{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:03:11Z","timestamp":1790355791784,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cardiovasc Interv and Ther"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) and angina or ischemia with nonobstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA\/INOCA) are heterogeneous syndromes that cannot be adequately characterized by coronary angiography alone. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) identifies thrombus, plaque disruption, and other superficial coronary abnormalities, whereas intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) better characterizes plaque burden, positive remodeling, intramural hematoma, and myocardial bridging. Their roles differ between acute and chronic presentations. In MINOCA, targeted intracoronary imaging during the index angiogram helps identify an acute epicardial mechanism, whereas early cardiac magnetic resonance characterizes myocardial injury, localizes the affected territory, and excludes nonischemic mimics. In ANOCA\/INOCA, coronary function testing remains central to identifying vasospastic and microvascular endotypes. Structural findings such as layered plaque, intraplaque hemorrhage, fibroatheroma, or myocardial bridging vary in their mechanistic significance and should not be assumed to represent the cause of the index event solely on the basis of morphology. Territorial myocardial concordance strengthens their association with the involved coronary territory but does not by itself establish causality. We review the complementary roles of OCT and IVUS, examine differences in diagnostic yield among contemporary MINOCA studies, and propose a framework for interpreting intracoronary imaging findings in MINOCA in the context of myocardial and functional information. This approach aims to improve consistency in the interpretation and reporting of intracoronary imaging findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12928-026-01343-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T14:36:46Z","timestamp":1790347006000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intravascular imaging in myocardial infarction and ischemia with nonobstructive coronary arteries"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5503-4692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takeshi","family":"Nishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teruyoshi","family":"Kume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anand","family":"Irimpen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Wiley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshio","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiro","family":"Uemura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"1343_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e891","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000670","volume":"139","author":"JE Tamis-Holland","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tamis-Holland JE, Jneid H, Reynolds HR, Agewall S, Brilakis ES, Brown TM, et al. Contemporary diagnosis and management of patients with Myocardial Infarction in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease: A scientific statement from the American heart association. Circulation. 2019;139:e891\u2013908.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1343_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.011201","volume":"131","author":"S Pasupathy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pasupathy S, Air T, Dreyer RP, Tavella R, Beltrame JF. Systematic review of patients presenting with suspected myocardial infarction and nonobstructive coronary arteries. Circulation. 2015;131:861\u201370.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1343_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.06.043","volume":"82","author":"BA Samuels","year":"2023","unstructured":"Samuels BA, Shah SM, Widmer RJ, Kobayashi Y, Miner SES, Taqueti VR, et al. Comprehensive management of ANOCA, part 1-definition, patient population, and diagnosis: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;82:1245\u201363.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"1343_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12928-025-01197-4","volume":"41","author":"Y Matsuzawa","year":"2026","unstructured":"Matsuzawa Y, Ishii M, Kusaka H, Yamashita T, Yamamoto E, Tsujita K. Interventional diagnostic procedures in INOCA: an essential approach in ischemic heart disease. Cardiovasc Interv Ther. 2026;41:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Interv Ther"},{"key":"1343_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e048016","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.125.048016","volume":"15","author":"M Hada","year":"2026","unstructured":"Hada M, Kakuta T, Ueno H, Kanaji Y, Usui E, Nagamine T, et al. Comprehensive endotyping of patients with angina and nonobstructive coronary arteries: A report from the J-CMD. J Am Heart Assoc. 2026;15:e048016.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"1343_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacadv.2025.102475","volume":"5","author":"T Nishi","year":"2026","unstructured":"Nishi T, Nakai M, Ishii M, Matoba T, Muramatsu T, Tsujita K, et al. Current practice and safety of invasive coronary function testing: A nationwide multicenter survey in Japan. JACC Adv. 2026;5:102475.","journal-title":"JACC Adv"},{"key":"1343_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-22-0779","volume":"87","author":"S Hokimoto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hokimoto S, Kaikita K, Yasuda S, Tsujita K, Ishihara M, Matoba T, et al. JCS\/CVIT\/JCC 2023 guideline focused update on diagnosis and treatment of vasospastic angina (coronary spastic angina) and coronary microvascular dysfunction. Circ J. 2023;87:879\u2013936.","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"1343_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2020.12.025","volume":"14","author":"K Nishimiya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nishimiya K, Suda A, Fukui K, Hao K, Takahashi J, Matsumoto Y, et al. Prognostic links between OCT-delineated coronary morphologies and coronary functional abnormalities in patients with INOCA. