{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T23:11:57Z","timestamp":1778022717306,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":41,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Markusovszky University Teaching Hospital of County Vas"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Onc"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The safety of COVID-19 vaccination during radiotherapy remains a concern among oncologists. This study investigates whether vaccination increases the risk of radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) in breast cancer patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We retrospectively analyzed 157 breast cancer patients treated with radiotherapy between April 2021 and October 2022. Lung injury was assessed through post-treatment imaging and correlated with COVID-19 vaccination status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 157 patients, 70 (44%) developed radiologic signs of radiation induced lung injury. Most patients (85%) were vaccinated. Statistical analysis revealed no significant association between vaccination status and injury risk (Chi-square\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.3569; logistic regression\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.646, OR\u2009=\u20091.063, 95% CI: 0.821\u20131.383). A non-significant trend toward reduced injury was noted in the two-dose subgroup.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings of this study indicate that the administration of the COVID-19 vaccine prior to the commencement of radiation therapy is not associated with an increased likelihood of pulmonary toxicity. Although a slight protective effect was observed with two vaccine doses, it was not statistically significant. The retrospective nature of the study and the limited sample size necessitate the execution of larger, prospective, long-term follow-up studies to elucidate the underlying immunological mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-026-04899-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T13:47:20Z","timestamp":1774532840000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of COVID-19 vaccination on radiation-induced lung injury in breast cancer patients: a retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9328-5935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tam\u00e1s","family":"Ungv\u00e1ri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zsanett Ungv\u00e1rin\u00e9","family":"Topcsiov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0567-3744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e1s","family":"Kedves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D\u00f6me","family":"Szab\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bal\u00e1zs","family":"Kiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zs\u00f3fia","family":"Dankovics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0457-058X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judit","family":"Olajos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8772-8472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K\u00e1roly","family":"T\u0151k\u00e9si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"4899_CR1","unstructured":"Surveillance. Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program, National Cancer Institute. Breast cancer statistics. Available from: https:\/\/seer.cancer.gov\/statfacts\/html\/breast.html"},{"issue":"6","key":"4899_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0906260","volume":"362","author":"TJ Whelan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Whelan TJ, Pignol JP, Levine MN, et al. Long-term results of hypofractionated radiation therapy for breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(6):513\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa0906260.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4899_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2019.03.033","volume":"156","author":"AN Hanania","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hanania AN, Mainwaring W, Ghebre YT, et al. Radiation-induced lung injury: assessment and management. Chest. 2019;156(1):150\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2019.03.033.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"4899_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-015-0407-x","volume":"10","author":"KN Murofushi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Murofushi KN, Oguchi M, Gosho M, et al. Radiation-induced BOOP syndrome in breast cancer patients. Radiat Oncol. 2015;10:103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13014-015-0407-x.","journal-title":"Radiat Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4899_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clbc.2021.05.014","volume":"22","author":"H Mo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mo H, Jazieh KA, Brinzevich D, Abraham J. A review of treatment-induced pulmonary toxicity in breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer. 2022;22(1):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clbc.2021.05.014.","journal-title":"Clin Breast Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"4899_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-020-01356-1","volume":"21","author":"M Arroyo-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arroyo-Hern\u00e1ndez M, Maldonado F, Lozano-Ruiz F, et al. Radiation-induced lung injury: current evidence. BMC Pulm Med. 2021;21(1):9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12890-020-01356-1.","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"4899_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2008.01.014","volume":"86","author":"OK R\u00f8dningen","year":"2008","unstructured":"R\u00f8dningen OK, B\u00f8rresen-Dale AL, Alsner J, et al. Radiation-induced gene expression in human fibroblasts is predictive of fibrosis. Radiother Oncol. 2008;86(3):314\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.radonc.2008.01.014.","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"issue":"13","key":"4899_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.2174\/138161207780618777","volume":"13","author":"A Molteni","year":"2007","unstructured":"Molteni A, Wolfe LF, Ward WF, et al. Effect of an angiotensin II receptor blocker and two angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors on transforming growth factor-beta and alpha-actomyosin, important mediators of radiation-induced pneumopathy and lung fibrosis. Curr Pharm Des. 2007;13(13):1307\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/138161207780618777.","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"issue":"1","key":"4899_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.4888","volume":"12","author":"J Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou J, Lakhani I, Chou O, et al. Clinical characteristics, risk factors and outcomes of cancer patients with COVID-19: a population-based study. Cancer Med. 2023;12(1):287\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cam4.4888.","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"4899_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.01074","volume":"39","author":"N Sharafeldin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sharafeldin N, Bates B, Song Q, et al. Outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with cancer: report from the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C). J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(20):2232\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.21.01074.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4899_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2008.85","volume":"2","author":"MS Wilson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wilson MS, Wynn TA. Pulmonary fibrosis: pathogenesis, etiology and regulation. Mucosal Immunol. 