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This study examined clinical factors associated with anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG responses post-COVID-19 vaccination, with a focus on disease stage and treatment timing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed 63 breast cancer patients vaccinated between 2021 and 2022. Clinical data\u2014including tumor size, stage, lymph node involvement, estrogen receptor (ER) status, and treatments (chemotherapy, radiation)\u2014were collected. Serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels were assessed after each vaccine dose.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After the first dose, lower IgG titers were observed in patients receiving chemotherapy, with lymph node involvement, or left-sided tumors. Higher titers were associated with larger tumors (\u2265\u20092\u00a0cm), Stage\u2009&gt;\u20092\u00a0A, ER positivity, and radiation therapy, possibly due to Th2-skewed responses. Longer diagnosis-to-vaccination intervals enhanced responses. No stage-related differences were found after the second dose, likely due to a ceiling effect. mRNA vaccines tended to elicited higher titers than adenoviral vector vaccines. Reported adverse effects were mild.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tumor stage, ER status, radiation, and vaccination timing influence humoral responses in breast cancer patients. These findings highlight the need for tailored vaccine strategies, including the timing of mRNA vaccines, to optimize protection in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-026-04504-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T22:47:38Z","timestamp":1770245258000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Factors influencing Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels after vaccination in breast cancer patients"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Pei-Wei","family":"Shueng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Chien","family":"Ting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-Chang","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Wei","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Ju","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chin-Fang","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gin-Den","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"4504_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study. Written consent was provided by each participant, including both breast cancer patients and healthy controls, prior to their enrollment, ensuring they were fully informed about the study\u2019s purpose, procedures, and potential risks. All personal identifiers were removed from the data to maintain confidentiality.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The participants provided their written informed consent for the publication of anonymized data and findings from this study. No identifiable individual data or images are included in the manuscript, ensuring participant privacy is preserved.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"391"}}