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2021;14:606\u201318.","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Interv"},{"key":"1343_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e024880","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.024880","volume":"11","author":"T Nishi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nishi T, Kume T, Yamada R, Okamoto H, Koto S, Yamashita M, et al. Layered plaque in organic lesions in patients with coronary artery spasm. J Am Heart Assoc. 2022;11:e024880.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"1343_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e397","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-21-00875","volume":"18","author":"D Pellegrini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pellegrini D, Konst R, van den Oord S, Dimitriu-Leen A, Mol J-Q, Jansen T, et al. Features of atherosclerosis in patients with angina and no obstructive coronary artery disease. EuroIntervention. 2022;18:e397\u2013404.","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"1343_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2024.05.024","volume":"18","author":"D Peeters","year":"2025","unstructured":"Peeters D, Woelders E, Jansen T, Konst R, Crooijmans C, van de Hoef T, et al. Association between coronary artery spasm and atherosclerotic disease. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2025;18:226\u201339.","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"1343_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.126.080234","volume":"153","author":"HR Reynolds","year":"2026","unstructured":"Reynolds HR, Maehara A, Heydari B, Smilowitz NR, Sedlak T, Sandoval Y, et al. Multimodality imaging to determine underlying causes of myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries in women and men. Circulation. 2026;153:1606\u201322.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1343_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs199","volume":"34","author":"Y Takagi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Takagi Y, Yasuda S, Takahashi J, Tsunoda R, Ogata Y, Seki A, et al. Clinical implications of provocation tests for coronary artery spasm: safety, arrhythmic complications, and prognostic impact: multicentre registry study of the Japanese Coronary Spasm Association. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:258\u201367.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"1343_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.06.046","volume":"58","author":"A Tanaka","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tanaka A, Shimada K, Tearney GJ, Kitabata H, Taguchi H, Fukuda S, et al. Conformational change in coronary artery structure assessed by optical coherence tomography in patients with vasospastic angina. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(15):1608\u201313.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"1343_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Borzillo I, De Filippo O, Manai R, Bruno F, Ravetti E, Galanti AA et al. Role of intracoronary imaging in myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary disease (MINOCA): A review. J Clin Med [Internet]. 2023;12. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12062129","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12062129"},{"key":"1343_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.04.082","volume":"50","author":"T Kubo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kubo T, Imanishi T, Takarada S, Kuroi A, Ueno S, Yamano T, et al. Assessment of culprit lesion morphology in acute myocardial infarction: ability of optical coherence tomography compared with intravascular ultrasound and coronary angioscopy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:933\u20139.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"1343_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.05.045","volume":"336","author":"F Pelliccia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pelliccia F, Pepine CJ, Berry C, Camici PG. The role of a comprehensive two-step diagnostic evaluation to unravel the pathophysiology of MINOCA: A review. Int J Cardiol. 2021;336:1\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"1343_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr284","volume":"33","author":"S Uemura","year":"2012","unstructured":"Uemura S, Ishigami K-I, Soeda T, Okayama S, Sung JH, Nakagawa H, et al. Thin-cap fibroatheroma and microchannel findings in optical coherence tomography correlate with subsequent progression of coronary atheromatous plaques. Eur Heart J. 2012;33:78\u201385.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"1343_CR19","first-page":"17","volume":"28","author":"T Kume","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kume T, Okura H, Yamada R, Koyama T, Fukuhara K, Kawamura A, et al. Detection of plaque neovascularization by optical coherence tomography: Ex vivo feasibility study and in vivo observation in patients with angina pectoris. J Invasive Cardiol. 2016;28:17\u201322.","journal-title":"J Invasive Cardiol"},{"key":"1343_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.11.035","volume":"97","author":"T Kume","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kume T, Akasaka T, Kawamoto T, Watanabe N, Toyota E, Neishi Y, et al. Assessment of coronary arterial plaque by optical coherence tomography. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97:1172\u20135.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"1343_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2006.01.031","volume":"97","author":"T Kume","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kume T, Akasaka T, Kawamoto T, Ogasawara Y, Watanabe N, Toyota E, et al. Assessment of coronary arterial thrombus by optical coherence tomography. