{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:22:24Z","timestamp":1792783344412,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792627200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Umm Al-Qura University","award":["26UQU4420038GSSR07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26UQU4420038GSSR07"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01xjqrm90","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Community Genet"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12687-026-00965-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T03:55:23Z","timestamp":1792641323000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Readiness for precision medicine: pharmacogenomic literacy among adults surveyed in the United Arab Emirates: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4471-0878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ammar Abdulrahman","family":"Jairoun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabaa Saleh","family":"Al-Hemyari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moyad","family":"Shahwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abeer M.","family":"Al-Ghananeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghala Rashid","family":"Alnuaimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina Ait","family":"Gacem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Araam","family":"Al-Salmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasser M.","family":"Alorfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mansour M.","family":"Alourfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ammar","family":"Aldabbagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rawan M.","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"965_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70300","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.70300","volume":"18","author":"MO Abbas","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abbas MO, Rahma AT, Elbarazi I et al (2025) Knowledge and views of patients with cardiovascular disease toward pharmacogenomics in the United Arab Emirates. Clin Transl Sci 18:e70300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cts.70300","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"key":"965_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.5688\/ajpe8013","volume":"80","author":"SM Adams","year":"2016","unstructured":"Adams SM, Anderson KB, Coons JC, Smith RB, Meyer SM, Parker LS, Empey PE (2016) Advancing pharmacogenomics education in the core PharmD curriculum through student personal genomic testing. Am J Pharm Educ 80:3","journal-title":"Am J Pharm Educ"},{"key":"965_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.4103\/ijp.IJP_495_19","volume":"53","author":"M Agrawal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Agrawal M, Kirtania L, Jha A, Hishikar R (2021) Students\u2019 knowledge and views on pharmacogenomic education in the medical curriculum. Indian J Pharmacol 53:19\u201324","journal-title":"Indian J Pharmacol"},{"key":"965_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12030425","volume":"12","author":"JD Allen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Allen JD, Pittenger AL, Bishop JR (2022a) A scoping review of attitudes and experiences with pharmacogenomic testing among patients and the general public: implications for patient counseling. J Pers Med 12:425","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"965_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12091398","volume":"12","author":"JD Allen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Allen JD, Zhang L, Johnson AN, Jacobson PA, McCarty CA, Pittenger AL, Bishop JR (2022b) Development and validation of the Minnesota assessment of pharmacogenomic literacy (MAPL). J Pers Med 12:1398","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"965_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm15060247","volume":"15","author":"R Amato","year":"2025","unstructured":"Amato R, Del Toro-Pagan NM, Nguyen H, Plummer J, Pizzolato K, Krause D, Dowd D (2025) Assessing the impact of simplified language on a patient-facing pharmacogenetic report: a user comprehension study. J Pers Med 15(6):247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm15060247","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"965_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0000171","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000171","volume":"2","author":"W Ashebir","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ashebir W, Yimer B, Alle A, Teshome M, Teka Y, Wolde A (2022) Knowledge, attitude, practice, and factors associated with prevention practice towards COVID-19 among healthcare providers in Amhara region, northern Ethiopia: a multicenter cross-sectional study. PLOS Glob Public Health 2:e0000171","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"key":"965_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8249","DOI":"10.5688\/ajpe8249","volume":"85","author":"M Assem","year":"2021","unstructured":"Assem M, Broeckel U, MacKinnon GE (2021) Personal DNA testing increases pharmacy students\u2019 confidence and competence in pharmacogenomics. Am J Pharm Educ 85:8249","journal-title":"Am J Pharm Educ"},{"key":"965_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/s40142-013-0017-3","volume":"1","author":"M Bachtiar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bachtiar M, Lee CGL (2013) Genetics of population differences in drug response. Curr Genet Med Rep 1:162\u2013170","journal-title":"Curr Genet Med Rep"},{"key":"965_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238212052093077","DOI":"10.1177\/2382120520930772","volume":"7","author":"D