20-878","volume":"10","author":"S Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen S, Wu F, Hai R, et al. Thyroid disease is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gland Surg. 2021;10(1):336\u201346.","journal-title":"Gland Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"3206_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-014-2893-y","volume":"144","author":"N Prinzi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Prinzi N, Baldini E, Sorrenti S, et al. Prevalence of breast cancer in thyroid diseases: results of a cross-sectional study of 3,921 patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2014;144(3):683\u20138.","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"issue":"5","key":"3206_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02108","volume":"154","author":"E Giustarini","year":"2006","unstructured":"Giustarini E, Pinchera A, Fierabracci P, et al. Thyroid autoimmunity in patients with malignant and benign breast diseases before surgery. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006;154(5):645\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3206_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1159\/000227093","volume":"49","author":"MB Goldman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Goldman MB, Monson RR, Maloof F. Benign thyroid diseases and the risk of death from breast cancer. Oncology. 1992;49(6):461\u20136.","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"issue":"5772","key":"3206_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5772.462","volume":"3","author":"CR Edwards","year":"1971","unstructured":"Edwards CR, Forsyth IA, Besser GM. Amenorrhoea, galactorrhoea, and primary hypothyroidism with high circulating levels of prolactin. Br Med J. 1971;3(5772):462\u20134.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"8","key":"3206_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1203348","volume":"19","author":"AJ Vomachka","year":"2000","unstructured":"Vomachka AJ, Pratt SL, Lockefeer JA, et al. Prolactin gene-disruption arrests mammary gland development and retards T-antigen-induced tumor growth. Oncogene. 2000;19(8):1077\u201384.","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"4","key":"3206_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1209838","volume":"26","author":"SR Oakes","year":"2007","unstructured":"Oakes SR, Robertson FG, Kench JG, et al. Loss of mammary epithelial prolactin receptor delays tumor formation by reducing cell proliferation in low-grade preinvasive lesions. Oncogene. 2007;26(4):543\u201353.","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"1","key":"3206_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-016-0524-7","volume":"40","author":"XZ Shi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shi XZ, Xue L, Jin X, et al. Different expression of sodium-iodide importer (NIS) between lactating breast and thyroid tissues May be due to structural difference of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR). J Endocrinol Investig. 2017;40(1):41\u20138.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Investig"},{"issue":"3","key":"3206_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1515\/hmbci-2011-0130","volume":"9","author":"V Govindaraj","year":"2012","unstructured":"Govindaraj V, Yaduvanshi NS, Krishnamachar H, et al. Expression of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor, octamer-binding transcription factor 4, and intracisternal A particle-promoted polypeptide in human breast cancer tissues. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig. 2012;9(3):173\u20138.","journal-title":"Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig"},{"key":"3206_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-14-303","volume":"14","author":"S Micali","year":"2014","unstructured":"Micali S, Bulotta S, Puppin C, et al. Sodium iodide symporter (NIS) in extrathyroidal malignancies: focus on breast and urological cancer. BMC Cancer. 2014;14:303.","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"3206_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e54055","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054055","volume":"8","author":"S Chatterjee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chatterjee S, Malhotra R, Varghese F, et al. Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis reveals association between sodium iodide symporter and Estrogen receptor expression in breast cancer. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e54055.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"3206_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102350","volume":"18","author":"G Murdaca","year":"2019","unstructured":"Murdaca G, Tonacci A, Negrini S, et al. Emerging role of vitamin D in autoimmune diseases: an update on evidence and therapeutic implications. Autoimmun Rev. 2019;18(9):102350.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"3206_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2017.0218","volume":"27","author":"M Al-Majdoub","year":"2017","unstructured":"Al-Majdoub M, Lantz M, Sp\u00e9gel P. Treatment of Swedish patients with graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism is associated with changes in acylcarnitine levels. Thyroid. 2017;27(9):1109\u201317.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"1","key":"3206_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.4158\/EP-2019-0162","volume":"26","author":"J Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu J, Fu J, Jia Y, et al. Serum metabolomic patterns in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. Endocr Pract. 2020;26(1):82\u201396.","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"3206_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579140","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.579140","volume":"12","author":"LCF Cayres","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cayres LCF, de Salis LVV, Rodrigues GSP, et al. Detection of alterations in the gut microbiota and intestinal permeability in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis. Front Immunol. 2021;12:579140.