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97:1713\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"1343_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.09.079","volume":"59","author":"GJ Tearney","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tearney GJ, Regar E, Akasaka T, Adriaenssens T, Barlis P, Bezerra HG, et al. Consensus standards for acquisition, measurement, and reporting of intravascular optical coherence tomography studies: a report from the International Working Group for Intravascular Optical Coherence Tomography Standardization and Validation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:1058\u201372.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"1343_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.69.903","volume":"69","author":"T Kume","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kume T, Akasaka T, Kawamoto T, Watanabe N, Toyota E, Neishi Y, et al. Assessment of coronary intima\u2013media thickness by optical coherence tomography: comparison with intravascular ultrasound. Circ J. 2005;69:903\u20137.","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"1343_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-26-0255","volume":"90","author":"D Zhang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhang D, Yi B, He L, Xu Y, Zhao C, Zeng M, et al. Non-culprit lesion plaque vulnerability progression and regression assessed by serial optical coherence tomography imaging. Circ J. 2026;90:1033\u201343.","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"1343_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shao S, Wang W, Yi B, Liu M, Zhao C, Zeng M et al. Lesion morphological characteristics and prognosis of non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients with different types of culprit artery. Circ J [Internet]. 2026; Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1253\/circj.CJ-26-0096","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-26-0096"},{"key":"1343_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1007\/s12928-024-01080-8","volume":"40","author":"K Fujii","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fujii K, Kubo T, Otake H, Nakazawa G, Sonoda S, Hibi K, et al. Expert consensus statement for quantitative measurement and morphologic assessment of optical coherence tomography: update 2025. Cardiovasc Interv Ther. 2025;40:226\u201333.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Interv Ther"},{"key":"1343_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-25-0590","volume":"90","author":"NAL Yap","year":"2026","unstructured":"Yap NAL, Bourantas CV, Losdat S, Ng NYJ, H\u00e4ner J, Tanboga IH, et al. Comparison of atheroma burden changes using conventional vs. End-diastolic intravascular ultrasound segmentation - post hoc analysis of the PACMAN-AMI study. Circ J. 2026;90:1010\u201321.","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"1343_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-25-0966","volume":"90","author":"K Kato","year":"2026","unstructured":"Kato K, Yamamoto K, Miyakoda K, Tamura N, Tateishi K, Saito Y, et al. Acute and chronic management of spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Circ J. 2026;90:949\u201355.","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"1343_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s12928-025-01090-0","volume":"40","author":"Y Saito","year":"2025","unstructured":"Saito Y, Kobayashi Y, Fujii K, Sonoda S, Tsujita K, Hibi K, et al. CVIT 2025 clinical expert consensus document on intravascular ultrasound. Cardiovasc Interv Ther. 2025;40:211\u201325.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Interv Ther"},{"key":"1343_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.4244\/AIJ-D-24-00013","volume":"10","author":"MP Girish","year":"2024","unstructured":"Girish MP, Gupta MD, Maehara A, Matsumura M, Bansal A, Kunal S, et al. OCT-based comparative evaluation of culprit lesion morphology in very young versus older adult patients with STEMI. AsiaIntervention. 2024;10:177\u201385.","journal-title":"AsiaIntervention"},{"key":"1343_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.052008","volume":"143","author":"HR Reynolds","year":"2021","unstructured":"Reynolds HR, Maehara A, Kwong RY, Sedlak T, Saw J, Smilowitz NR, et al. Coronary optical coherence tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging to determine underlying causes of myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries in women. Circulation. 2021;143:624\u201340.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1343_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carrev.2018.07.011","volume":"20","author":"MH Yamamoto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yamamoto MH, Maehara A, Song L, Matsumura M, Chin CY, Losquadro M, et al. Optical coherence tomography assessment of morphological characteristics in suspected coronary artery disease, but angiographically nonobstructive lesions. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 2019;20:475\u20139.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Revasc Med"},{"key":"1343_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.10.065","volume":"47","author":"R Virmani","year":"2006","unstructured":"Virmani R, Burke AP, Farb A, Kolodgie FD. Pathology of the vulnerable plaque. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:C13\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"1343_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf672","volume":"47","author":"T Sekimoto","year":"2026","unstructured":"Sekimoto T, Grogan A, Kawakami R, Shiraki T, Fujiyoshi K, Madra A, et al. Plaque fissure and calcified nodule: histopathological findings. Eur Heart J. 2026;47:1415\u201326.