{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T03:03:12Z","timestamp":1765940592856,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":34,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Onc"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-025-04061-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T13:54:39Z","timestamp":1763128479000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prognostic factors in gastric cancer survivors comparing Cox proportional hazards and machine learning using a Korean National cohort"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5643-3062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joonki","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6426-1969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aesun","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"4061_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.4143\/crt.2025.264","volume":"57","author":"EH Park","year":"2025","unstructured":"Park EH, Jung KW, Park NJ, Kang MJ, Yun EH, Kim HJ, et al. Cancer statistics in korea: Incidence, Mortality, Survival, and prevalence in 2022. Cancer Res Treat. 2025;57(2):312\u201330.","journal-title":"Cancer Res Treat"},{"issue":"12","key":"4061_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3683","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-017-6078-x","volume":"24","author":"H In","year":"2017","unstructured":"In H, Solsky I, Palis B, Langdon-Embry M, Ajani J, Sano T. Validation of the 8th edition of the AJCC TNM staging system for gastric cancer using the National cancer database. Ann Surg Oncol. 2017;24(12):3683\u201391.","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4061_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.5230\/jgc.2023.23.e11","volume":"23","author":"TH Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim TH, Kim IH, Kang SJ, Choi M, Kim BH, Eom BW, et al. Korean practice guidelines for gastric cancer 2022: an Evidence-based, multidisciplinary approach. J Gastric Cancer. 2023;23(1):3\u2013106.","journal-title":"J Gastric Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"4061_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.5230\/jgc.2025.25.e10","volume":"25","author":"SS Eom","year":"2025","unstructured":"Eom SS, Ryu KW, Han HS, Kong S-H. A comprehensive and comparative review of global gastric cancer treatment guidelines: 2024 update. J Gastric Cancer. 2025;25(1):153\u201376.","journal-title":"J Gastric Cancer"},{"issue":"12","key":"4061_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1708423","volume":"378","author":"IJ Choi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Choi IJ, Kook MC, Kim YI, Cho SJ, Lee JY, Kim CG, et al. Helicobacter pylori therapy for the prevention of metachronous gastric cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(12):1085\u201395.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"4061_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1814259","volume":"380","author":"A Rajkomar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rajkomar A, Dean J, Kohane I. Machine learning in medicine. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(14):1347\u201358.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"4061_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article110","DOI":"10.1145\/3214306","volume":"51","author":"P Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang P, Li Y, Reddy CK. Machine learning for survival analysis: A survey. ACM Comput Surv. 2019;51(6):Article110.","journal-title":"ACM Comput Surv"},{"key":"4061_CR8","first-page":"4765","volume":"30","author":"SM Lundberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lundberg SM, Lee S-I. A unified approach to interpreting model predictions. Adv Neural Inf Process Syst. 2017;30:4765\u201374.","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"4061_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishwaran H, Kogalur UB, Blackstone EH, Lauer MS. Random survival forests. 2008.","DOI":"10.1214\/08-AOAS169"},{"key":"4061_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen T, Guestrin C, XGBoost:. A Scalable Tree Boosting System. Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining; San Francisco, California, USA: Association for Computing Machinery; 2016. pp. 785\u201394.","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939785"},{"issue":"1","key":"4061_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0482-1","volume":"18","author":"JL Katzman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Katzman JL, Shaham U, Cloninger A, Bates J, Jiang T, Kluger Y. DeepSurv: personalized treatment recommender system using a Cox proportional hazards deep neural network. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2018;18(1):24.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4061_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.4143\/crt.2024.207","volume":"56","author":"D-W Choi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Choi D-W, Guk MY, Kim HR, Ryu KS, Kong H-J, Cha HS, et al. Data resource profile: the cancer public library database in South Korea. Cancer Res Treat. 