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"3206_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943408","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.943408","volume":"13","author":"W Jiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiang W, Lu G, Gao D, et al. The relationships between the gut microbiota and its metabolites with thyroid diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:943408.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"12","key":"3206_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0225129","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225129","volume":"14","author":"J Park","year":"2019","unstructured":"Park J, Shin Y, Kim TH, et al. Plasma metabolites as possible biomarkers for diagnosis of breast cancer. PLoS One. 2019;14(12):e0225129.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"3206_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530319666190930110605","volume":"20","author":"HS Ejtahed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ejtahed HS, Angoorani P, Soroush AR, et al. Our little friends with big roles: alterations of the gut microbiota in thyroid disorders. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2020;20(3):344\u201350.","journal-title":"Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets"},{"issue":"8","key":"3206_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"djv147","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djv147","volume":"107","author":"JJ Goedert","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goedert JJ, Jones G, Hua X, et al. Investigation of the association between the fecal microbiota and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: a population-based case-control pilot study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2015;107(8):djv147.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"9","key":"3206_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2778","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-021-00784-1","volume":"28","author":"S Terrisse","year":"2021","unstructured":"Terrisse S, Derosa L, Iebba V, et al. Intestinal microbiota influences clinical outcome and side effects of early breast cancer treatment. Cell Death Differ. 2021;28(9):2778\u201396.","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"3206_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193725","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1193725","volume":"14","author":"S Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang S, Zhang W, Ren H, et al. Mendelian randomization analysis revealed a gut microbiota-mammary axis in breast cancer. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1193725.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3206_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02657-x","volume":"20","author":"P Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li P, Wang H, Guo L, et al. Association between gut microbiota and preeclampsia-eclampsia: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. BMC Med. 2022;20(1):443.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"3206_CR36","first-page":"100985","volume":"38","author":"SM Lima","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lima SM, Kehm RD, Terry MB. Global breast cancer incidence and mortality trends by region, age-groups, and fertility patterns. E Clin Med. 2021;38:100985.","journal-title":"E Clin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3206_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-024-01269-6","volume":"15","author":"H Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang H, Shen G, Yang P, et al. Causality between autoimmune diseases and breast cancer: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study in a European population. Discov Oncol. 2024;15(1):396.","journal-title":"Discov Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3206_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2019.0426","volume":"30","author":"CH Weng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weng CH, Okawa ER, Roberts MB, et al. Breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women with medical history of thyroid disorder in the women\u2019s health initiative. Thyroid. 2020;30(4):519\u201330.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"3206_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138149","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1138149","volume":"14","author":"H Tan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tan H, Wang S, Huang F, et al. Association between breast cancer and thyroid cancer risk: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1138149.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"3206_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2019.05.013","volume":"64","author":"I Muller","year":"2020","unstructured":"Muller I, Barrett-Lee PJ. The antigenic link between thyroid autoimmunity and breast cancer. Semin Cancer Biol. 2020;64:122\u201334.","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol"},{"issue":"7","key":"3206_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32988","volume":"147","author":"S Yuan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yuan S, Kar S, Vithayathil M, et al. Causal associations of thyroid function and dysfunction with overall, breast and thyroid cancer: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Int J Cancer. 2020;147(7):1895\u2013903.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"7836","key":"3206_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2896-2","volume":"588","author":"N Bar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bar N, Korem T, Weissbrod O, et al. A reference map of potential determinants for the human serum metabolome. Nature. 2020;588(7836):135\u201340.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"3206_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.1535","volume":"10","author":"WJ Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee WJ, Hase K. Gut microbiota-generated metabolites in animal health and disease. Nat Chem Biol. 2014;10(6):416\u201324.","journal-title":"Nat Chem Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3206_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01266-0","volume":"27","author":"M Pietzner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pietzner M, Stewart ID, Raffler J, et al. Plasma metabolites to profile pathways in noncommunicable disease Multimorbidity. Nat Med. 2021;27(3):471\u20139.