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"1343_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1424","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-25-00296","volume":"21","author":"ZA Ali","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ali ZA, Spratt JC, Finn AV, Maehara A, Shin D. Identification and treatment of calcified nodules in percutaneous coronary intervention. EuroIntervention. 2025;21:e1424\u201333.","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"1343_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-24-0111","volume":"88","author":"T Sugiyama","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sugiyama T, Kakuta T, Hoshino M, Hada M, Yonetsu T, Usui E, et al. Predictors of optical coherence tomography-defined calcified nodules in patients with acute coronary syndrome - A substudy from the TACTICS registry. Circ J. 2024;88:1853\u201361.","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"1343_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1007\/s12928-023-00911-4","volume":"38","author":"T Nishi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nishi T, Sasahira Y, Kume T, Koto S, Uemura S. Rapid progression of calcified nodules with increased lipid core burden in the right coronary artery. Cardiovasc Interv Ther. 2023;38:248\u201350.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Interv Ther"},{"key":"1343_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-25-0068","volume":"89","author":"W Sasaki","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sasaki W, Ishida M, Taguchi Y, Tosaka K, Koeda Y, Kimura T, et al. Discrepancy between optical coherence tomography-based and intravascular ultrasound-based calcium scoring for heavily calcified coronary lesions. Circ J. 2025;89:992\u20136.","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"1343_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"oeac058","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjopen\/oeac058","volume":"2","author":"E Usui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Usui E, Matsumura M, Smilowitz NR, Mintz GS, Saw J, Kwong RY, et al. Coronary morphological features in women with non-ST-segment elevation MINOCA and MI-CAD as assessed by optical coherence tomography. Eur Heart J Open. 2022;2:oeac058.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Open"},{"key":"1343_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.08.014","volume":"14","author":"M Araki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Araki M, Yonetsu T, Kurihara O, Nakajima A, Lee H, Soeda T, et al. Predictors of rapid plaque progression: An optical coherence tomography study. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2021;14:1628\u201338.","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"1343_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4923","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac533","volume":"43","author":"L Holmstr\u00f6m","year":"2022","unstructured":"Holmstr\u00f6m L, Juntunen S, V\u00e4h\u00e4talo J, Pakanen L, Kaikkonen K, Haukilahti A, et al. Plaque histology and myocardial disease in sudden coronary death: the Fingesture study. Eur Heart J. 2022;43:4923\u201330.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"1343_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccas.2025.103292","volume":"30","author":"T Nishi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nishi T, Kobayashi Y, Kitahara H, Parikh M, Kobayashi Y. Sudden cardiac arrest in a young male: The role of intraplaque hemorrhage and coronary spasm. JACC Case Rep. 2025;30:103292.","journal-title":"JACC Case Rep"},{"key":"1343_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad096","volume":"44","author":"T Nishi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nishi T, Kume T, Uemura S. Resuscitated sudden cardiac arrest related to intraplaque haemorrhage and coronary artery spasm. Eur Heart J. 2023;44:1766.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"1343_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3181","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae460","volume":"45","author":"T Nishi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nishi T, Kume T, Saito Y, Kato K, Tateishi K, Yamada R, et al. Intraplaque haemorrhage, coronary spasm, and resuscitated cardiac arrest in patients with non-obstructive coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 2024;45:3181\u20133.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"1343_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2316","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035655","volume":"349","author":"FD Kolodgie","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kolodgie FD, Gold HK, Burke AP, Fowler DR, Kruth HS, Weber DK, et al. Intraplaque hemorrhage and progression of coronary atheroma. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:2316\u201325.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1343_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2023.01.370","volume":"16","author":"T Nishi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nishi T, Kume T, Yamada R, Neishi Y, Uemura S. Variation of the appearance of intraplaque hemorrhage on optical coherence tomography and intravascular ultrasound. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2023;16:997\u20139.","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Interv"},{"key":"1343_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sakamoto A, Torii S, Mori H, Otsuka F, Kawakami R, Suwa K et al. Understanding intraplaque hemorrhage: From pathogenesis to clinical impact in atherosclerosis. J Cardiol [Internet]. 2026; Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jjcc.2026.07.019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2026.07.019"},{"key":"1343_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s12928-021-00780-9","volume":"37","author":"K Tateishi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tateishi K, Saito Y, Matsuoka T, Kitahara H, Kobayashi Y. Layered coronary plaque associated with coronary vasospasm. Cardiovasc Interv Ther. 2022;37:389\u201390.