{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T18:27:56Z","timestamp":1792434476892,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":57,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002386","name":"Cairo University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002386","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Onc"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (TSCC) is an aggressive malignancy with few therapeutic modalities available. Cisplatin, a commonly used chemotherapeutic drug, is often associated with significant toxicities and resistance. The use of an exosome-enriched fraction of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a drug delivery system has become an attractive way to potentiate therapeutic effects and decrease toxicity. In particular, our focus is to study the therapeutic effect of cisplatin-loaded EVs obtained from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) on TSCC. The goal is to assess the functionality of cancer cells and to characterize the EVs loaded with cisplatin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cisplatin was incorporated into EVs derived from UC-MSCs. Characterization was performed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for morphology, BCA assay for protein quantification, and HPLC for drug loading efficiency. The presence of apoptotic bodies was evaluated using cytotoxicity assays and inverted phase-contrast microscopy to assess the effects of EV-encapsulated cisplatin on TSCC cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cisplatin-encapsulated EVs presented a statistically significantly more cytotoxic effect on cancer cells than unencapsulated cisplatin, with the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the EV formulation (1.64\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL) representing a 25% enhancement in potency compared to free cisplatin (2.18\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Conclusion: UC-MSCs-derived EVs represent a promising strategy for a more localized and effective cisplatin delivery with potential improvement in TSCC chemotherapy efficacy while minimizing conventional chemotherapy-related side effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-026-04567-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T08:04:16Z","timestamp":1773389056000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A novel extracellular vesicle (EV)-based nanodrug for tongue squamous cell carcinoma: in vitro efficacy in HNO-97 cells"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Shaimaa Ali Hamouda Ali","family":"El Basuony","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doha Mohammed","family":"Afifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nihal","family":"Darwish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heba","family":"Khaled","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"4567_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26115261","volume":"26","author":"AI Morgovan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Morgovan AI, Boia ER, Motofelea AC, Orasan A, Negru MC, Guran K, et al. Advances in nanotechnology-based cisplatin delivery for ORL cancers: a comprehensive review. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(11):5261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26115261.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"4567_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3117","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.17675","volume":"45","author":"Y Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li Y, Huang B, Tao C, Lan Y. Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells enhance cisplatin-induced apoptotic effects via the ROS-Fas pathway in human NPC-TW01 nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Anticancer Res. 2025;45(7):3117\u201326.","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"4567_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2020.1776320","volume":"46","author":"X Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang X, Liu L, Tang M, Li H, Guo X, Yang X. The effects of umbilical cord-derived macrophage exosomes loaded with cisplatin on the growth and drug resistance of ovarian cancer cells. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2020;46(7):1150\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03639045.2020.1776320.","journal-title":"Drug Dev Ind Pharm"},{"issue":"8","key":"4567_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3010","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00213","volume":"18","author":"F Tong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tong F, Mao X, Zhang S, Xie H, Wang B, Yan B. Progress of tumor-derived exosomes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Pharm. 2021;18(8):3010\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00213.","journal-title":"Mol Pharm"},{"key":"4567_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.810761","volume":"9","author":"G Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou G, Gu Y, Zhu Z, Zhang H, Liu W. Exosome mediated cytosolic cisplatin delivery through clathrin-independent endocytosis and enhanced anti-cancer effect via avoiding endosome trapping in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:810761. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.810761.