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3206_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3809","volume":"49","author":"T Long","year":"2017","unstructured":"Long T, Hicks M, Yu HC, et al. Whole-genome sequencing identifies common-to-rare variants associated with human blood metabolites. Nat Genet. 2017;49(4):568\u201378.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"3206_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15276-y","volume":"11","author":"FA Hagenbeek","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hagenbeek FA, Pool R, van Dongen J, et al. Heritability estimates for 361 blood metabolites across 40 genome-wide association studies [published correction appears in. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):1702.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"3206_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01270-1","volume":"55","author":"Y Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen Y, Lu T, Pettersson-Kymmer U, et al. Genomic atlas of the plasma metabolome prioritizes metabolites implicated in human diseases. Nat Genet. 2023;55(1):44\u201353.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"3206_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22337","volume":"59","author":"LF Hung","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hung LF, Arumugam B, Ostrin L, et al. The adenosine receptor antagonist, 7-methylxanthine, alters emmetropizing responses in infant macaques. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018;59(1):472\u201386.","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"3206_CR49","first-page":"105","volume":"86","author":"JP Minton","year":"1979","unstructured":"Minton JP, Foecking MK, Webster DJ, et al. Caffeine, cyclic nucleotides, and breast disease. Surgery. 1979;86(1):105\u20139.","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"5","key":"3206_CR50","first-page":"1015","volume":"72","author":"CA Boyle","year":"1984","unstructured":"Boyle CA, Berkowitz GS, LiVolsi VA, et al. Caffeine consumption and fibrocystic breast disease: a case\u2013control epidemiologic study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1984;72(5):1015\u20139.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"6","key":"3206_CR51","first-page":"279","volume":"26","author":"PG Brooks","year":"1981","unstructured":"Brooks PG, Gart S, Heldfond AJ, et al. Measuring the effect of caffeine restriction on fibrocystic breast disease: the role of graphic stress telethermometry as an objective monitor of disease. J Reprod Med. 1981;26(6):279\u201382.","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"3206_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2021-320920","volume":"107","author":"K Trier","year":"2023","unstructured":"Trier K, Cui D, Ribel-Madsen S, et al. Oral administration of caffeine metabolite 7-methylxanthine is associated with slowed myopia progression in Danish children. Br J Ophthalmol. 2023;107(10):1538\u201344.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3206_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2023.06.21","volume":"16","author":"L Lai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lai L, Trier K, Cui DM. Role of 7-methylxanthine in myopia prevention and control: a mini-review. Int J Ophthalmol. 2023;16(6):969\u201376.","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"3206_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13121769","volume":"13","author":"A Costa-Bauza","year":"2023","unstructured":"Costa-Bauza A, Grases F. 7-Methylxanthine inhibits the formation of monosodium urate crystals by increasing its solubility. Biomolecules. 2023;13(12):1769.","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"6","key":"3206_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2019.1635615","volume":"44","author":"H Singh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singh H, Sahajpal NS, Singh H, et al. Pre-clinical and cellular toxicity evaluation of 7-methylxanthine: an investigational drug for the treatment of myopia. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2021;44(6):575\u201384.","journal-title":"Drug Chem Toxicol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3206_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2020.1833904","volume":"45","author":"H Singh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Singh H, Singh H, Sahajpal NS, et al. Sub-chronic and chronic toxicity evaluation of 7-methylxanthine: a new molecule for the treatment of myopia. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2022;45(3):1383\u201394.","journal-title":"Drug Chem Toxicol"},{"issue":"6371","key":"3206_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan3706","volume":"359","author":"B Routy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Routy B, Le Chatelier E, Derosa L, et al. Gut Microbiome influences efficacy of PD-1-based immunotherapy against epithelial tumors. Science. 2018;359(6371):91\u20137.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"23","key":"3206_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4577","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2011.08125.x","volume":"278","author":"L Guerra","year":"2011","unstructured":"Guerra L, Guidi R, Frisan T. Do bacterial genotoxins contribute to chronic inflammation, genomic instability and tumor progression? FEBS J. 2011;278(23):4577\u201388.","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"issue":"6161","key":"3206_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1240527","volume":"342","author":"N Iida","year":"2013","unstructured":"Iida N, Dzutsev A, Stewart CA, et al. Commensal bacteria control cancer response to therapy by modulating the tumor microenvironment. Science. 2013;342(6161):967\u201370.