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Interv Ther"},{"key":"1343_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1097\/MCA.0000000000001367","volume":"35","author":"T Nishi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nishi T, Kume T, Saito Y, Kitahara H, Uemura S, Kobayashi Y. Intraplaque hematoma with focal intimal disruption in a right coronary artery lesion: differential diagnosis of intraplaque hemorrhage. Coron Artery Dis. 2024;35:534\u20135.","journal-title":"Coron Artery Dis"},{"key":"1343_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.16-176","volume":"57","author":"M Fukutomi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fukutomi M, Ogata N, Nakano M, Kario K. Intra-plaque hematoma and minor intimal disruption detected by optical frequency domain imaging in a case of acute coronary syndrome. Int Heart J. 2016;57:760\u20132.","journal-title":"Int Heart J"},{"key":"1343_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.05.084","volume":"76","author":"SN Hayes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hayes SN, Tweet MS, Adlam D, Kim ESH, Gulati R, Price JE, et al. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76:961\u201384.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"1343_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2021.06.027","volume":"14","author":"D Adlam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adlam D, Tweet MS, Gulati R, Kotecha D, Rao P, Moss AJ, et al. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: Pitfalls of angiographic diagnosis and an approach to ambiguous cases. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2021;14:1743\u201356.","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Interv"},{"key":"1343_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1007\/s12928-024-00996-5","volume":"39","author":"T Nishi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nishi T, Kume T, Ueno M, Kobayashi Y, Uemura S. Resolution of spontaneous coronary artery dissection involving the left main coronary artery. Cardiovasc Interv Ther. 2024;39:316\u20137.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Interv Ther"},{"key":"1343_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2019.01.015","volume":"12","author":"R Jackson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jackson R, Al-Hussaini A, Joseph S, van Soest G, Wood A, Macaya F, et al. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: Pathophysiological insights from optical coherence tomography. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;12:2475\u201388.","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"1343_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacadv.2024.101385","volume":"3","author":"D Crousillat","year":"2024","unstructured":"Crousillat D, Sarma A, Wood M, Naderi S, Leon K, Gibson CM, et al. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: Current knowledge, research gaps, and innovative research initiatives: JACC advances expert panel. JACC Adv. 2024;3:101385.","journal-title":"JACC Adv"},{"key":"1343_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e011062","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.121.011062","volume":"14","author":"T Hashikata","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hashikata T, Honda Y, Wang H, Pargaonkar VS, Nishi T, Hollak MB, et al. Impact of diastolic vessel restriction on quality of life in symptomatic myocardial bridging patients treated with surgical unroofing: Preoperative assessments with intravascular ultrasound and coronary computed tomography angiography. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2021;14:e011062.","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Interv"},{"key":"1343_CR57","first-page":"281","volume":"12","author":"T Hashikata","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hashikata T, Kameda R, Ako J. Clinical implication and optimal management of myocardial bridging: Role of cardiovascular imaging. Interv Cardiol Clin. 2023;12:281\u20138.","journal-title":"Interv Cardiol Clin"},{"key":"1343_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rodriguez BC, Laborante R, Rizwan A, Khawaja M, Elia S, Newman N et al. Myocardial bridging: a practical guide for clinicians. Eur Heart J [Internet]. 2026 [cited 2026 Aug 14]; Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf1038","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf1038"},{"key":"1343_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001735","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.114.001735","volume":"5","author":"R Yamada","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yamada R, Tremmel JA, Tanaka S, Lin S, Kobayashi Y, Hollak MB, et al. Functional versus anatomic assessment of myocardial bridging by intravascular ultrasound: Impact of arterial compression on proximal atherosclerotic plaque. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5:e001735.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"1343_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-021-02497-5","volume":"38","author":"A Okamura","year":"2022","unstructured":"Okamura A, Okura H, Iwai S, Kyodo A, Kamon D, Hashimoto Y, et al. Detection of myocardial bridge by optical coherence tomography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2022;38:1169\u201376.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"1343_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carrev.2022.04.024","volume":"46","author":"S Aoi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aoi S, Maehara A, Takahashi T, Latib A, Kobayashi Y. OCT-defined myocardial bridge as a homogenous band: Validation with a hybrid IVUS-OCT catheter. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 2023;46:122\u20133.