{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T01:06:32Z","timestamp":1789520792894,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":79,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Onc"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-026-05460-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T15:28:05Z","timestamp":1782746885000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and validation of a novel T cell exhaustion-related signature to predict prognosis in patients with breast cancer"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lianhe","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangjin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"5460_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21863","volume":"74","author":"AN Giaquinto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Giaquinto AN, et al. Breast cancer statistics 2024. Cancer J Clin. 2024;74(6):477\u201395.","journal-title":"Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"5460_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106535","volume":"84","author":"K Barzaman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barzaman K, et al. Breast cancer: Biology, biomarkers, and treatments. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;84:106535.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"5460_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13050723","author":"A Bhushan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bhushan A, Gonsalves A, Menon JU. Current state of breast cancer diagnosis, treatment, and theranostics. Pharmaceutics. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics13050723.","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"5","key":"5460_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24010","DOI":"10.4161\/onci.24010","volume":"2","author":"N Eir\u00f3","year":"2013","unstructured":"Eir\u00f3 N, et al. Cytokines related to MMP-11 expression by inflammatory cells and breast cancer metastasis. Oncoimmunology. 2013;2(5):e24010.","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"issue":"6","key":"5460_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-16-0364","volume":"5","author":"M Harao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Harao M, et al. 4-1BB-Enhanced Expansion of CD8(+) TIL from Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Unveils Mutation-Specific CD8(+) T Cells. Cancer Immunol Res. 2017;5(6):439\u201345.","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"5460_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-041015-055318","volume":"37","author":"LM McLane","year":"2019","unstructured":"McLane LM, Abdel-Hakeem MS, Wherry EJ. CD8 T Cell Exhaustion During Chronic Viral Infection and Cancer. Annu Rev Immunol. 2019;37:457\u201395.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5460_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01930-6","volume":"8","author":"Y Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang Y, et al. Integrative machine learning models predict prostate cancer diagnosis and biochemical recurrence risk: Advancing precision oncology. NPJ Digit Med. 2025;8(1):524.","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"5460_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573815","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1573815","volume":"16","author":"Y Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen Y, et al. ALDOC promotes neuroblastoma progression and modulates sensitivity to chemotherapy drugs by enhancing aerobic glycolysis. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1573815.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5460_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-025-02093-2","volume":"16","author":"J Gu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gu J, et al. SIGLEC1 has the potential to be an immune-related prognostic indicator in colon adenocarcinoma: a study based on transcriptomic data and Mendelian randomization analysis. Discover Oncol. 2025;16(1):324.","journal-title":"Discover Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"5460_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3862","volume":"15","author":"EJ Wherry","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wherry EJ, Kurachi M. Molecular and cellular insights into T cell exhaustion. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015;15(8):486\u201399.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5460_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2015.02.008","volume":"36","author":"KE Pauken","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pauken KE, Wherry EJ. Overcoming T cell exhaustion in infection and cancer. Trends Immunol. 2015;36(4):265\u201376.","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"5460_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979116","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.979116","volume":"13","author":"L Fang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fang L, et al. Tumor accomplice: T cell exhaustion induced by chronic inflammation. Front Immunol. 2022;13:979116.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5460_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-016-0160-z","volume":"15","author":"K Catakovic","year":"2017","unstructured":"Catakovic K, et al. T cell exhaustion: from pathophysiological basics to tumor immunotherapy. Cell communication signaling: CCS. 2017;15(1):1.","journal-title":"Cell communication signaling: CCS"},{"issue":"4","key":"5460_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2010.03255.x","volume":"129","author":"JS Yi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yi JS, Cox MA, Zajac AJ. T-cell exhaustion: characteristics, causes and conversion. Immunology. 2010;129(4):474\u201381.","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"3","key":"5460_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-019-00744-5","volume":"41","author":"M Kurachi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kurachi M. CD8(+) T cell exhaustion. Semin Immunopathol. 2019;41(3):327\u201337.","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"issue":"9","key":"5460_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2022.04.004","volume":"8","author":"CC Zebley","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zebley CC, Youngblood B. Mechanisms of T cell exhaustion guiding next-generation immunotherapy. Trends cancer. 2022;8(9):726\u201334.","journal-title":"Trends cancer"},{"key":"5460_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.113392","volume":"144","author":"D Sun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sun D, et al. Unlocking the full potential of memory T cells in adoptive T cell therapy for hematologic malignancies. Int Immunopharmacol. 2025;144:113392.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"5460_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114545","volume":"154","author":"B Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu B, et al. Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2S (UBE2S) as a prognostic biomarker and regulator of tumorigenesis in osteosarcoma. Int Immunopharmacol. 2025;154:114545.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5460_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14489","volume":"30","author":"W Duan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Duan W, et al. A TGF-\u03b2 signaling-related lncRNA signature for prediction of glioma prognosis, immune microenvironment, and immunotherapy response. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics. 2024;30(4):e14489.","journal-title":"CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics"},{"issue":"2","key":"5460_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-21-0515","volume":"10","author":"N Budimir","year":"2022","unstructured":"Budimir N, et al. Reversing T-cell exhaustion in cancer: lessons learned from PD-1\/PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade. Cancer immunology research. 2022;10(2):146\u201353.","journal-title":"Cancer immunology research"},{"issue":"19","key":"5460_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7357","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21197357","volume":"21","author":"DJ Verdon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Verdon DJ, Mulazzani M, Jenkins MR. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of CD8(+) T cell differentiation, dysfunction and exhaustion. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(19):7357.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"5460_CR22","first-page":"e67","volume":"51","author":"F Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li F, Men X, Zhang W. S100 protein in breast tumor. Indian journal of cancer. 