{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:29:41Z","timestamp":1791764981888,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Onc"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-026-04424-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T18:53:21Z","timestamp":1768848801000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Global, regional, and National burden of urologic neoplasms from 1990 to 2021 and future projections to 2050, a comprehensive analysis for global burden of disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zhao","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Xinyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Xiaoqing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Yuanfu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dai","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"4424_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","volume":"74","author":"F Bray","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2024;74(3):229\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3322\/caac.21834.","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"16","key":"4424_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2015.65.9797","volume":"34","author":"MI Milowsky","year":"2016","unstructured":"Milowsky MI, Rumble RB, Booth CM, Gilligan T, Eapen LJ, Hauke RJ, et al. Guideline on Muscle-Invasive and metastatic bladder cancer (European association of urology guideline): American society of clinical oncology clinical practice guideline endorsement. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(16):1945\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/jco.2015.65.9797.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4424_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2020.05.042","volume":"79","author":"M Roupr\u00eat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roupr\u00eat M, Babjuk M, Burger M, Capoun O, Cohen D, Comp\u00e9rat EM, et al. European association of urology guidelines on upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma: 2020 update. Eur Urol. 2021;79(1):62\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2020.05.042.","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"4424_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16234034","author":"AE Quinn","year":"2024","unstructured":"Quinn AE, Bell SD, Marrah AJ, Wakefield MR, Fang Y The current state of the diagnoses and treatments for clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cancers (Basel). 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers16234034.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"4424_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2144\/fsoa-2020-0210","author":"F Crocetto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Crocetto F, Buonerba C, Caputo V, Ferro M, Persico F, Trama F et al. Urologic malignancies: advances in the analysis and interpretation of clinical findings. Future Sci OA. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2144\/fsoa-2020-0210","journal-title":"Future Sci OA"},{"key":"4424_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03867-5","author":"BI Rini","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rini BI, Plimack ER, Stus V, Gafanov R, Waddell T, Nosov D, et al. Pembrolizumab plus axitinib versus Sunitinib for advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma: 5-year survival and biomarker analyses of the phase 3 KEYNOTE-426 trial. Nat Med. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-025-03867-5.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"4424_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2022.06.016","volume":"82","author":"H Moch","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moch H, Amin MB, Berney DM, Comp\u00e9rat EM, Gill AJ, Hartmann A, et al. The 2022 world health organization classification of tumours of the urinary system and male genital Organs-Part A: Renal, Penile, and testicular tumours. Eur Urol. 2022;82(5):458\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2022.06.016.","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4424_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-024-00569-w","volume":"11","author":"H Zi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zi H, Liu MY, Luo LS, Huang Q, Luo PC, Luan HH, et al. Global burden of benign prostatic hyperplasia, urinary tract infections, urolithiasis, bladder cancer, kidney cancer, and prostate cancer from 1990 to 2021. Mil Med Res. 2024;11(1):64. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40779-024-00569-w.","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"key":"4424_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Global incidence prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021. Lancet. 2024;403(10440):2133\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(24)00757-8.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(24)00757-8"},{"key":"4424_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Global. burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2024;403(10440):2100-32.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(24)00367-2","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(24)00367-2"},{"key":"4424_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396(10258):1204-22.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30925-9","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30925-9"},{"issue":"4","key":"4424_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-023-04405-z","volume":"41","author":"JY Teoh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Teoh JY. Epidemiology and screening for urologic cancers. World J Urol. 2023;41(4):897\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00345-023-04405-z.","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"4424_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxm007","volume":"29","author":"Y Wang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wang Y, Beydoun MA. The obesity epidemic in the United States\u2013gender, age, socioeconomic, racial\/ethnic, and geographic characteristics: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Epidemiol Rev. 2007;29:6\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/epirev\/mxm007.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"4424_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.26719\/2020.26.7.760","volume":"26","author":"P Verger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Verger P, Al-Yousfi AB. The dilemma of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables in the Eastern mediterranean region. East Mediterr Health J. 2020;26(7):760\u20131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26719\/2020.26.7.760.","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"issue":"6","key":"4424_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.14735\/amko2014406","volume":"27","author":"L Dusek","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dusek L, Muzik J, Maluskova D, M\u00e1jek O, Pavl\u00edk T, Kopt\u00edkov\u00e1 J, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality in the Czech Republic. Klin Onkol. 