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The present study aimed to evaluate if the 13-gene DNA Methylation assay for early cancer detection already assessed in the oral cavity, was also useful in nasal cavity tumours. The case series consisted of 93 patients (63 males\/30 females), 49 with malignant tumours, 14 with benign\/borderline tumours, 34 as control series with 33 inflammatory polyps and one fungus ball. We collected one flocked swab from the lesion and one from the contralateral nasal cavity. All sinonasal cancer cases were evaluated by bisulfite next generation DNA sequencing, investigating the following genes:\n                    <jats:italic>ZAP70<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>ITGA4<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>KIF1A<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>PARP15<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>EPHX3<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>NTM<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>LRRTM1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>FLI1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>MIR193<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>LINC00599<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>MIR296<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>TERT<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>GP1BB<\/jats:italic>\n                    . To evaluate the performance of the methylation assay, a specific methylation score was calculated for each sample using linear discriminant analysis, with a predefined positivity threshold of 1.0615547. The association between diagnosis and methylation score positivity was evaluated through Fisher\u2019s exact test and calculation of risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Additionally, dimensionality reduction techniques were employed to explore the structure of the dataset and assess the ability of methylation profiles to distinguish between different pathological conditions. The 13-gene DNA Methylation scored positive in 42\/49 malignant tumours; We included also 14 benign\/borderline tumours of which 11 scored positive. Among 33 inflammatory polyps, 24 scored negative, as well as 64\/70 normal contralateral mucosa and one fungus ball. Therefore, excluding benign\/borderline tumours, the detected sensitivity was 85.7% and specificity 85.6% (AUC: 0.878).\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-026-04508-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T09:47:20Z","timestamp":1769680040000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["DNA methylation analysis with nasal brushing for early diagnosis of sinonasal malignant tumours"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3810-9760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Morandi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0088-0987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Farneti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3562-6524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Caterina","family":"Leucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6944-6508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Querzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2954-1348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Melotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3785-3501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Camagni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2445-5611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Galli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6536-0184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Sollini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1332-5838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Franchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0506-499X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caterina","family":"Tonon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3878-304X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Lodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8480-0387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ernesto","family":"Pasquini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7079-7260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Pia","family":"Foschini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"4508_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672621","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/672621","volume":"2013","author":"C Mensi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mensi C, Consonni D, Sieno C, De Matteis S, Riboldi L, Bertazzi PA. 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All information regarding the human material used in this study was managed using anonymous numerical codes, they were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. All subjects included in the present study were informed and gave written informed consent. All participants provided signed written informed consent for this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors have read and approved the final manuscript for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Luca Morandi is one of the founders and has a minority share in Studium Genetics Srl, a spin-off company of the University of Bologna. He is also one of the inventors of the patent related to the algorithm based on 13 gene methylation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cited in this work. However, we believe that this is a natural step of translational research (bench-to-bedside) and guarantee that the scientific results are true. The remaining authors declare no competing interest related to the present study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"357"}}