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"3206_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15081747","volume":"15","author":"MF Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez MF, Reina-P\u00e9rez I, Astorga JM, et al. Breast Cancer and its relationship with the microbiota. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(8):1747.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"3206_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-021-01063-z","volume":"39","author":"ZP Feng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Feng ZP, Xin HY, Zhang ZW, et al. Gut microbiota homeostasis restoration May become a novel therapy for breast cancer. Investig New Drugs. 2021;39(3):871\u20138.","journal-title":"Investig New Drugs"},{"issue":"2","key":"3206_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020606","volume":"13","author":"JM Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez JM, Fern\u00e1ndez L, Verhasselt V. The gut-breast axis: programming health for life. Nutrients. 2021;13(2):606.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"25","key":"3206_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17915","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.24681","volume":"9","author":"D Rea","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rea D, Coppola G, Palma G, et al. Microbiota effects on cancer: from risks to therapies. Oncotarget. 2018;9(25):17915\u201327.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"2","key":"3206_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2017.1263750","volume":"69","author":"TH Luu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Luu TH, Michel C, Bard JM, et al. Intestinal proportion of Blautia sp. is associated with clinical stage and histoprognostic grade in patients with early-stage breast cancer. Nutr Cancer. 2017;69(2):267\u201375.","journal-title":"Nutr Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"3206_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.5306\/wjco.v5.i4.677","volume":"5","author":"RE Harris","year":"2014","unstructured":"Harris RE, Casto BC, Harris ZM. Cyclooxygenase-2 and the inflammogenesis of breast cancer. World J Clin Oncol. 2014;5(4):677\u201392.","journal-title":"World J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"3206_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269558","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1269558","volume":"15","author":"P Fan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fan P, Ding L, Du G, et al. Effect of mastectomy on gut microbiota and its metabolites in patients with breast cancer. Front Microbiol. 2024;15:1269558.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"3206_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183039","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1183039","volume":"13","author":"C Bucher-Johannessen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bucher-Johannessen C, Birkeland EE, Vinberg E, et al. Long-term follow-up of colorectal cancer screening attendees identifies differences in Phascolarctobacterium spp. Using 16S rRNA and metagenome sequencing. Front Oncol. 2023;13:1183039.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3206_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-023-04551-7","volume":"42","author":"T Senthakumaran","year":"2023","unstructured":"Senthakumaran T, Moen AEF, Tann\u00e6s TM, et al. Microbial dynamics with CRC progression: a study of the mucosal microbiota at multiple sites in cancers, adenomatous polyps, and healthy controls. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2023;42(3):305\u201322.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"3206_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0073424","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00734-24","volume":"9","author":"C Bucher-Johannessen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bucher-Johannessen C, Senthakumaran T, Avershina E, et al. Species-level verification of Phascolarctobacterium association with colorectal cancer. mSystems. 2024;9(10):e0073424.","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"issue":"11","key":"3206_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3406","volume":"47","author":"B Bulik-Sullivan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bulik-Sullivan B, Finucane HK, Anttila V, et al. An atlas of genetic correlations across human diseases and traits. Nat Genet. 2015;47(11):1236\u201341.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"9","key":"3206_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0481-0","volume":"51","author":"K Watanabe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Watanabe K, Stringer S, Frei O, et al. A global overview of pleiotropy and genetic architecture in complex traits. Nat Genet. 2019;51(9):1339\u201348.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"}],"container-title":["Discover Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12672-025-03206-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12672-025-03206-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12672-025-03206-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T15:38:25Z","timestamp":1757259505000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12672-025-03206-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3206"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12672-025-03206-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2730-6011"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2730-6011"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study used publicly available summary data for Mendelian randomization analysis, which does not require ethics committee approval. Each of the studies contributing to the GWAS meta-analyses obtained informed consent from study participants and ethical approval for data collection and analysis. Our study complied with all relevant ethical regulation, including the Declaration of Helsinki. The analyses used publicly available summary statistics, which do not require informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not available.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1377"}}