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Key genes were identified through protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses. These genes underwent survival analysis and validation using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 23 key genes,\n                      <jats:italic>CXCL8\/IL8<\/jats:italic>\n                      and THBS1 were validated in TCGA and CGGA datasets. CXCL8 significantly correlated with progression-free survival (PFS) in Gr. 4 gliomas (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.028) but not Gr. 3 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.522). ROC analysis confirmed its diagnostic accuracy (AUC: 0.899 in TCGA, 0.644 in CGGA). Immune infiltration analysis linked CXCL8 to macrophages (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and neutrophils (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), particularly M2 macrophages.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>CXCL8<\/jats:italic>\n                      has a significant impact on disease prognosis and tumor immunity in Gr. 4 gliomas. The association of\n                      <jats:italic>CXCL8<\/jats:italic>\n                      with M2 macrophage infiltration suggests that\n                      <jats:italic>CXCL8<\/jats:italic>\n                      -related markers could serve as potential prognostic biomarkers for differentiating between Gr. 4 and Gr. 3 gliomas.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-025-03982-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T09:37:34Z","timestamp":1766482654000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["M2 macrophage infiltration associated with CXCL8 predicts grade 4 prognosis and differentiates glioma grades"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wei-Hsiu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Chin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Jia","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4463-7391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ai-Wei","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chien-Yu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tuan Ngoc Anh","family":"Vo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yung-Fu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2784-5604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jang-Chun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"3982_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cancergen.2024.06.002","volume":"286\u2013287","author":"D Sonkin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sonkin D, Thomas A, Teicher BA. 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The need for informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board of Tri-Service General Hospital (TSGH-IRB No.: 1-107-05-107) and the Joint Institutional Review Board of Taipei Medical University (TMU-JIRB No.: N201805021), as the study involved retrospective analysis of de-identified archived human tissue specimens and publicly available datasets.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"2215"}}