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"4567_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.07.005","volume":"494","author":"J Cao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cao J, Wang B, Tang T, Lv L, Li Z, Li Z, et al. Exosomes in head and neck cancer: roles, mechanisms and applications. Cancer Lett. 2020;494:7\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.07.005.","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"issue":"5","key":"4567_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15051327","volume":"15","author":"K D\u017caman","year":"2023","unstructured":"D\u017caman K, Czerwaty K. Extracellular vesicle-based drug delivery systems for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15(5):1327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics15051327.","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"12","key":"4567_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124344","volume":"21","author":"H Hofbauer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hofbauer H, Bozsaky E, Sarker S, Jungwirth N, Moser G, Cadek A, et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic applications of exosomes in cancer with a special focus on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(12):4344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21124344.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"4567_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1038\/nri855","volume":"2","author":"C Th\u00e9ry","year":"2002","unstructured":"Th\u00e9ry C, Zitvogel L, Amigorena S. Exosomes: composition, biogenesis and function. Nat Rev Immunol. 2002;2(8):569\u201379.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"19","key":"4567_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4083","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200800109","volume":"8","author":"RJ Simpson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Simpson RJ, Jensen SS, Lim JW. Proteomic profiling of exosomes: current perspectives. Proteomics. 2008;8(19):4083\u201399.","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"issue":"11","key":"4567_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3792","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-4455","volume":"71","author":"JL Hood","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hood JL, San RS, Wickline SA. Exosomes released by melanoma cells prepare Sentinel lymph nodes for tumor metastasis. Cancer Res. 2011;71(11):3792\u2013801.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"4567_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1807","volume":"29","author":"L Alvarez-Erviti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alvarez-Erviti L, Seow Y, Yin H, Betts C, Lakhal S, Wood MJ. Delivery of SiRNA to the mouse brain by systemic injection of targeted exosomes. Nat Biotechnol. 2011;29(4):341\u20135.","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4567_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2013.12.019","volume":"50","author":"A Riches","year":"2014","unstructured":"Riches A, Campbell E, Borger E, Powis S. Regulation of exosome release from mammary epithelial and breast cancer cells - a new regulatory pathway. Eur J Cancer. 2014;50(5):1025\u201334.","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"issue":"444","key":"4567_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aaf2797","volume":"9","author":"NI Hornick","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hornick NI, Doron B, Abdelhamed S, Huan J, Harrington CA, Shen R, et al. AML suppresses hematopoiesis by releasing exosomes that contain microRNAs targeting c-MYB. Sci Signal. 2016;9(444):ra88.","journal-title":"Sci Signal"},{"issue":"7578","key":"4567_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15756","volume":"527","author":"A Hoshino","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hoshino A, Costa-Silva B, Lyden D. Tumour exosome integrins determine organotropic metastasis. Nature. 2015;527(7578):329\u201335.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"11","key":"4567_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.170373","volume":"129","author":"XL Liang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liang XL, Zhang LN, Wang SH, Han Q, Zhao RC. Exosomes secreted by mesenchymal stem cells promote endothelial cell angiogenesis by transferring miR-125a. J Cell Sci. 2016;129(11):2182\u20139.","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"4567_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201211138","volume":"200","author":"G Raposo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Raposo G, Stoorvogel W. Extracellular vesicles: exosomes, microvesicles, and friends. J Cell Biol. 2013;200(4):373\u201383.","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4567_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.12.021","volume":"48","author":"RC Lai","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lai RC, Arslan F, Tan SS, Tan B, Choo A, Lee MM, Lim SK. Derivation and characterization of human fetal mscs: an alternative cell source for large-scale production of cardioprotective microparticles. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2010;48(6):1215\u201324.","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4567_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.07.001","volume":"65","author":"RWY Yeo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yeo RWY, Lai RC, Zhang B, Tan SS, Yin Y, Teh BJ, Lim SK. Mesenchymal stem cell: an efficient mass producer of exosomes for drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2013;65(3):336\u201341.","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"4567_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.187","volume":"27","author":"S Kidd","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kidd S, Spaeth E, Dembinski JL, et al. Direct evidence of mesenchymal stem cell tropism for tumor and wounding microenvironments using in vivo bioluminescent imaging. Stem Cells. 