{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T03:03:05Z","timestamp":1770087785166,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":30,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004366","name":"Tabriz University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["74137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["74137"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004366","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Onc"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-025-04279-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T06:15:14Z","timestamp":1767420914000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pro-tumorigenic effects and therapeutic implications of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes under hypoxic conditions: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Narjes","family":"Seddighi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Talebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karim","family":"Shamsasenjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mortaza","family":"Raeisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"AliAkbar","family":"Movassaghpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"4279_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421854","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1421854","volume":"15","author":"R Mei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mei R, Wan Z, Yang C, Shen X, Wang R, Zhang H, et al. Advances and clinical challenges of mesenchymal stem cell therapy. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1421854.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4279_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10020294","volume":"10","author":"KX Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang KX, Cui WW, Yang X, Tao AB, Lan T, Li TS, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells for mitigating radiotherapy side effects. Cells. 2021;10(2):294.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"12","key":"4279_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v16.i12.990","volume":"16","author":"M Chai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chai M, Zhang CY, Chen S, Xu DH. Application of autophagy in mesenchymal stem cells. World J Stem Cells. 2024;16(12):990.","journal-title":"World J Stem Cells"},{"issue":"3","key":"4279_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032085","volume":"24","author":"H Cai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cai H, Guo H. Mesenchymal stem cells and their exocytotic vesicles. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(3):2085.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"4279_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.28.1943","volume":"28","author":"J Nurkovic","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nurkovic J, Dolicanin Z, Mustafic F, Mujanovic R, Memic M, Grbovic V, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells in regenerative rehabilitation. J Phys Ther Sci. 2016;28(6):1943\u20138.","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4279_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-021-01836-9","volume":"21","author":"S Aravindhan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aravindhan S, Ejam SS, Lafta MH, Markov A, Yumashev AV, Ahmadi M. Mesenchymal stem cells and cancer therapy: insights into targeting the tumour vasculature. Cancer Cell Int. 2021;21(1):158.","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"4279_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v8.i9.268","volume":"8","author":"OKF Ma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ma OKF, Chan KH. Immunomodulation by mesenchymal stem cells: interplay between mesenchymal stem cells and regulatory lymphocytes. World J Stem Cells. 2016;8(9):268.","journal-title":"World J Stem Cells"},{"issue":"10","key":"4279_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2462","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20102462","volume":"20","author":"B Bochon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bochon B, Kozubska M, Suryga\u0142a G, Witkowska A, Ku\u017aniewicz R, Grzeszczak W, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells\u2014potential applications in kidney diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(10):2462.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4279_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-022-02985-y","volume":"13","author":"J Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu J, Gao J, Liang Z, Gao C, Niu Q, Wu F, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells and their microenvironment. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2022;13(1):429.","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"4279_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2020.02.163","volume":"8","author":"YW Eom","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eom YW, Kang SH, Kim MY, Lee JI, Baik SK. Mesenchymal stem cells to treat liver diseases. Ann Transl Med. 2020;8(8):563.","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"4279_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1566670","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1566670","volume":"13","author":"X Tao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tao X, Wang J, Yan Y, Cheng P, Liu B, Du H, et al. Optimal Sca-1-based procedure for purifying mouse adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells with enhanced proliferative and differentiation potential. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2025;13:1566670.","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4279_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-021-02300-4","volume":"21","author":"X Xuan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xuan X, Tian C, Zhao M, Sun Y, Huang C. Mesenchymal stem cells in cancer progression and anticancer therapeutic resistance. Cancer Cell Int. 2021;21(1):595.","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"4279_CR13","first-page":"2820853","volume":"2019","author":"W Lin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lin W, Huang L, Li Y, Fang B, Li G, Chen L, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells and cancer: clinical challenges and opportunities. Biomed Res Int. 2019;2019(1):2820853.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"4279_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.25501","volume":"117","author":"HD Lin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lin HD, Fong C, Biswas A, Choolani M, Bongso A. Human umbilical cord wharton\u2019s jelly stem cell conditioned medium induces tumoricidal effects on lymphoma cells through hydrogen peroxide mediation. J Cell Biochem. 2016;117(9):2045\u201355.","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"issue":"4","key":"4279_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2015.13","volume":"23","author":"Y Yulyana","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yulyana Y, Ho IAW, Sia KC, Newman JP, Toh XY, Endaya BB, et al. Paracrine factors of human fetal MSCs inhibit liver cancer growth through reduced activation of IGF-1R\/PI3K\/Akt signaling. Mol Ther. 2015;23(4):746\u201356.","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"issue":"39","key":"4279_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42276","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.5514","volume":"6","author":"W Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang W, Zhong W, Yuan J, Yan C, Hu S, Tong Y, et al. Involvement of Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling in the mesenchymal stem cells promote metastatic growth and chemoresistance of cholangiocarcinoma. Oncotarget. 2015;6(39):42276.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"43","key":"4279_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17460","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1206653109","volume":"109","author":"CP El-Haibi","year":"2012","unstructured":"El-Haibi CP, Bell GW, Zhang J, Collmann AY, Wood D, Scherber CM, et al. Critical role for Lysyl oxidase in mesenchymal stem cell-driven breast cancer malignancy. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2012;109(43):17460\u20135.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"43","key":"4279_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73693","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.17793","volume":"8","author":"W Zhong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhong W, Tong Y, Li Y, Yuan J, Hu S, Hu T, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells in inflammatory microenvironment potently promote metastatic growth of cholangiocarcinoma via activating Akt\/NF-\u03baB signaling by paracrine CCL5. Oncotarget. 2017;8(43):73693.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"23","key":"4279_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13231956","volume":"13","author":"S Yadav","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yadav S, Maity P, Kapat K. The opportunities and challenges of mesenchymal stem Cells-Derived exosomes in theranostics and regenerative medicine. Cells. 2024;13(23):1956.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"4279_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whiteside TL. Exosome and mesenchymal stem cell cross-talk in the tumor microenvironment. Seminars in immunology. Elsevier; 2018. p. 69\u201379.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2017.12.003"},{"issue":"8","key":"4279_CR21","first-page":"1659","volume":"46","author":"J Zhu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhu J, Lu K, Zhang N, Zhao Y, Ma Q, Shen J, et al. Myocardial reparative functions of exosomes from mesenchymal stem cells are enhanced by hypoxia treatment of the cells via transferring microRNA-210 in an nSMase2-dependent way. Artif cells, nanomedicine. Biotechnol. 2018;46(8):1659\u201370.","journal-title":"Biotechnol"},{"key":"4279_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.28672","volume":"15","author":"T Minev","year":"2024","unstructured":"Minev T, Balbuena S, Gill JM, Marincola FM, Kesari S, Lin F. Mesenchymal stem cells-the secret agents of cancer immunotherapy: promises, challenges, and surprising twists. Oncotarget. 2024;15:793.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"2","key":"4279_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12404","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12404","volume":"13","author":"JA Welsh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Welsh JA, Goberdhan DCI, O\u2019Driscoll L, Buzas EI, Blenkiron C, Bussolati B, et al. Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): from basic to advanced approaches. J Extracell Vesicles. 2024;13(2):e12404.","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"issue":"1","key":"4279_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-022-02811-5","volume":"13","author":"G Guo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo G, Tan Z, Liu Y, Shi F, She J. The therapeutic potential of stem cell-derived exosomes in the ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2022;13(1):138.","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"4279_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-022-01650-5","volume":"21","author":"Z Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin Z, Wu Y, Xu Y, Li G, Li Z, Liu T. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in cancer therapy resistance: recent advances and therapeutic potential. Mol Cancer. 