Basyouni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Basyouni D, Shatnawi A (2020) Pharmacogenomics instruction depth, extent, and perception in US medical curricula. J Med Educ Curric Dev 7:2382120520930772","journal-title":"J Med Educ Curric Dev"},{"key":"965_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm15120621","volume":"15","author":"K Billman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Billman K, Ahmed Feldman M, Allen JD (2025) Patient awareness and acceptance of pharmacogenomics services: a survey of attitudes toward PGx implementation and pharmacist-led care. J Pers Med 15:621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm15120621","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"965_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0268534","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268534","volume":"17","author":"K Blagec","year":"2022","unstructured":"Blagec K, Swen JJ, Koopmann R et al (2022) Pharmacogenomics decision support in the U-PGx project: results and advice from clinical implementation across seven European countries. PLoS ONE 17:e0268534","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"965_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70701","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.70701","volume":"19","author":"R Breed","year":"2026","unstructured":"Breed R, Voisey J, Lau ETL, Antwertinger Y, Semmler A (2026) The Australian public\u2019s awareness, knowledge and perspectives towards pharmacogenomics: a nationwide survey, and semi-structured interviews. Clin Transl Sci 19:e70701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cts.70701","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"key":"965_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.01189","volume":"10","author":"JC Carroll","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carroll JC, Allanson J, Morrison S, Miller FA, Wilson BJ, Permaul JA, Telner D (2019) Informing integration of genomic medicine into primary care: an assessment of current practice, attitudes, and desired resources. Front Genet 10:1189","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"965_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/428486a","volume":"428","author":"WH Chung","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chung WH, Hung SI, Hong HS et al (2004) A marker for Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Nature 428:486","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"965_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s12687-017-0292-x","volume":"8","author":"KA Culhane-Pera","year":"2017","unstructured":"Culhane-Pera KA, Straka RJ, Moua M, Roman Y, Vue P, Xiaaj K, Lo MX, Lor M (2017) Engaging Hmong adults in genomic and pharmacogenomic research: toward reducing health disparities in genomic knowledge using a community-based participatory research approach. J Community Genet 8:117\u2013125","journal-title":"J Community Genet"},{"key":"965_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1188\/18.ONF.575-580","volume":"45","author":"C Dodson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dodson C (2018) Oncology nurses\u2019 knowledge of pharmacogenomics before and after implementation of an education module. Oncol Nurs Forum 45:575\u2013580","journal-title":"Oncol Nurs Forum"},{"key":"965_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1159\/000512476","volume":"24","author":"K Drelles","year":"2021","unstructured":"Drelles K, Pilarski R, Manickam K, Shoben AB, Toland AE (2021) Impact of previous genetic counseling and objective numeracy on accurate interpretation of a pharmacogenetics test report. Public Health Genomics 24:26\u201332","journal-title":"Public Health Genomics"},{"key":"965_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010814-124835","volume":"55","author":"HM Dunnenberger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dunnenberger HM, Crews KR, Hoffman JM et al (2015) Preemptive clinical pharmacogenetics implementation: current programs in five United States medical centers. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 55:89\u2013106","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"965_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.32068","volume":"146","author":"LH Erby","year":"2008","unstructured":"Erby LH, Roter D, Larson S, Cho J (2008) The rapid estimate of adult literacy in genetics (REAL-G): a means to assess literacy deficits in the context of genetics. Am J Med Genet A 146:174\u2013181","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"key":"965_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.12618","volume":"89","author":"SM Fitzgerald-Butt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fitzgerald-Butt SM, Bodine A, Fry KM, Ash J, Zaidi AN, Garg V, Gerhardt CA, McBride KL (2016) Measuring genetic knowledge: a brief survey instrument for adolescents and adults. Clin Genet 89:235\u2013243","journal-title":"Clin Genet"},{"key":"965_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.5688\/ajpe77110","volume":"77","author":"CM Formea","year":"2013","unstructured":"Formea CM, Nicholson WT, McCullough KB, Berg KD, Berg ML, Cunningham JL, Merten JA, Ou NN, Stollings JL (2013) Development and evaluation of a pharmacogenomics educational program for pharmacists. Am J Pharm Educ 77:10","journal-title":"Am J Pharm Educ"},{"key":"965_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1089\/gte.1999.3.193","volume":"3","author":"LA Furr","year":"1999","unstructured":"Furr LA, Kelly SE (1999) The genetic knowledge index: developing a standard measure of genetic knowledge. Genet Test 3:193\u2013199","journal-title":"Genet Test"},{"key":"965_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1019","volume":"103","author":"J