2009;27(10):2614\u201323.","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"4567_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2018.05.003","volume":"665","author":"Z Rezaie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rezaie Z, Ardeshirylajimi A, Ashkezari MD. Improved anticancer properties of stem cells derived exosomes by prolonged release from PCL nanofibrous structure. Gene. 2018;665:105\u201310.","journal-title":"Gene"},{"issue":"3","key":"4567_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031532","volume":"23","author":"S Dasari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dasari S, Njiki S, Mbemi A, Yedjou CG, Tchounwou PB. Pharmacological effects of cisplatin combination with natural products in cancer chemotherapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(3):1532.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"4567_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6514","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7225","volume":"35","author":"Y Hussain","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hussain Y, Islam L, Khan H, et al. Curcumin\u2013cisplatin chemotherapy: a novel strategy in promoting chemotherapy efficacy and reducing side effects. Phytother Res. 2021;35(12):6514\u201329.","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"4567_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8603","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S218988","volume":"14","author":"H Wei","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wei H, Chen J, Wang S, Fu F, Zhu X, Wu C, Liu Z. A nanodrug consisting of doxorubicin and exosome derived from mesenchymal stem cells for osteosarcoma treatment in vitro. Int J Nanomed. 2019;14:8603\u201310.","journal-title":"Int J Nanomed"},{"issue":"2","key":"4567_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s11030-022-10591-6","volume":"28","author":"D Uslu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Uslu D, Abas BI, Demirbolat GM, Cevik O. Effect of platelet exosomes loaded with doxorubicin as a targeted therapy on triple-negative breast cancer cells. Mol Divers. 2024;28(2):449\u201360.","journal-title":"Mol Divers"},{"issue":"7","key":"4567_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2023-0268","volume":"19","author":"M Khorramdel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khorramdel M, Peyravii Ghadikolaii F, Hashemy SI, Javid H, Tabrizi MH. Nanoformulated meloxicam and rifampin: inhibiting quorum sensing and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Nanomedicine. 2024;19(7):615\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2217\/nnm-2023-0268.","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"4567_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1080\/1061186X.2025.2467139","volume":"33","author":"F Attarian","year":"2025","unstructured":"Attarian F, Hatamian G, Nosrati S, Akbari Oryani M, Javid H, Hashemzadeh A, Tarin M. Role of liposomes in chemoimmunotherapy of breast cancer. J Drug Target. 2025;33(6):887\u2013915. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1061186X.2025.2467139.","journal-title":"J Drug Target"},{"key":"4567_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.111055","volume":"126","author":"F Rastin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rastin F, Javid H, Oryani MA, Rezagholinejad N, Afshari AR, Karimi-Shahri M. Immunotherapy for colorectal cancer: rational strategies and novel therapeutic progress. Int Immunopharmacol. 2024;126:111055. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.111055.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4567_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535750","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2018.1535750","volume":"7","author":"C Th\u00e9ry","year":"2018","unstructured":"Th\u00e9ry C, Witwer KW, Aikawa E, Alcaraz MJ, Anderson JD, Andriantsitohaina R, et al. Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines. J Extracell Vesicles. 2018;7(1):1535750. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20013078.2018.1535750.","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"issue":"1","key":"4567_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170628","volume":"12","author":"I Helwa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Helwa I, Cai J, Drewry MD, Zimmerman A, Dinkins MB, Khaled ML, et al. A comparative study of serum exosome isolation using differential ultracentrifugation and three commercial reagents. PLoS One. 2017;12(1):e0170628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0170628.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"4567_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8545347","volume":"2018","author":"MY Konoshenko","year":"2018","unstructured":"Konoshenko MY, Lekchnov EA, Vlassov AV, Laktionov PP. Isolation of extracellular vesicles: general methods and latest trends. BioMed Res Int. 2018;2018:8545347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/8545347.","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"4567_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2015.10.012","volume":"12","author":"MS Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim MS, Haney MJ, Zhao Y, Mahajan V, Deygen I, Klyachko NL, et al. Development of exosome-encapsulated paclitaxel to overcome MDR in cancer cells. Nanomedicine Nanotechnol Biol Med. 2016;12(3):655\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nano.2015.10.012.","journal-title":"Nanomedicine Nanotechnol Biol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"4567_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.179","volume":"1","author":"V Vichai","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vichai V, Kirtikara K. Sulforhodamine B colorimetric assay for cytotoxicity screening. Nat Protoc. 