2014;27(6):406\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14735\/amko2014406.","journal-title":"Klin Onkol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4424_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2018-105562","volume":"76","author":"K Kelly-Reif","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kelly-Reif K, Sandler DP, Shore D, Schubauer-Berigan M, Troester MA, Nylander-French L, et al. Mortality and cancer incidence among underground uranium miners in the Czech Republic 1977\u20131992. Occup Environ Med. 2019;76(8):511\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oemed-2018-105562.","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"4424_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"DybaT, Randi G, Bray F, Martos C, Giusti F, Nicholson N, et al. The European cancer burden in 2020: incidence and mortality estimates for 40 countries and 25 major cancers. Eur J Cancer. 2021;157:308\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejca.2021.07.039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2021.07.039"},{"issue":"1","key":"4424_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.12.1.97","volume":"12","author":"MH Mostafa","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mostafa MH, Sheweita SA, O\u2019Connor PJ. Relationship between schistosomiasis and bladder cancer. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999;12(1):97\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cmr.12.1.97.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"4424_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"KoonrungsesomboonN, Wadagni AC, Mbanefo EC. Molecular markers and Schistosoma-associated bladder carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol. 2015;39(4):487\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.canep.2015.06.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2015.06.004"},{"issue":"3","key":"4424_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1039\/c8pp90060d","volume":"18","author":"RM Lucas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lucas RM, Yazar S, Young AR, Norval M, de Gruijl FR, Takizawa Y, et al. Human health in relation to exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation under changing stratospheric Ozone and climate. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2019;18(3):641\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c8pp90060d.","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol Sci"},{"issue":"10451","key":"4424_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00917-6","volume":"404","author":"M Young","year":"2024","unstructured":"Young M, Jackson-Spence F, Beltran L, Day E, Suarez C, Bex A, et al. Renal cell carcinoma. Lancet. 2024;404(10451). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(24)00917-6. 476\u2009\u2013\u200991.DOI.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"4424_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-023-04788-x","volume":"149","author":"L Schneidewind","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schneidewind L, Kiss B, Zengerling F, Borkowetz A, Graf S, Kranz J, et al. Gender-specific outcomes in immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2023;149(11):9399\u2013408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00432-023-04788-x.","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"key":"4424_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/etj-22-0228","author":"S Torabinejad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Torabinejad S, Miro C, Barone B, Imbimbo C, Crocetto F, Dentice M The androgen-thyroid hormone crosstalk in prostate cancer and the clinical implications. Eur Thyroid J. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/etj-22-0228.","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"issue":"2","key":"4424_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2023.03.029","volume":"84","author":"I Jubber","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jubber I, Ong S, Bukavina L, Black PC, Comp\u00e9rat E, Kamat AM, et al. Epidemiology of bladder cancer in 2023: a systematic review of risk factors. Eur Urol. 2023;84(2):176\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2023.03.029.","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"4424_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.04.002","volume":"48","author":"G Figlioli","year":"2025","unstructured":"Figlioli G, Piovani D, Tsantes AG, Pugliese N, Nikolopoulos GK, Hassan C, et al. Burden of cancer attributable to high body mass index: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Clin Nutr. 2025;48:144\u201352 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.04.002","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"4424_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.06.025","volume":"51","author":"FR Greten","year":"2019","unstructured":"Greten FR, Grivennikov SI. Inflammation and cancer: Triggers, Mechanisms, and consequences. Immunity. 2019;51(1):27\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.06.025.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"5","key":"4424_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R253","DOI":"10.1530\/erc-15-0135","volume":"22","author":"W Solarek","year":"2015","unstructured":"Solarek W, Czarnecka AM, Escudier B, Bielecka ZF, Lian F, Szczylik C. Insulin and IGFs in renal cancer risk and progression. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2015;22(5):R253\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/erc-15-0135","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"4424_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm321","volume":"167","author":"S Weikert","year":"2008","unstructured":"Weikert S, Boeing H, Pischon T, Weikert C, Olsen A, Tjonneland A, et al. Blood pressure and risk of renal cell carcinoma in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;167(4):438\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwm321.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["Discover Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12672-026-04424-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12672-026-04424-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12672-026-04424-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T12:01:29Z","timestamp":1770206489000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12672-026-04424-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4424"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12672-026-04424-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2730-6011"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2730-6011","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors agreed to publish.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"244"}}