Giri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Giri J, Curry TB, Formea CM, Nicholson WT, Rohrer Vitek CR (2018) Education and knowledge in pharmacogenomics: still a challenge? Clin Pharmacol Ther 103:752\u2013755","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"965_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2532","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13121","volume":"14","author":"C Grace","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grace C, Larriva MM, Steiner HE, Marupuru S, Campbell PJ, Patterson H, Cropp CD, Quinn D, Klimecki W, Nix DE et al (2021) Efficacy of personal pharmacogenomic testing as an educational tool in the pharmacy curriculum: a nonblinded, randomized controlled trial. Clin Transl Sci 14:2532\u20132543","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"key":"965_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/tpj.2011.1","volume":"12","author":"SB Haga","year":"2012","unstructured":"Haga SB, O\u2019Daniel JM, Tindall GM, Lipkus IR, Agans R (2012) Survey of US public attitudes toward pharmacogenetic testing. Pharmacogenomics J 12:197\u2013204","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics J"},{"key":"965_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs-2016-0077","volume":"17","author":"SB Haga","year":"2016","unstructured":"Haga SB, Mills R, Moaddeb J, Allen Lapointe N, Cho A, Ginsburg GS (2016) Patient experiences with pharmacogenetic testing in a primary care setting. Pharmacogenomics 17:1629\u20131636","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"965_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24855","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24855","volume":"37","author":"Q Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang Q, Liao Y, Yu T et al (2023) A retrospective analysis of preemptive pharmacogenomic testing in 22,918 individuals from China. J Clin Lab Anal 37:e24855","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"key":"965_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.12534","volume":"11","author":"LK Jones","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jones LK, Kulchak Rahm A, Gionfriddo MR, Williams JL, Fan AL, Pulk RA, Wright EA, Williams MS (2018) Developing pharmacogenomic reports: insights from patients and clinicians. Clin Transl Sci 11:289\u2013295","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"key":"965_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-017-2292-5","volume":"73","author":"KS Just","year":"2017","unstructured":"Just KS, Steffens M, Swen JJ, Patrinos GP, Guchelaar HJ, Stingl JC (2017) Medical education in pharmacogenomics-results from a survey on pharmacogenetic knowledge in healthcare professionals within the European Pharmacogenomics Clinical Implementation Project Ubiquitous Pharmacogenomics (U-PGx). Eur J Clin Pharmacol 73:1247\u20131252","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"965_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2020.12.021","volume":"104","author":"A Kastrinos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kastrinos A, Campbell-Salome G, Shelton S, Peterson EB, Bylund CL (2021) PGx in psychiatry: patients\u2019 knowledge, interest, and uncertainty management preferences in the context of pharmacogenomic testing. Patient Educ Couns 104:732\u2013738","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"965_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S271899","volume":"13","author":"A Khaled","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khaled A, Siddiqua A, Makki S (2020) The knowledge and attitude of the community from the Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia, toward COVID-19 and their precautionary measures against the disease. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 13:1825\u20131834","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy"},{"key":"965_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.04.051","volume":"106","author":"ME Klein","year":"2017","unstructured":"Klein ME, Parvez MM, Shin JG (2017) Clinical implementation of pharmacogenomics for personalized precision medicine: barriers and solutions. J Pharm Sci 106:2368\u20132379","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"965_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1722339","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1722339","volume":"16","author":"MI Koufaki","year":"2025","unstructured":"Koufaki MI, Pandi MT, Skokou M et al (2025) Assessing the views and opinions of psychiatric patients receiving genome-guided treatment within the scope of the PREPARE preemptive pharmacogenomics clinical study. Front Pharmacol 16:1722339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1722339","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"965_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs.13.77","volume":"14","author":"GM Kuo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kuo GM, Lee KC, Ma JD (2013) Implementation and outcomes of a live continuing education program on pharmacogenomics. Pharmacogenomics 14:885\u2013895","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"965_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238146831769258","DOI":"10.1177\/2381468317692582","volume":"2","author":"MM Langer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Langer MM, Roche MI, Brewer NT, Berg JS, Khan CM, Leos C, Moore E, Brown M, Rini C (2016) Development and validation of a genomic knowledge scale to advance informed decision making research in genomic sequencing. MDM Policy Pract 2:2381468317692582","journal-title":"MDM Policy Pract"},{"key":"965_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genom-092010-110722","volume":"14","author":"DM