{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T17:55:46Z","timestamp":1781632546073,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006034","name":"University of Southern California","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006034","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl. Stroke Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>No single animal stroke model satisfies all needs of translational stroke investigation. While the nylon filament model is widely accepted in preclinical translational stroke research, thromboembolic models have more physiological relevance. Thromboembolic models are technically difficult, time consuming, and show variable results, making them problematic for multi-laboratory preclinical network use. We sought to develop and validate a multi-laboratory thromboembolic middle cerebral artery occlusion model that encompasses vessel occlusion and subsequent thrombolysis. To reduce the numbers of donor animals used, we developed a method to store donor blood for later use. Using prefabricated microcatheters, we simplified thrombus preparation and handling. Emboli were prepared in microcatheters and injected directly into the middle cerebral artery from the internal carotid artery. For thrombolysis we used intravenous Tenecteplase dosing at 1.5\u00a0mg\/kg. To demonstrate feasibility and ease-of-use, the model was implemented at six research laboratories. We wrote and field-tested standard operating procedures, training videos, and hands-on surgical training workshops. We enrolled 170 Sprague Dawley rats of both sexes at six laboratories who performed 4 to 6 thrombus embolizations per week. All sites could achieve reproducible occlusion and thrombolysis. Thromboemboli prepared from stored blood served as well as emboli from freshly drawn blood. Of 135 rats who received one embolus, 33 (24%) died before 48-hour MRI scan. In survivors, stroke volume was 13\u2009\u00b1\u200916% of the ipsilateral hemisphere. Occlusions were seen in the MCA in 15%, distal ICA in 19%, both (T-occlusions) in 2% and in the MCA\/ACA in 1%. Corner test, neurobehavioral battery, and MRI showed reasonably consistent stroke injury. We established the feasibility and reproducibility of a multi-laboratory rodent thromboembolic model but further development is needed to improve the success rate and lower the mortality rate before this model can be accepted widely.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-025-01407-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T01:33:34Z","timestamp":1769736814000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Feasibility of a Multi-Laboratory Model of Middle Cerebral Artery Thromboembolic Stroke with Thrombolysis: TE-MCAo"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Michelle","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mozammel","family":"Bhuiyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carly","family":"McCurry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Lamb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcio A.","family":"Diniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karni","family":"Bedirian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anil K.","family":"Chauhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhishek","family":"Jha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aditi","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"C. Leira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakeshkumar","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad B.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pradip","family":"Kamat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Hess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishnan","family":"Dhandapani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huaxin","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sasha","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingren","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunli","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Sansing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pinar","family":"Caglayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinyue","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ligia","family":"Boisserand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cenk","family":"Ayata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiko","family":"Imai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6170-4042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Lyden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"24","key":"1407_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm199512143332401","volume":"333","author":"Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke","year":"1995","unstructured":"Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(24):1581\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejm199512143332401.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1407_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-018-0628-9","volume":"9","author":"GJ Bix","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bix GJ, Fraser JF, Mack WJ, Carmichael ST, Perez-Pinzon M, Offner H, et al. Uncovering the rosetta stone: report from the first annual conference on key elements in translating stroke therapeutics from pre-clinical to clinical. Transl Stroke Res. 2018;9(3):258\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12975-018-0628-9.","journal-title":"Transl Stroke Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"1407_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2632","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.117.017112","volume":"48","author":"F Bosetti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bosetti F, Koenig JI, Ayata C, Back SA, Becker K, Broderick JP, et al. Translational stroke research: vision and opportunities. Stroke. 