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They help address misunderstandings between intended meanings and respondent interpretations, enhancing data validity and ensuring comprehensibility. This study aimed to refine a questionnaire exploring the attitudes and preferences of the Italian general population regarding the communication of potential hereditary conditions within families. Through iterative testing, issues related to questionnaire instructions, question wording, and the sensitive nature of the topics were identified and addressed. Most concerns emerged in the first round of cognitive interviews, while the second round only required minor refinements. The qualitative analysis identified four key themes reflecting participants\u2019 challenges in understanding genetic information: (1) difficulties with genetic terminology, including gene names and scientific jargon, which induced anxiety and hindered comprehension; (2) ambiguities surrounding the terms \"genetic testing\" and \"family,\" with confusion about the nature of genetic testing and the scope of \"family\" in genetic contexts; (3) misinterpretations of \"genetic risk\" as an existing disease diagnosis rather than a probabilistic concept, leading to misunderstandings about the implications of genetic predisposition; and (4) conflation of \"authorization\" and \"responsibility\" in genetic communication, further complicated by uncertainty regarding privacy and confidentiality. Findings from this study informed targeted modifications to the questionnaire to enhance its clarity and accessibility. Our study highlights the importance of cognitive interviewing in refining survey tools on genetic communication, ensuring that such instruments effectively capture public perceptions and facilitate informed decision-making<jats:bold>.<\/jats:bold>\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12687-025-00783-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T18:21:30Z","timestamp":1742322090000},"page":"351-362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Developing a questionnaire to explore lay people\u2019s preferences for communicating hereditary conditions within families: insights from a cognitive interview study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3763-9372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lea","family":"Godino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Battistuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4871-6668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana","family":"Varesco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6792-3921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Turchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Gentili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1629-3410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Chiari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3508-844X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alvisa","family":"Palese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"783_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s10689-024-00379-y","volume":"23","author":"A Afaya","year":"2024","unstructured":"Afaya A, Kim SW, Park HS, Lim MC, Jung MS, Nam EJ et al (2024) Psychosocial barriers and facilitators for cascade genetic testing in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer: a scoping review. 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