Lautenbach","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lautenbach DM, Christensen KD, Sparks JA, Green RC (2013) Communicating genetic risk information for common disorders in the era of genomic medicine. Annu Rev Genom Hum Genet 14:491\u2013513","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genom Hum Genet"},{"key":"965_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs-2021-0129","volume":"23","author":"AJ Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee AJ, Hui AC, Walker AD, Peshkin BN, Swain SM, Smith DM (2022) Evaluation of a longitudinal pharmacogenomics education on pharmacist knowledge in a multicampus healthcare system. Pharmacogenomics 23:173\u2013182","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"965_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.12771","volume":"13","author":"C Lo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lo C, Nguyen S, Yang C et al (2020) Pharmacogenomics in Asian subpopulations and impacts on commonly prescribed medications. Clin Transl Sci 13:861\u2013870","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"key":"965_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.2217\/pme.11.48","volume":"8","author":"Y Mai","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mai Y, Koromila T, Sagia A, Cooper DN, Vlachopoulos G, Lagoumintzis G, Kollia P, Poulas K, Stathakopoulos V, Patrinos GP (2011) A critical view of the general public\u2019s awareness and physicians\u2019 opinion of the trends and potential pitfalls of genetic testing in Greece. Per Med 8:551\u2013561","journal-title":"Per Med"},{"key":"965_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2020.08.023","volume":"104","author":"KM Meagher","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meagher KM, Curtis SH, Borucki S, Beck A, Srinivasan T, Cheema A, Sharp RR (2021) Communicating unexpected pharmacogenomic results to biobank contributors: a focus group study. Patient Educ Couns 104:242\u2013249","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"965_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13193","volume":"15","author":"KM Meagher","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meagher KM, Stuttgen Finn K, Curtis SH, Borucki J, Beck AT, Cheema AW, Sharp RR (2022) Lay understandings of drug-gene interactions: the right medication, the right dose, at the right time, but what are the right words? Clin Transl Sci 15:721\u2013731","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"key":"965_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1038\/gim.2016.192","volume":"19","author":"JE Olson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Olson JE, Rohrer Vitek CR, Bell EJ, McGree ME, Jacobson DJ, St Sauver JL, Caraballo PJ, Griffin JM, Roger VL, Bielinski SJ (2017) Participant-perceived understanding and perspectives on pharmacogenomics: the Mayo Clinic RIGHT protocol (Right Drug, Right Dose, Right Time). Genet Med 19:819\u2013825","journal-title":"Genet Med"},{"key":"965_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.therap.2016.09.014","volume":"72","author":"N Picard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Picard N, Boyer JC, Etienne-Grimaldi MC et al (2017) Pharmacogenetics-based personalized therapy: levels of evidence and recommendations from the French network of pharmacogenetics (RNPGx). Therapie 72:185\u2013192","journal-title":"Therapie"},{"key":"965_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-022-00572-8","volume":"24","author":"M Pirmohamed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pirmohamed M (2023) Pharmacogenomics: current status and future perspectives. Nat Rev Genet 24:350\u2013362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41576-022-00572-8","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"965_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1159\/000366461","volume":"17","author":"C Pisanu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pisanu C, Tsermpini EE, Mavroidi E, Katsila T, Patrinos GP, Squassina A (2014) Assessment of the pharmacogenomics educational environment in Southeast Europe. Public Health Genomics 17:272\u2013279","journal-title":"Public Health Genomics"},{"key":"965_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs-2021-0131","volume":"23","author":"S Qureshi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qureshi S, Latif A, Condon L, Akyea RK, Kai J, Qureshi N (2022) Understanding the barriers and enablers of pharmacogenomic testing in primary care: a qualitative systematic review with meta-aggregation synthesis. Pharmacogenomics 23:135\u2013154","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"965_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2021.0029","volume":"25","author":"AT Rahma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rahma AT, Ahmed LA, Elsheik M, Elbarazi I, Ali BR, Patrinos GP, Al-Maskari F (2021) Mapping the educational environment of genomics and pharmacogenomics in the United Arab Emirates: a mixed-methods triangulated design. OMICS 25:285\u2013293","journal-title":"OMICS"},{"key":"965_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15817","volume":"526","author":"MV Relling","year":"2015","unstructured":"Relling MV, Evans WE (2015) Pharmacogenomics in the clinic. Nature 526:343\u2013350","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"965_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1651","volume":"107","author":"MV Relling","year":"2020","unstructured":"Relling MV, Klein TE, Gammal RS, Whirl-Carrillo M, Hoffman JM, Caudle KE (2020) The clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium: 10 years later. Clin Pharmacol Ther 