2022;21(1):179.","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"4279_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-021-01141-y","volume":"14","author":"Z Weng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Weng Z, Zhang B, Wu C, Yu F, Han B, Li B, et al. Therapeutic roles of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in cancer. J Hematol Oncol. 2021;14:1\u201322.","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"22","key":"4279_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3526","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.17933","volume":"27","author":"T Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu T, Tian Q, Liu R, Xu K, Shi S, Zhang X, et al. Inhibitory role of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosome in non\u2010small\u2010cell lung cancer: microRNA-30b-5p, EZH2 and PI3K\/AKT pathway. J Cell Mol Med. 2023;27(22):3526\u201338.","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"4279_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-018-0869-y","volume":"17","author":"C Shao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shao C, Yang F, Miao S, Liu W, Wang C, Shu Y, et al. Role of hypoxia-induced exosomes in tumor biology. Mol Cancer. 2018;17:1\u20138.","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"issue":"7","key":"4279_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v14.i7.453","volume":"14","author":"V Pulido-Escribano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pulido-Escribano V, Torrecillas-Baena B, Camacho-Cardenosa M, Dorado G, G\u00e1lvez-Moreno M\u00c1, Casado-D\u00edaz A. Role of hypoxia preconditioning in therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem-cell-derived extracellular vesicles. World J Stem Cells. 2022;14(7):453.","journal-title":"World J Stem Cells"},{"issue":"2","key":"4279_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1410-y","volume":"10","author":"Z Luo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Luo Z, Wu F, Xue E, Huang L, Yan P, Pan X, et al. Hypoxia preconditioning promotes bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells survival by inducing HIF-1\u03b1 in injured neuronal cells derived exosomes culture system. Cell Death Dis. 2019;10(2):134.","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"4279_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2017.0296","volume":"27","author":"C Xue","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xue C, Shen Y, Li X, Li B, Zhao S, Gu J, et al. Exosomes derived from hypoxia-treated human adipose mesenchymal stem cells enhance angiogenesis through the PKA signaling pathway. Stem Cells Dev. 2018;27(7):456\u201365.","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"4279_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-024-04111-6","volume":"15","author":"Q Qu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qu Q, Liu L, Wang L, Cui Y, Liu C, Jing X, et al. Exosomes derived from hypoxic mesenchymal stem cells restore ovarian function by enhancing angiogenesis. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2024;15(1):496.","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"4279_CR33","first-page":"253","volume":"110","author":"ML Rethlefsen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rethlefsen ML, Page MJ. PRISMA 2020 and PRISMA-S: common questions on tracking records and the flow diagram. J Med Libr Assoc JMLA. 2022;110(2):253.","journal-title":"J Med Libr Assoc JMLA"},{"issue":"1","key":"4279_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-43","volume":"14","author":"CR Hooijmans","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hooijmans CR, Rovers MM, De Vries RBM, Leenaars M, Ritskes-Hoitinga M, Langendam MW. SYRCLE\u2019s risk of bias tool for animal studies. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2014;14(1):43.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"11","key":"4279_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1166\/jbt.2022.3168","volume":"12","author":"Y Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu Y, Dai J, Zhu J. Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) inhibit the invasion and metastasis of ovarian cancer by regulating Epithelial-Mesenchymal transition under hypoxic microenvironment. J Biomater Tissue Eng. 2022;12(11):2187\u201393.","journal-title":"J Biomater Tissue Eng"},{"issue":"6","key":"4279_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-03789-3","volume":"12","author":"V Egea","year":"2021","unstructured":"Egea V, Kessenbrock K, Lawson D, Bartelt A, Weber C, Ries C. Let-7f MiRNA regulates SDF-1\u03b1-and hypoxia-promoted migration of mesenchymal stem cells and attenuates mammary tumor growth upon Exosomal release. Cell Death Dis. 2021;12(6):516.","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4279_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05947-5","volume":"23","author":"M Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang M, Zheng Y, Hao Q, Mao G, Dai Z, Zhai Z, et al. Hypoxic BMSC-derived Exosomal miR-210-3p promotes progression of triple-negative breast cancer cells via NFIX-Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling axis. J Transl Med. 2025;23(1):39.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4279_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15865","volume":"25","author":"X Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu X, Jiang F, Wang Z, Tang L, Zou B, Xu P, et al. Hypoxic bone marrow mesenchymal cell-extracellular vesicles containing miR-328-3p promote lung cancer progression via the NF2\u2010mediated Hippo axis. J Cell Mol Med. 2021;25(1):96\u2013109.","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"4279_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-019-1027-0","volume":"38","author":"W Ren","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ren W, Hou J, Yang C, Wang H, Wu S, Wu Y, et al. Extracellular vesicles secreted by hypoxia pre-challenged mesenchymal stem cells promote non-small cell lung cancer cell growth and mobility as well as macrophage M2 polarization via miR-21-5p delivery. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2019;38:1\u201314.","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"4279_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-019-0959-5","volume":"18","author":"X Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang X, Sai B, Wang F, Wang L, Wang Y, Zheng L, et al. Hypoxic BMSC-derived Exosomal MiRNAs promote metastasis of lung cancer cells via STAT3-induced EMT. Mol Cancer. 2019;18:1\u201315.","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"4279_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-022-02737-5","volume":"27","author":"J Ren","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ren J. Intermittent hypoxia BMSCs-derived Exosomal miR-31-5p promotes lung adenocarcinoma development via WDR5-induced epithelial mesenchymal transition. Sleep Breath. 2023;27(4):1399\u2013409.","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"issue":"22","key":"4279_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12780","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.205025","volume":"15","author":"M Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li M, Zhai P, Mu X, Song J, Zhang H, Su J. Hypoxic BMSC-derived Exosomal miR-652-3p promotes proliferation and metastasis of hepatocarcinoma cancer cells via targeting TNRC6A. Aging. 2023;15(22):12780.","journal-title":"Aging"},{"issue":"1","key":"4279_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-23-0189","volume":"84","author":"H Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang H, Du Z, Tu C, Zhou X, Menu E, Wang J. Hypoxic bone marrow stromal cells secrete miR-140\u20135p and miR-28\u20133p that target SPRED1 to confer drug resistance in multiple myeloma. Cancer Res. 2024;84(1):39\u201355.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"4279_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-1726-7","volume":"17","author":"W Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu W, Rong Y, Wang J, Zhou Z, Ge X, Ji C, et al. Exosome-shuttled miR-216a-5p from hypoxic preconditioned mesenchymal stem cells repair traumatic spinal cord injury by shifting microglial M1\/M2 polarization. J Neuroinflammation. 2020;17:1\u201322.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"8","key":"4279_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-02783-5","volume":"11","author":"L Sun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sun L, Zhu W, Zhao P, Wang Q, Fan B, Zhu Y, et al. Long noncoding RNA UCA1 from hypoxia-conditioned hMSC-derived exosomes: a novel molecular target for cardioprotection through miR-873-5p\/XIAP axis. Cell Death Dis. 2020;11(8):696.","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"4279_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00619","volume":"8","author":"S Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu S, Xu X, Liang S, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Qian A, et al. The application of MSCs-derived extracellular vesicles in bone disorders: novel cell-free therapeutic strategy. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020;8:619.","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"4279_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1446050","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2024.1446050","volume":"12","author":"H Zhuo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhuo H, Chen Y, Zhao G. Advances in application of hypoxia-preconditioned mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2024;12:1446050.","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"4279_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268019","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2024.1268019","volume":"11","author":"X Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang X, Zhang S, Lu J, Chen X, Zheng T, He R, et al. Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in skeletal diseases. Front Mol Biosci. 2024;11:1268019.","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4279_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-024-01277-7","volume":"14","author":"D Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li D, Li D, Wang Z, Li J, Shahzad KA, Wang Y, et al. Signaling pathways activated and regulated by stem cell-derived exosome therapy. Cell Biosci. 2024;14(1):105.","journal-title":"Cell Biosci"},{"key":"4279_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-01737-0","volume":"11","author":"H Cheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cheng H, Chang S, Xu R, Chen L, Song X, Wu J, et al. Hypoxia-challenged MSC-derived exosomes deliver miR-210 to attenuate post-infarction cardiac apoptosis. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2020;11:1\u201314.","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"}],"container-title":["Discover Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12672-025-04279-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12672-025-04279-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12672-025-04279-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T15:04:18Z","timestamp":1770044658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12672-025-04279-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4279"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12672-025-04279-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2730-6011"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2730-6011","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures were carried out with the approval of the Ethics Committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (IR.TBZMED.VCR.REC.1403.223).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"206"}}