2024;56(4):1014\u201326.","journal-title":"Cancer Res Treat"},{"issue":"4","key":"4061_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.7704\/kjhugr.2020.0045","volume":"20","author":"H-K Jung","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jung H-K, Kang SJ, Lee YC, Yang H-J, Park S-Y, Shin CM, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in korea: 2020 revised edition. Korean J Helicobacter Up Gastrointest Res. 2020;20(4):261\u201387.","journal-title":"Korean J Helicobacter Up Gastrointest Res"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"4061_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.001180","volume":"2","author":"PL Huang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Huang PL. A comprehensive definition for metabolic syndrome. Dis Models Mech. 2009;2(5\u20136):231\u20137.","journal-title":"Dis Models Mech"},{"issue":"6","key":"4061_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq433","volume":"173","author":"H Quan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Quan H, Li B, Couris CM, Fushimi K, Graham P, Hider P, et al. Updating and validating the Charlson comorbidity index and score for risk adjustment in hospital discharge abstracts using data from 6 countries. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;173(6):676\u201382.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4061_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.2010.43.1.42","volume":"43","author":"K-H Kim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kim K-H. Comparative study on three algorithms of the ICD-10 Charlson comorbidity index with myocardial infarction patients. J Prev Med Public Health. 2010;43(1):42\u20139.","journal-title":"J Prev Med Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"4061_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina56090455","volume":"56","author":"HSR Rajula","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rajula HSR, Verlato G, Manchia M, Antonucci N, Fanos V. Comparison of conventional statistical methods with machine learning in medicine: Diagnosis, drug Development, and treatment. Medicina. 2020;56(9):455.","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"issue":"1","key":"4061_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20410","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77220-w","volume":"10","author":"A Spooner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Spooner A, Chen E, Sowmya A, Sachdev P, Kochan NA, Trollor J, et al. A comparison of machine learning methods for survival analysis of high-dimensional clinical data for dementia prediction. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):20410.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4061_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imu.2022.101103","volume":"34","author":"P Premsagar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Premsagar P, Aldous C, Esterhuizen TM, Gomes BJ, Gaskell JW, Tabb DL. Comparing conventional statistical models and machine learning in a small cohort of South African cardiac patients. Inf Med Unlocked. 2022;34:101103.","journal-title":"Inf Med Unlocked"},{"issue":"5","key":"4061_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15051628","volume":"15","author":"S Mantziari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mantziari S, St Amour P, Abboretti F, Teixeira-Farinha H, Gaspar Figueiredo S, Gronnier C, et al. A comprehensive review of prognostic factors in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. Cancers. 2023;15(5):1628.","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"4","key":"4061_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.5230\/jgc.2022.22.e29","volume":"22","author":"B Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun B, Zhang H, Wang J, Cai H, Xuan Y, Xu D. Tumor location causes different recurrence patterns in remnant gastric cancer. J Gastric Cancer. 2022;22(4):369\u201380.","journal-title":"J Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"4061_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2019.11.027","volume":"73","author":"Q Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu Q, Ding L, Qiu X, Meng F. Updated evaluation of endoscopic submucosal dissection versus surgery for early gastric cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg. 2020;73:28\u201341.","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"4061_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.4143\/crt.2015.264","volume":"48","author":"Y-I Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim Y-I, Cho S-J, Lee JY, Kim CG, Kook M-C, Ryu KW, et al. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on Long-Term survival after distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Cancer Res Treat. 2016;48(3):1020\u20139.","journal-title":"Cancer Res Treat"},{"issue":"3","key":"4061_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e243812","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.3812","volume":"7","author":"Z Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao Z, Zhang R, Chen G, Nie M, Zhang F, Chen X, et al. Anti\u2013Helicobacter pylori treatment in patients with gastric cancer after radical gastrectomy. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(3):e243812\u2013e.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"4061_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.5230\/jgc.2012.12.3.164","volume":"12","author":"WJ Im","year":"2012","unstructured":"Im WJ, Kim MG, Ha TK, Kwon SJ. Tumor size as a prognostic factor in gastric cancer patient. J Gastric Cancer. 