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Revasc Med"},{"key":"1343_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1002358","volume":"364","author":"GW Stone","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stone GW, Maehara A, Lansky AJ, de Bruyne B, Cristea E, Mintz GS, et al. A prospective natural-history study of coronary atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:226\u201335.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1343_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz520","volume":"41","author":"F Prati","year":"2020","unstructured":"Prati F, Romagnoli E, Gatto L, La Manna A, Burzotta F, Ozaki Y, et al. Relationship between coronary plaque morphology of the left anterior descending artery and 12 months clinical outcome: the CLIMA study. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:383\u201391.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"1343_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2009.07.011","volume":"146","author":"Y Morikawa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Morikawa Y, Uemura S, Ishigami K-I, Soeda T, Okayama S, Takemoto Y, et al. Morphological features of coronary arteries in patients with coronary spastic angina: assessment with intracoronary optical coherence tomography. Int J Cardiol. 2011;146:334\u201340.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"1343_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e018028","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.018028","volume":"10","author":"T Nakamura","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nakamura T, Horikoshi T, Kugiyama K. Structural thickening of medial layer in coronary artery with spasm in patients with myocardial infarction. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10:e018028.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"1343_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2018.08.022","volume":"12","author":"MP Opolski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Opolski MP, Spiewak M, Marczak M, Debski A, Knaapen P, Schumacher SP, et al. Mechanisms of myocardial infarction in patients with Nonobstructive Coronary Artery Disease: Results from the Optical Coherence Tomography study. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;12:2210\u201321.","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"1343_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mas-Llad\u00f3 C, Maristany J, G\u00f3mez-Larab J, Pascual M, Mar Alameda M, del, G\u00f3mez-Jaume A et al. Value of the optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis of unstable patients with non-significant coronary stenosis. REC: interventional cardiology (English Edition) . REC Interv Cardiol. 2020;2:272-279 ; Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24875\/RECICE.M20000117","DOI":"10.24875\/RECICE.M20000117"},{"key":"1343_CR68","first-page":"202","volume":"21","author":"A Taruya","year":"2020","unstructured":"Taruya A, Tanaka A, Nishiguchi T, Ozaki Y, Kashiwagi M, Yamano T, et al. Lesion characteristics and prognosis of acute coronary syndrome without angiographically significant coronary artery stenosis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;21:202\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"1343_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.05.045","volume":"13","author":"E Gerbaud","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gerbaud E, Arabucki F, Nivet H, Barbey C, Cetran L, Chassaing S, et al. OCT and CMR for the diagnosis of patients presenting with MINOCA and suspected epicardial causes. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;13:2619\u201331.","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"1343_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2022.10.023","volume":"16","author":"M Zeng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zeng M, Zhao C, Bao X, Liu M, He L, Xu Y, et al. Clinical characteristics and prognosis of MINOCA caused by atherosclerotic and nonatherosclerotic mechanisms assessed by OCT. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2023;16:521\u201332.","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"1343_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2026.06.023","volume":"274","author":"K Nishimiya","year":"2026","unstructured":"Nishimiya K, Yosofi B, Dimitriu-Leen AC, Volleberg RHJA, Focks JJ, van Helden G, et al. Feasibility and yield of a diagnostic protocol for myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries. Am J Cardiol. 2026;274:1\u201311.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"1343_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf917","volume":"47","author":"RA Montone","year":"2026","unstructured":"Montone RA, Cosentino N, Gorla R, Biscaglia S, La Vecchia G, Rinaldi R, et al. Stratified treatment of myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries: the PROMISE trial. Eur Heart J. 2026;47:1456\u201366.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"1343_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e666","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-21-00971","volume":"18","author":"RA Montone","year":"2022","unstructured":"Montone RA, Rinaldi R, Del Buono MG, Gurgoglione F, La Vecchia G, Russo M, et al. Safety and prognostic relevance of acetylcholine testing in patients with stable myocardial ischaemia or myocardial infarction and non-obstructive coronary arteries. EuroIntervention. 2022;18:e666\u201376.","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"1343_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.133066","volume":"426","author":"T Nishi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nishi T, Saito Y, Tateishi K, Kobayashi Y, Ohnaga Y, Kuranaga S, et al. Safety and clinical implications of coronary spasm provocation testing in patients presenting with myocardial infarction with no overt culprit lesion. Int J Cardiol. 2025;426:133066.