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Stroke Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Hyperthermia within the first 24 h following ischemic stroke (IS) has been associated with poor outcomes. We sought to determine whether blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) permeability contributes to the relationship between hyperthermia and early infarct growth (EIG). A retrospective analysis was conducted on a prospective stroke biobank. EIG was defined as the percentage difference between the initial volume (mL) determined by the diffusion-weighted imaging at admission and the volume (mL) from the control CT image on the 4\u2009th\u20137 th day. Hyperthermia was defined as an axillary body temperature \u2265\u200937.5 \u00b0C within the first 24 h. Soluble tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (sTWEAK) serum levels were measured by ELISA. One-hundred and two (19.7%) patients showed EIG from a cohort of 519 patients (45.6% females). Linear correlation was observed for axillar body temperature and EIG (Pearson\u2019s <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009= 0.46; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt; 0.001). sTWEAK serum levels showed a <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>-statistic of 0.74 (95% CI: 0.69\u20130.79), with an optimal cut-off point &gt;\u20093000 pg\/mL for EIG prediction. Moreover, microalbuminuria levels strongly correlated with sTWEAK levels (Pearson\u2019s <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009= 0.75; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt; 0.001). In the multivariate analysis for EIG was observed an independent association with hyperthermia (adjusted OR 24.21; 95% CI: 12.03\u201339.12), sTWEAK levels &gt;\u20093000 pg\/mL (adjusted OR 16.43; 95% CI: 3.71\u201372.70), leukoaraiosis (adjusted OR 10.42; 95% CI: 2.68\u201339.08), and microalbuminuria (adjusted OR 1.02; 95% CI: 1.00\u20131.12). In our cohort, hyperthermia was independently associated with EIG after IS. The fact that microalbuminuria, leukoaraiosis, and sTWEAK were also associated with EIG suggests a relationship with increased BBB permeability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-025-01349-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T11:56:23Z","timestamp":1744113383000},"page":"1783-1791","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Hyperthermia and Early Growth of Cerebral Infarct: The Potential Role of Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Permeability"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Crhistian-Mario","family":"Oblitas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Sampedro-Viana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabela","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Rodicio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Y\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iria","family":"L\u00f3pez-Dequidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arturo","family":"Gonzalez-Quintela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio J.","family":"Mosqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacobo","family":"Porto-\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier Mart\u00ednez","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos","family":"Bazarra-Barreiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Teresa","family":"Abengoza-Bello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Ortega-Espina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Ouro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Sobrino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Luz","family":"Alonso-Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Hervella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"Iglesias-Rey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"1349_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.09.048","volume":"347","author":"SM Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim SM, Kwon SU, Kim JS, et al. 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