2012;12(3):164\u201372.","journal-title":"J Gastric Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"4061_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-4780-0","volume":"18","author":"F Feng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Feng F, Liu J, Wang F, Zheng G, Wang Q, Liu S, et al. Prognostic value of differentiation status in gastric cancer. BMC Cancer. 2018;18(1):865.","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"7","key":"4061_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.35.3078","volume":"30","author":"MA Han","year":"2012","unstructured":"Han MA, Oh MG, Choi IJ, Park SR, Ryu KW, Nam B-H, et al. Association of family history with cancer recurrence and survival in patients with gastric cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(7):701\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4061_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.2009.42.2.117","volume":"42","author":"M-H Kyung","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kyung M-H, Yoon S-J, Ahn H-S, Hwang S-m, Seo H-J, Kim K-H, et al. Prognostic impact of Charlson comorbidity index obtained from medical records and claims data on 1-year mortality and length of stay in gastric cancer patients. J Prev Med Public Health. 2009;42(2):117\u201322.","journal-title":"J Prev Med Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"4061_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.5230\/jgc.2025.25.e18","volume":"25","author":"J-H Lee","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lee J-H, Kim J, Lee D-G. The influence of lifestyle behaviors and body mass index changes on Long-term outcomes after gastric cancer surgery: A Population-Based cohort study. J Gastric Cancer. 2025;25(2):356\u201369.","journal-title":"J Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"4061_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0000000000000946","author":"H Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang H, Tang X, Zhang J, Jiang D, Gong D, Fan Y. Association between weight loss and survival outcomes in patients with gastric cancer: a meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CEJ.0000000000000946.","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Prev"},{"issue":"0","key":"4061_CR31","first-page":"0","volume":"0","author":"D Won","year":"2025","unstructured":"Won D, Lee J, Cho S, Baek JY, Lee H-J, Shin A. Healthy behaviors and All-cause mortality among Korean gastric cancer survivors. J Korean Cancer Assoc. 2025;0(0):0.","journal-title":"J Korean Cancer Assoc"},{"issue":"6","key":"4061_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2017.95","volume":"112","author":"W Hatta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hatta W, Gotoda T, Oyama T, Kawata N, Takahashi A, Yoshifuku Y, et al. A scoring system to stratify curability after endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer: eCura system. Official J Am Coll Gastroenterol | ACG. 2017;112(6):874\u201381.","journal-title":"Official J Am Coll Gastroenterol | ACG"},{"issue":"6","key":"4061_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2023.184","volume":"38","author":"Factors influencing occurrence","year":"2023","unstructured":"Factors influencing occurrence. Of metachronous gastric cancer after endoscopic resection: a systematic review and meta-analysis FAU - Choe, Younghee FAU - Park, Jae Myung FAU - Kim, Joon Sung FAU - Cho, Yu Kyung FAU - Kim, Byung-Wook FAU - Choi, Myung-Gyu. Korean J Intern Med. 2023;38(6):831\u201343.","journal-title":"Korean J Intern Med"},{"key":"4061_CR34","first-page":"100547","volume":"24","author":"GUHD Collaborators","year":"2023","unstructured":"Collaborators GUHD. The burden of stomach cancer mortality by county, race, and ethnicity in the USA, 2000\u20132019: a systematic analysis of health disparities. Lancet Reg Health Am. 2023;24:100547.","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"4061_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdp290","volume":"21","author":"J Kim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kim J, Sun CL, Mailey B, Prendergast C, Artinyan A, Bhatia S, et al. Race and ethnicity correlate with survival in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2010;21(1):152\u201360.","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"}],"container-title":["Discover Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12672-025-04061-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12672-025-04061-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12672-025-04061-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T03:01:39Z","timestamp":1765940499000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12672-025-04061-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12672-025-04061-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2730-6011"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2730-6011"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Seoul National University Hospital (IRB No. E-2401-057-1501) and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The need for informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board of Seoul National University Hospital, as only anonymized data were used.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Aesun Shin is an Editorial Board Member of Discover Oncology and confirms that they were not involved in the handling or decision-making of their own submission. The authors declare no other conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"2200"}}