2017;48(9):2632\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/strokeaha.117.017112.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"5","key":"1407_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.121.038047","volume":"53","author":"PD Lyden","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lyden PD, Bosetti F, Diniz MA, Rogatko A, Koenig JI, Lamb J, et al. The stroke preclinical assessment network: rationale, design, feasibility, and stage 1 results. Stroke. 2022;53(5):1802\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.121.038047.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1407_CR5","volume-title":"Reproducibility and replicability in science","author":"Medicine","year":"2019","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, E., &, Medicine. Reproducibility and replicability in science. Washington, DC: National Academies; 2019."},{"issue":"3","key":"1407_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X15606714","volume":"36","author":"S Maysami","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maysami S, Wong R, Pradillo JM, Denes A, Dhungana H, Malm T, et al. A cross-laboratory preclinical study on the effectiveness of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2016;36(3):596\u2013605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0271678X15606714.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"issue":"299","key":"1407_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaa9853","volume":"7","author":"G Llovera","year":"2015","unstructured":"Llovera G, Hofmann K, Roth S, Salas-Perdomo A, Ferrer-Ferrer M, Perego C, et al. Results of a preclinical randomized controlled multicenter trial (pRCT): anti-CD49d treatment for acute brain ischemia. Sci Transl Med. 2015;7(299):299ra121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaa9853.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1407_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.122.040638","volume":"54","author":"A Morais","year":"2023","unstructured":"Morais A, Locascio JJ, Sansing LH, Lamb J, Nagarkatti K, Imai T, et al. Embracing heterogeneity in the multicenter stroke preclinical assessment network (SPAN) trial. Stroke. 2023;54(2):620\u201331.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"1","key":"1407_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.20.1.84","volume":"20","author":"EZ Longa","year":"1989","unstructured":"Longa EZ, Weinstein PR, Carlson S, Cummins R. Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniectomy in rats. Stroke. 1989;20(1):84\u201391.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"20 Suppl 2","key":"1407_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000012781","volume":"97","author":"V Saini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saini V, Guada L, Yavagal DR. Global epidemiology of stroke and access to acute ischemic stroke interventions. Neurology. 2021;97(20 Suppl 2):S6\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.0000000000012781.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1407_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.24.1.35","volume":"24","author":"HP Adams Jr.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Adams HP Jr., Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, Biller J, Love BB, Gordon DL, et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment. Stroke. 1993;24(1):35\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.str.24.1.35.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"1","key":"1407_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000250341.38014.d2","volume":"68","author":"A Zangerle","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zangerle A, Kiechl S, Spiegel M, Furtner M, Knoflach M, Werner P, et al. Recanalization after thrombolysis in stroke patients: predictors and prognostic implications. Neurology. 2007;68(1):39\u201344.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"1407_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.014181","volume":"47","author":"P Seners","year":"2016","unstructured":"Seners P, Turc G, Ma\u00efer B, Mas J-L, Oppenheim C, Baron J-C. Incidence and predictors of early recanalization after intravenous thrombolysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2016;47(9):2409\u201312.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"e3","key":"1407_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e349","DOI":"10.1136\/jnis-2022-019777","volume":"15","author":"AT Rai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rai AT, Link PS, Domico JR. Updated estimates of large and medium vessel strokes, mechanical thrombectomy trends, and future projections indicate a relative flattening of the growth curve but highlight opportunities for expanding endovascular stroke care. J Neurointerv Surg. 2023;15(e3):e349\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnis-2022-019777.","journal-title":"J Neurointerv Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"1407_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.12179","volume":"4","author":"Y Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li Y, Zhang J. Animal models of stroke. Anim Model Exp Med. 2021;4(3):204\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ame2.12179.","journal-title":"Anim Model Exp Med"},{"key":"1407_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2016.02.016","volume":"122","author":"A Kumar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kumar A, Aakriti, Gupta V. A review on animal models of stroke: an update. Brain Res Bull. 2016;122:35\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2016.02.016.","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"issue":"4","key":"1407_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2014.1","volume":"34","author":"M Marinescu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Marinescu M, Bouley J, Chueh J, Fisher M, Henninger N. Clot injection technique affects thrombolytic efficacy in a rat embolic stroke model: implications for translaboratory collaborations. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2014;34(4):677\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/jcbfm.2014.1.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"1407_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","volume":"95","author":"PA Harris","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Minor BL, Elliott V, Fernandez M, O\u2019Neal L, et al. The REDCap consortium: building an international community of software platform partners. J Biomed Inform. 2019;95:103208.","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"issue":"11","key":"1407_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/57.11.1039","volume":"57","author":"SN Davis","year":"2000","unstructured":"Davis SN, Vermeulen L, Banton J, Schwartz BS, Williams EC. Activity and dosage of Alteplase Dilution for clearing occlusions of venous-access devices. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2000;57(11):1039\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajhp\/57.11.1039.","journal-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm"},{"issue":"9","key":"1407_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0209-y","volume":"21","author":"A Mathis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mathis A, Mamidanna P, Cury KM, Abe T, Murthy VN, Mathis MW, et al. DeepLabCut: markerless pose estimation of user-defined body parts with deep learning. Nat Neurosci. 2018;21(9):1281\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-018-0209-y.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1407_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.17.3.472","volume":"17","author":"JB Bederson","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bederson JB, Pitts LH, Tsuji M, Nishimura MC, Davis RL, Bartkowski H. Rat middle cerebral artery occlusion: evaluation of the model and development of a neurologic examination. Stroke. 1986;17(3):472\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.str.17.3.472.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1407_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabeen RP, Mandeville JB, Hyder F, Sanganahalli BG, Thedens D, Arbab AS et al. (2023). Computational Image-Based Stroke Assessment for Evaluation of Cerebroprotectants with Longitudinal and Multi-Site Preclinical MRI. Paper presented at the 2023 IEEE 20th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI), Cartagena, Colombia, Apr 18 2023 - Apr 21 2023.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBI53787.2023.10230408"},{"key":"1407_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.04.067","volume":"124","author":"KL Crawford","year":"2016","unstructured":"Crawford KL, Neu SC, Toga AW. The image and data archive at the Laboratory of Neuro Imaging. Neuroimage. 2016;124:1080\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.04.067.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1407_CR24","unstructured":"Cabeen RP, Laidlaw DH, Toga AW. (2018). Quantitative Imaging Toolkit: Software for Interactive 3D Visualization, Data Exploration, and Computational Analysis of Neuroimaging Datasets. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (ISMRM), Paris, France, June 15\u201318, 2018."},{"key":"1407_CR25","unstructured":"Tarakci E, Mandeville J, Hyder F, Sanganahalli BG, Thedens DR, Arbab A et al. (2022). Evaluating U-net Brain Extraction for Multi-site and Longitudinal Preclinical Stroke Imaging. arXiv preprint arXiv:2203.05716."},{"issue":"1496","key":"1407_CR26","first-page":"130","volume":"1998","author":"F AF","year":"1998","unstructured":"AF F. Multiscale vessel enhancement filtering. Med Image Comput Computer-Assisted Intervention. 1998;1998(1496):130\u20137.","journal-title":"Med Image Comput Computer-Assisted Intervention"},{"issue":"4","key":"1407_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1145\/37402.37422","volume":"21","author":"WE Lorensen","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lorensen WE, Cline HE. Marching cubes: a high resolution 3D surface construction algorithm. Comput Graphics. 1987;21(4):163\u20139.","journal-title":"Comput Graphics"},{"issue":"4","key":"1407_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2011.01020.x","volume":"74","author":"O Thas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thas O, Neve JD, Clement L, Ottoy JP. Probabilistic index models. J Royal Stat Society: Ser B (Statistical Methodology). 2012;74(4):623\u201371.","journal-title":"J Royal Stat Society: Ser B (Statistical Methodology)"},{"key":"1407_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murata Y, Wang X, Lo EH. A thromboembolic rat model of focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion with tPA. Animal models of acute neurological injuries. Springer; 2009. pp. 155\u201367.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-185-1_13"},{"key":"1407_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9100754","author":"RC Hubrecht","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hubrecht RC, Carter E. The 3Rs and humane experimental technique: implementing change. Animals (Basel). 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani9100754.","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"issue":"5","key":"1407_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4949.2012.00838.x","volume":"7","author":"PR Krafft","year":"2012","unstructured":"Krafft PR, Bailey EL, Lekic T, Rolland WB, Altay O, Tang J, et al. Etiology of stroke and choice of models. Int J Stroke. 2012;7(5):398\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1747-4949.2012.00838.x.","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"issue":"5","key":"1407_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410170513","volume":"17","author":"BD Watson","year":"1985","unstructured":"Watson BD, Dietrich WD, Busto R, Wachtel MS, Ginsberg MD. Induction of reproducible brain infarction by photochemically initiated thrombosis. Ann Neurol. 