2006;1(3):1112\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nprot.2006.179.","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"issue":"7","key":"4567_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8070727","volume":"8","author":"LM Doyle","year":"2019","unstructured":"Doyle LM, Wang MZ. Overview of extracellular vesicles, their origin, composition, purpose, and methods for exosome isolation and analysis. Cells. 2019;8(7):727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells8070727.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"2","key":"4567_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics10020057","volume":"10","author":"M Danaei","year":"2018","unstructured":"Danaei M, Dehghankhold M, Ataei S, Hasanzadeh Davarani F, Javanmard R, Dokhani A, et al. Impact of particle size and polydispersity index on the clinical applications of lipidic nanocarrier systems. Pharmaceutics. 2018;10(2):57. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics10020057.","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"5","key":"4567_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2017.03.014","volume":"13","author":"AK Agrawal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Agrawal AK, Aqil F, Jeyabalan J, Spencer WA, Beck J, Gachuki BW, et al. Milk-derived exosomes for oral delivery of paclitaxel. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med. 2017;13(5):1627\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nano.2017.03.014.","journal-title":"Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med."},{"key":"4567_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.04.004","volume":"159","author":"OM Elsharkasy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Elsharkasy OM, Nordin JZ, Hagey DW, de Jong OG, Schiffelers RM, Andaloussi SE, et al. Extracellular vesicles as drug delivery systems: why and how? Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2020;159:332\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addr.2020.04.004.","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"issue":"46","key":"4567_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23312","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NR06023A","volume":"12","author":"L Cheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cheng L, Wang C, Liu Z. Porphyrin-based nanomedicine for cancer treatment. Nanoscale. 2020;12(46):23312\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D0NR06023A.","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"issue":"1","key":"4567_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v3.24641","volume":"3","author":"LA Mulcahy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mulcahy LA, Pink RC, Carter DR. Routes and mechanisms of extracellular vesicle uptake. J Extracell Vesicles. 2014;3(1):24641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/jev.v3.24641.","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"4567_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2014.11.029","volume":"205","author":"G Fuhrmann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fuhrmann G, Serio A, Mazo M, Vallis R, Stevens MM. Active loading into extracellular vesicles significantly improves the cellular uptake and photodynamic effect of porphyrins. J Control Release. 2015;205:35\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jconrel.2014.11.029.","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"issue":"11","key":"4567_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2013.0455","volume":"23","author":"B Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang B, Yin Y, Lai RC, Tan SS, Choo AB, Lim SK. Mesenchymal stem cells secrete immunologically active exosomes. Stem Cells Dev. 2014;23(11):1233\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/scd.2013.0455.","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev"},{"issue":"11","key":"4567_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2016.107","volume":"30","author":"S Wen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wen S, Dooner M, Cheng Y, Papa E, Del Tatto M, Pereira M, et al. Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles rescue radiation damage to murine marrow hematopoietic cells. Leukemia. 2016;30(11):2221\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/leu.2016.107.","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"issue":"12","key":"4567_CR43","first-page":"2291","volume":"17","author":"C He","year":"2021","unstructured":"He C, Zhang Y, Wei W. Nano-based drug delivery systems for combination therapy of cancer: a review. J Biomed Nanotechnol. 2021;17(12):2291\u2013314.","journal-title":"J Biomed Nanotechnol"}],"container-title":["Discover Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12672-026-04567-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12672-026-04567-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12672-026-04567-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T19:59:41Z","timestamp":1781639981000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12672-026-04567-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4567"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12672-026-04567-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2730-6011"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2730-6011","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"715"}}