2014;51(Suppl 3):e67-71.","journal-title":"Indian journal of cancer"},{"key":"5460_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12082037","author":"C Allg\u00f6wer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Allg\u00f6wer C, et al. Friend or foe: S100 proteins in cancer. Cancers. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers12082037.","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"6","key":"5460_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s10585-010-9307-2","volume":"27","author":"J T\u00edm\u00e1r","year":"2010","unstructured":"T\u00edm\u00e1r J, Gyorffy B, R\u00e1s\u00f3 E. Gene signature of the metastatic potential of cutaneous melanoma: too much for too little? Clin Exp Metastasis. 2010;27(6):371\u201387.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Metastasis"},{"key":"5460_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113539","volume":"220","author":"X Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li X, et al. Inhibitors of BCL2A1\/Bfl-1 protein: potential stock in cancer therapy. European journal of medicinal chemistry. 2021;220:113539.","journal-title":"European journal of medicinal chemistry"},{"issue":"1","key":"5460_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-022-00597-9","volume":"13","author":"L Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu L, et al. Zinc finger myeloid Nervy DEAF-1 type (ZMYND) domain containing proteins exert molecular interactions to implicate in carcinogenesis. Discover oncology. 2022;13(1):139.","journal-title":"Discover oncology"},{"issue":"6","key":"5460_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1109\/TCBB.2020.2973148","volume":"18","author":"X Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li X, et al. FUNMarker: Fusion Network-Based Method to Identify Prognostic and Heterogeneous Breast Cancer Biomarkers. IEEE\/ACM Trans Comput Biol Bioinf. 2021;18(6):2483\u201391.","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans Comput Biol Bioinf"},{"key":"5460_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1678907","volume":"16","author":"Y Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang Y, et al. Antibody-drug conjugates as immuno-oncology agents in colorectal cancer: targets, payloads, and therapeutic synergies. Frontiers in immunology. 2025;16:1678907.","journal-title":"Frontiers in immunology"},{"key":"5460_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/sci\/1325262","author":"P Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang P, et al. Discovery of PAK2 as a key regulator of cancer stem cell in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma using multi-omic techniques. Stem Cells Int. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/sci\/1325262.","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"5460_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-025-14246-1","volume":"25","author":"S Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu S, et al. Interplay of disulfidptosis and the tumor microenvironment across cancers: implications for prognosis and therapeutic responses. BMC cancer. 2025;25(1):1113.","journal-title":"BMC cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"5460_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2025.6508","volume":"12","author":"S Xu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Xu S, Guo Q, Lu Z. Physical activity, lifestyle, and cancer risk. JAMA oncology. 2026;12(4):425\u20136.","journal-title":"JAMA oncology"},{"key":"5460_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.709075","volume":"9","author":"H Fan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fan H, et al. Insight into the molecular mechanism of podophyllotoxin derivatives as anticancer drugs. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology. 2021;9:709075.","journal-title":"Frontiers in cell and developmental biology"},{"key":"5460_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2016.06.009","volume":"104","author":"M Wahid","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wahid M, et al. Therapeutic potential and critical analysis of trastuzumab and bevacizumab in combination with different chemotherapeutic agents against metastatic breast\/colorectal cancer affecting various endpoints. Critical reviews in oncology\/hematology. 2016;104:124\u201330.","journal-title":"Critical reviews in oncology\/hematology"},{"issue":"2","key":"5460_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-013-2476-3","volume":"138","author":"I K\u00fcmler","year":"2013","unstructured":"K\u00fcmler I, et al. A systematic review on topoisomerase 1 inhibition in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Breast cancer research and treatment. 2013;138(2):347\u201358.","journal-title":"Breast cancer research and treatment"},{"key":"5460_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834731","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.834731","volume":"13","author":"S Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu S, et al. A Novel Signature Integrated of Immunoglobulin, Glycosylation and Anti-Viral Genes to Predict Prognosis for Breast Cancer. Front Genet. 2022;13:834731.","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"5460_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-024-12911-5","volume":"24","author":"S Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu S, et al. Multi\u2011omics identification of a signature based on malignant cell-associated ligand-receptor genes for lung adenocarcinoma. BMC cancer. 2024;24(1):1138.","journal-title":"BMC cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"5460_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2024.101471","volume":"12","author":"G Lai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lai G, et al. Comprehensive analysis of immune subtype characterization on identification of potential cells and drugs to predict response to immune checkpoint inhibitors for hepatocellular carcinoma. Genes Dis. 2025;12(3):101471.","journal-title":"Genes Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"5460_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13101810","volume":"13","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Lai G, Sun L. Basement-membrane-related gene signature predicts prognosis in WHO grade II\/III gliomas. Genes. 2022;13(10):1810.","journal-title":"Genes"},{"issue":"3","key":"5460_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.203886","volume":"14","author":"B Xie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xie B, et al. Identification and validation of an immune-related gene pairs signature for three urologic cancers. Aging. 2022;14(3):1429\u201347.","journal-title":"Aging"},{"issue":"2","key":"5460_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-024-03910-3","volume":"99","author":"C Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang C, et al. A transcriptome-wide association study integrating multi-omics bioinformatics and Mendelian randomization reveals the prognostic value of ADAMDEC1 in colon cancer. Arch Toxicol. 2025;99(2):645\u201365.","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"5460_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557223","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1557223","volume":"16","author":"H Zhu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhu H, et al. Understanding the relationship between cuproptosis and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma: implications for targeted therapies. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1557223.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["Discover Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12672-026-05460-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12672-026-05460-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12672-026-05460-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:18:58Z","timestamp":1789517938000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12672-026-05460-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5460"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12672-026-05460-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2730-6011"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2730-6011","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"As these databases of GEO and TCGA are open and accessible, approval from the local ethics committee was not required. Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"<b>Ethics approval and\u00a0<\/b>consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1336"}}