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This study integrated and analyzed transcriptomic datasets (GSE50161, GSE35493) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), focusing on the intersection between exosome-related genes (ERGs) and disease-associated differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Key biomarkers, FGF9, TGFBR1, and PLCB4, were identified using a machine learning model. The results demonstrated that TGFBR1 expression was up-regulated in the tumor microenvironment, whereas FGF9 and PLCB4 were down-regulated. These genes were closely associated with the \u03b3\/\u03b1 (IFN-\u03b3\/\u03b1) signaling pathway and E2F target activation. Immune profiling revealed that low expression of FGF9 and PLCB4 correlated with a reduction in central memory CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells, while high TGFBR1 expression was associated with an increase in memory B cells. Further regulatory network analysis uncovered potential epigenetic regulatory mechanisms. In silico drug screening and molecular docking suggested that the histone deacetylase inhibitor Trichostatin A may hold therapeutic potential. This study provides novel biomarkers and insights for the diagnosis and targeted therapy of pGBM.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-026-05429-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T07:46:02Z","timestamp":1781855162000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identification and validation of exosome-related biomarkers in pediatric glioblastoma"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Wenjue","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingyun","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huihong","family":"Dou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinlin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weichun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiongyou","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lifang","family":"Nong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"5429_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0000000000001379","volume":"47","author":"H Pokhylevych","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pokhylevych H, Khose S, Gule-Monroe MK, Chen MM, Fuller G, Gruschkus SK, et al. 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The human cell lines used in this study, including HEB human glial cells, U251 (human glioma cells), SHG-44 (human glioma cell line), and U-87 MG (human brain astrocytoma cells), were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and were cultured under standard conditions. As all cell lines were established commercial models and no primary human tissues were directly involved, approval from an institutional ethics committee was not required.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1275"}}