2009;2(2):103\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mi.2008.85.","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"issue":"19","key":"4899_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1705751","volume":"378","author":"DJ Lederer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lederer DJ, Martinez FJ. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(19):1811\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1705751.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4899_CR13","first-page":"37","volume":"22","author":"P Ghafoori","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ghafoori P, Marks LB, Vujaskovic Z, Kelsey CR. Radiation-induced lung injury: assessment, management, and prevention. Oncol (Williston Park). 2008;22(1):37\u201347.","journal-title":"Oncol (Williston Park)"},{"issue":"19","key":"4899_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5713","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11195713","volume":"11","author":"L K\u00e4smann","year":"2022","unstructured":"K\u00e4smann L, Taugner J, Nieto A, et al. Radiation-induced lung injury: prevention, diagnostics and therapy in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. J Clin Med. 2022;11(19):5713. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11195713.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"4899_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.02419","volume":"40","author":"Q Song","year":"2022","unstructured":"Song Q, Bates B, Shao YR, et al. Risk and outcome of breakthrough COVID-19 infections in vaccinated patients with cancer: real-world evidence from the National COVID Cohort Collaborative. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(13):1414\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.21.02419.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"33","key":"4899_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3808","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.02986","volume":"40","author":"RM Valanparambil","year":"2022","unstructured":"Valanparambil RM, Carlisle J, Linderman SL, et al. Antibody response to COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in patients with lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(33):3808\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.21.02986.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"11","key":"4899_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1369\/jhc.7A7173.2007","volume":"55","author":"MG Haase","year":"2007","unstructured":"Haase MG, Klawitter A, Geyer P, Baretton GB. Expression of IL-10 in type I pneumocytes: alterations in radiation-induced lung damage. J Histochem Cytochem. 2007;55(11):1167\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1369\/jhc.7A7173.2007.","journal-title":"J Histochem Cytochem"},{"issue":"8","key":"4899_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13706","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.13706","volume":"23","author":"SW Kang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kang SW, Kang S, Lee B, et al. Evaluation of dosimetric and radiobiological parameters in breast cancer radiotherapy. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2022;23(8):e13706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acm2.13706.","journal-title":"J Appl Clin Med Phys"},{"issue":"20","key":"4899_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e170504","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI170504","volume":"133","author":"S Han","year":"2023","unstructured":"Han S, Budinger GRS, Gottardi CJ. Alveolar epithelial regeneration in the aging lung. J Clin Invest. 2023;133(20):e170504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI170504.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"3","key":"4899_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-016-2511-x","volume":"367","author":"C Brandenberger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brandenberger C, M\u00fchlfeld C. Mechanisms of lung aging. Cell Tissue Res. 2017;367(3):469\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00441-016-2511-x.","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4899_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.12704","volume":"36","author":"AC Kn\u00f6chelmann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kn\u00f6chelmann AC, Ceylan N, Bremer M. Left-sided breast cancer irradiation with deep inspiration breath-hold: changes in heart and lung dose in two periods. Vivo. 2022;36(1):314\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21873\/invivo.12704.","journal-title":"Vivo"},{"issue":"1","key":"4899_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.02.019","volume":"60","author":"N Barthelemy-Brichant","year":"2004","unstructured":"Barthelemy-Brichant N, Bosqu\u00e9e L, Cataldo D, et al. Increased IL-6 and TGF-\u03b21 in BAL fluid after thoracic radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;60(1):196\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.02.019.","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"10","key":"4899_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1080\/09553000701558977","volume":"83","author":"K Yang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yang K, Palm J, K\u00f6nig J, et al. MMPs and tissue inhibitors in radiation-induced lung injury. Int J Radiat Biol. 2007;83(10):665\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09553000701558977.","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Biol"},{"issue":"36","key":"4899_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4431","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.69.1188","volume":"34","author":"A Recht","year":"2016","unstructured":"Recht A, Comen EA, Fine RE, et al. Postmastectomy radiotherapy: ASCO\/ASTRO\/SSO focused guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(36):4431\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2016.69.1188.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4899_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0906260","volume":"362","author":"TJ Whelan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Whelan TJ, Pignol JP, Levine MN, et al. Hypofractionated radiation therapy for breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(6):513\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa0906260.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"4899_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.5603\/RPOR.a2022.0043","volume":"27","author":"B Bukovszky","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bukovszky B, Fodor J, M\u00e1trai Z, et al. Radiation therapy instead of axillary lymph node dissection. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother. 2022;27(3):458\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5603\/RPOR.a2022.0043.","journal-title":"Rep Pract Oncol Radiother"},{"key":"4899_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2021.07.015","volume":"162","author":"O Kaidar-Person","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaidar-Person O, Offersen BV, Boersma L, et al. Target volume delineation in breast cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2021;162:185\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.radonc.2021.07.015.","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"issue":"31","key":"4899_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3615","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.01363","volume":"38","author":"BV Offersen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Offersen BV, Alsner J, Nielsen HM, et al. Hypofractionated versus standard radiotherapy in early breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(31):3615\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.20.01363.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4899_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e613","DOI":"10.1200\/JOP.2015.008508","volume":"12","author":"RA Freedman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Freedman RA, Kouri EM, West DW, et al. Breast cancer knowledge and treatment. J Oncol Pract. 