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"1343_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-25-0172","volume":"89","author":"Y Ohnaga","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ohnaga Y, Saito Y, Kato K, Tateishi K, Kitahara H, Kobayashi Y. Differential impact of diagnostic criteria of intracoronary acetylcholine provocation testing on clinical characteristics and outcomes. Circ J. 2025;89:1087\u201393.","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"1343_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-25-0883","volume":"90","author":"K Kato","year":"2026","unstructured":"Kato K, Miyakoda K, Kitagawa M, Suzuki-Eguchi N, Kitahara H, Kobayashi Y. Pheochromocytoma-induced reverse takotsubo syndrome complicated by severe functional mitral regurgitation. Circ J. 2026;90:250.","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"1343_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2025.01.009","volume":"85","author":"K Kato","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kato K, Di Vece D, Kitagawa M, Yamamoto K, Miyakoda K, Aoki S, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes in takotsubo syndrome -Review of insights from the InterTAK Registry. J Cardiol. 2025;85:263\u20137.","journal-title":"J Cardiol"},{"key":"1343_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3720","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad191","volume":"44","author":"RA Byrne","year":"2023","unstructured":"Byrne RA, Rossello X, Coughlan JJ, Barbato E, Berry C, Chieffo A, et al. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2023;44:3720\u2013826.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"1343_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.recesp.2023.11.009","volume":"77","author":"G Junc\u00e0","year":"2024","unstructured":"Junc\u00e0 G, Teis A, Kasa G, Ferrer-Sistach E, Vallejo N, L\u00f3pez-Ayerbe J, et al. Timing of cardiac magnetic resonance and diagnostic yield in patients with myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed). 2024;77:515\u201323.","journal-title":"Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed)"},{"key":"1343_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Murai T, Kakuta T, Hibi K, van de Hoef TP. Intracoronary physiological indices for coronary microvascular dysfunction: from concept to clinical application. Cardiovasc Interv Ther [Internet]. 2026; Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12928-026-01252-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s12928-026-01252-8"},{"key":"1343_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2015.03.010","volume":"8","author":"E-S Shin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shin E-S, Ann SH, Singh GB, Lim KH, Yoon H-J, Hur S-H, et al. OCT-defined morphological characteristics of coronary artery spasm sites in vasospastic angina. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8:1059\u201367.","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"1343_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-26-0020","volume":"90","author":"J Eom","year":"2026","unstructured":"Eom J, Kang DO, Nam HS, Lee W, Kim JW, Yoo H. Lesion-specific prediction of segmental fractional flow reserve using deep learning and optical coherence tomography-derived features. Circ J. 2026;90:1025\u201332.","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"1343_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-25-0154","volume":"90","author":"N Matsukawa","year":"2026","unstructured":"Matsukawa N, Yamamoto MH, Mizukami T, Kondo S, Kobayashi N, Takano M, et al. Clinical impact of optical coherence tomography-guided primary percutaneous coronary intervention in ST-elevation myocardial infarction - A substudy of the TACTICS registry. Circ J. 2026;90:284\u201392.","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"1343_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1007\/s12928-025-01137-2","volume":"40","author":"K Wakabayashi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wakabayashi K, Yonetsu T, Mizukami T, Yamamoto MH, Yasuhara S, Shishido K, et al. Feasibility of optical coherence tomography-guided primary percutaneous coronary intervention for STEMI: all-comer ATLAS-OCT trial. Cardiovasc Interv Ther. 2025;40:576\u201387.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Interv Ther"},{"key":"1343_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00413-6","volume":"403","author":"S-J Park","year":"2024","unstructured":"Park S-J, Ahn J-M, Kang D-Y, Yun S-C, Ahn Y-K, Kim W-J, et al. Preventive percutaneous coronary intervention versus optimal medical therapy alone for the treatment of vulnerable atherosclerotic coronary plaques (PREVENT): a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2024;403:1753\u201365.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1343_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tsubata H, Nakanishi N, Wakana N, Yukawa A, Taniguchi N, Yokoi H et al. Clinical impact of PCSK9 inhibitor discontinuation on cardiovascular outcomes - real-world evidence from the Kyoto PCSK9 registry. Circ J [Internet]. 2026; Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1253\/circj.CJ-26-0460","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-26-0460"}],"container-title":["Cardiovascular Intervention and Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12928-026-01343-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12928-026-01343-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12928-026-01343-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T16:03:32Z","timestamp":1790352212000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12928-026-01343-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"references-count":86,"alternative-id":["1343"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12928-026-01343-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1868-4300","1868-4297"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1868-4300","type":"print"},{"value":"1868-4297","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 August 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest related to this work.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}