107:171\u2013175","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"965_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.5688\/ajpe81111","volume":"81","author":"CM Remsberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Remsberg CM, Bray BS, Wright SK, Ashmore J, Kabasenche W, Wang S, Lazarus P, Daoud SS (2017) Design, implementation, and assessment approaches within a pharmacogenomics course. Am J Pharm Educ 81:11","journal-title":"Am J Pharm Educ"},{"key":"965_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2010.1642","volume":"20","author":"CJD Ross","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ross CJD, Visscher H, Sistonen J et al (2010) The Canadian pharmacogenomics network for drug safety: a model for safety pharmacology. Thyroid 20:681\u2013687","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"965_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.5688\/ajpe75232","volume":"75","author":"JA Springer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Springer JA, Iannotti NV, Kane MD, Haynes K, Sprague JE (2011) Pharmacogenomics training using an instructional software system. Am J Pharm Educ 75:32","journal-title":"Am J Pharm Educ"},{"key":"965_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.clpt.6100507","volume":"83","author":"JJ Swen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Swen JJ, Wilting I, Goede AL et al (2008) Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte. Clin Pharmacol Ther 83:781\u2013787","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"965_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.12681","volume":"13","author":"TM Truong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Truong TM, Lipschultz E, Danahey K, Schierer E, Ratain MJ, O\u2019Donnell PH (2020a) Assessment of patient knowledge and perceptions of pharmacogenomics before and after using a mock results patient web portal. Clin Transl Sci 13:78\u201387","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"key":"965_CR58","first-page":"191","volume":"30","author":"TM Truong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Truong TM, Lipschultz E, Schierer E, Danahey K, Ratain MJ, O\u2019Donnell PH (2020b) Patient insights on features of an effective pharmacogenomics patient portal. Pharmacogenomics 30:191\u2013200","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"965_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13154","volume":"15","author":"S Tuteja","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tuteja S, Salloum RG, Elchynski AL, Smith DM, Rowe E, Blake KV, Limdi NA, Aquilante CL, Bates J, Beitelshees AL et al (2022) Multisite evaluation of institutional processes and implementation determinants for pharmacogenetic testing to guide antidepressant therapy. Clin Transl Sci 15:371\u2013383","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"key":"965_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02919-z","volume":"20","author":"BM Vest","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vest BM, Wray LO, Brady LA, Thase ME, Beehler GP, Chapman SR, Hull LE, Oslin DW (2020) Primary care and mental health providers\u2019 perceptions of implementation of pharmacogenetics testing for depression prescribing. BMC Psychiatry 20:518","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"965_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs-2020-0168","volume":"22","author":"DT Wake","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wake DT, Bell GC, Gregornik DB, Ho TT, Dunnenberger HM (2021) Synthesis of major pharmacogenomics pretest counseling themes: a multisite comparison. Pharmacogenomics 22:165\u2013176","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"965_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1159\/000517385","volume":"106","author":"A Yehya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yehya A, Matalgah L (2021) Toward interprofessional education of pharmacogenomics: an interdisciplinary assessment. Pharmacology 106:534\u2013541","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"965_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13637","volume":"16","author":"L Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang L, Zhou S, Allen JD, Wang F, Pittenger AL, Bishop JR (2023) Assessing pharmacogenomic literacy in China through validation of the Chinese version of the Minnesota Assessment of Pharmacogenomic Literacy. Clin Transl Sci 16:2356\u20132368","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"}],"container-title":["Journal of Community Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12687-026-00965-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12687-026-00965-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12687-026-00965-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T16:02:36Z","timestamp":1792684956000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12687-026-00965-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["965"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12687-026-00965-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1868-6001"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1868-6001","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 July 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 October 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Research Ethics Committee of Ajman University (Reference No. P-H-S-2025-2-10). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Electronic informed consent was obtained from all participants before data collection. Participation was voluntary, and no identifying information was collected.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Declaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"129"}}