2016;12(6):e613\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JOP.2015.008508.","journal-title":"J Oncol Pract"},{"key":"4899_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2019.08.001","volume":"48","author":"TRM Andrade","year":"2019","unstructured":"Andrade TRM, Fonseca MCM, Segreto HRC, et al. Hypofractionated radiotherapy in early breast cancer. Breast. 2019;48:24\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.breast.2019.08.001.","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"4899_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2018.07.002","volume":"41","author":"K Rock","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rock K, Ng S, Murray L, et al. Hypofractionated whole breast irradiation. Breast. 2018;41:89\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.breast.2018.07.002.","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"4899_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(91)90121-U","volume":"21","author":"RE Drzymala","year":"1991","unstructured":"Drzymala RE, Mohan R, Brewster L, et al. Dose-volume histograms. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1991;21:71\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0360-3016(91)90121-U.","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"4899_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3013","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v11i1.3013","volume":"11","author":"A Pyakuryal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pyakuryal A, Myint WK, Gopalakrishnan M, et al. DVH analysis tool for radiation therapy plans. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2010;11(1):3013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1120\/jacmp.v11i1.3013.","journal-title":"J Appl Clin Med Phys"},{"issue":"10","key":"4899_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2020.05.012","volume":"32","author":"E McKenzie","year":"2020","unstructured":"McKenzie E, Razvi Y, Wronski M, et al. Mean lung dose in breast radiotherapy. Clin Oncol. 2020;32(10):647\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clon.2020.05.012.","journal-title":"Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4899_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.5603\/RPOR.a2022.0102","volume":"27","author":"K Jamora","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jamora K, Cruz-Lim EM, Cereno RE, Castillo MR, Baldivia K. Hypofractionated radiotherapy in postmastectomy locally advanced breast cancer: an interim report on acute toxicities and dosimetry. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother. 2022;27(6):943\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5603\/RPOR.a2022.0102.","journal-title":"Rep Pract Oncol Radiother"},{"key":"4899_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507806","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1507806","volume":"14","author":"J Prunaretty","year":"2024","unstructured":"Prunaretty J, Mekki F, Laurent PI, et al. Clinical feasibility of Ethos auto-segmentation for adaptive whole-breast cancer treatment. Front Oncol. 2024;14:1507806. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2024.1507806.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4899_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-023-07667-w","volume":"31","author":"BA Martinez-Cannon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Martinez-Cannon BA, Garcia-Ronquillo K, Leon-Rodriguez E. Vaccination status and attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination in patients undergoing active cancer treatment in a referral center in Mexico: a survey study. Support Care Cancer. 2023;31(4):209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00520-023-07667-w.","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"4899_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-023-00636-z","volume":"14","author":"N Salim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Salim N, Popodko A, Tumanova K, et al. Cardiac dose in the treatment of synchronous bilateral breast cancer patients between three different radiotherapy techniques (VMAT, IMRT, and 3D CRT). Discov Oncol. 2023;14(1):29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12672-023-00636-z.","journal-title":"Discov Oncol"},{"issue":"6 Suppl","key":"4899_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S334","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.122.6_suppl.334s","volume":"122","author":"FH Green","year":"2002","unstructured":"Green FH. Overview of pulmonary fibrosis. Chest. 2002;122(6 Suppl):S334\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.122.6_suppl.334s.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"4899_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109418","volume":"116","author":"R Hirawat","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hirawat R, Jain N, Aslam Saifi M, Rachamalla M, Godugu C. Lung fibrosis: Post-COVID-19 complications and evidences. Int Immunopharmacol. 2023;116:109418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109418.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"4899_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2025.108891","volume":"272","author":"ECA Vreeman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vreeman ECA, Pillay J, Burgess JK. Post-COVID pulmonary sequelae: Mechanisms and potential targets to reduce persistent fibrosis. Pharmacol Ther. 2025;272:108891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2025.108891.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"4899_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-022-00491-4","volume":"13","author":"E Grimmett","year":"2022","unstructured":"Grimmett E, Al-Share B, Alkassab MB, et al. Cancer vaccines: past, present and future; a review article. Discov Oncol. 2022;13(1):31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12672-022-00491-4. Published 2022 May 16.","journal-title":"Discov Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4899_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-025-02816-5","volume":"16","author":"X Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang X, Chang L, Xu W. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the small cell lung cancer epidemiology. Discov Oncol. 2025;16(1):1037. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12672-025-02816-5. Published 2025 Jun 9.","journal-title":"Discov Oncol"}],"container-title":["Discover Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12672-026-04899-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12672-026-04899-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12672-026-04899-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T22:32:47Z","timestamp":1778020367000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12672-026-04899-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4899"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12672-026-04899-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2730-6011"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2730-6011","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Regional and Institutional Research Ethics Committee of Markusovszky University Teaching Hospital on 27 February 2025, under protocol No. 4\/2025. All procedures were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committees and with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Patient consent for participation was waived by the ethics committee owing to the retrospective design of the study and the use of anonymized data.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable, as this study did not include identifiable individual patient data and involved only anonymized retrospective analysis.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"693"}}