1985;17(5):497\u2013504.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"1407_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ansari S, Azari H, Caldwell KJ, Regenhardt RW, Hedna VS, Waters MF, et al. Endothelin-1 induced middle cerebral artery occlusion model for ischemic stroke with laser doppler flowmetry guidance in rat. J Vis Exp. 2013;7210.3791\/50014.","DOI":"10.3791\/50014-v"},{"issue":"5","key":"1407_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.499483","volume":"39","author":"HK Shin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shin HK, Nishimura M, Jones PB, Ay H, Boas DA, Moskowitz MA, et al. Mild induced hypertension improves blood flow and oxygen metabolism in transient focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 2008;39(5):1548\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.499483","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1407_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-8993(97)00580-5","volume":"766","author":"RL Zhang","year":"1997","unstructured":"Zhang RL, Chopp M, Zhang ZG, Jiang Q, Ewing JR. A rat model of focal embolic cerebral ischemia. Brain Res. 1997;766(1\u20132):83\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0006-8993(97)00580-5.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"1407_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3995\/jstroke.8.1","volume":"8","author":"J Koizumi","year":"1986","unstructured":"Koizumi J. Experimental studies of ischemic brain edema. 1. A new experimental model of cerebral embolism in rats in which recirculation can be introduced in the ischemic area. Jpn J Stroke. 1986;8:1\u20138.","journal-title":"Jpn J Stroke"},{"issue":"10","key":"1407_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1042\/cs20220494","volume":"137","author":"K Hair","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hair K, Wilson E, Wong C, Tsang A, Macleod M, Bannach-Brown A. Systematic online living evidence summaries: emerging tools to accelerate evidence synthesis. Clin Sci Lond. 2023;137(10):773\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/cs20220494.","journal-title":"Clin Sci Lond"},{"issue":"4","key":"1407_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.10.4.415","volume":"10","author":"HH Kaufman","year":"1979","unstructured":"Kaufman HH, Anderson JH, Huchton JD, Woo J. A new canine model of proximal internal carotid embolism. Stroke. 1979;10(4):415\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.str.10.4.415.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"6","key":"1407_CR39","first-page":"1357","volume":"27","author":"J Gralla","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gralla J, Schroth G, Remonda L, Fleischmann A, Fandino J, Slotboom J, et al. A dedicated animal model for mechanical thrombectomy in acute stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27(6):1357\u201361.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1407_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)10304-2","volume":"264","author":"GR Thomas","year":"1993","unstructured":"Thomas GR, Thibodeaux H, Bennett WF, Refino CJ, Badillo JM, Errett CJ, et al. Optimized thrombolysis of cerebral clots with tissue-type plasminogen activator in a rabbit model of embolic stroke. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1993;264(1):67\u201373.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"9","key":"1407_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-022-00707-5","volume":"17","author":"D Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu D, Chen J, Wu L, Lee H, Shi J, Zhang M, et al. A clinically relevant model of focal embolic cerebral ischemia by thrombus and thrombolysis in rhesus monkeys. Nat Protoc. 2022;17(9):2054\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41596-022-00707-5.","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"1407_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200103000-00003","volume":"21","author":"Y Kuge","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kuge Y, Yokota C, Tagaya M, Hasegawa Y, Nishimura A, Kito G, et al. Serial changes in cerebral blood flow and flow-metabolism uncoupling in primates with acute thromboembolic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2001;21(3):202\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004647-200103000-00003.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"1407_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3063","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.121.034947","volume":"52","author":"P Lyden","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lyden P, Buchan A, Boltze J, Fisher M, Consortium*, S. X. Top priorities for cerebroprotective studies-a paradigm shift: report from STAIR XI. Stroke. 2021;52(9):3063\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.121.034947.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"4","key":"1407_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.13.4.505","volume":"13","author":"M Kudo","year":"1982","unstructured":"Kudo M, Aoyama A, Ichimori S, Fukunaga N. An animal model of cerebral infarction. Homologous blood clot emboli in rats. Stroke. 1982;13(4):505\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.str.13.4.505.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"10","key":"1407_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199210000-00027","volume":"3","author":"K Overgaard","year":"1992","unstructured":"Overgaard K, Sereghy T, Pedersen H, Boysen G. Dose-response of rt-PA and its combination with aspirin in a rat embolic stroke model. Neuroreport. 1992;3(10):925\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00001756-199210000-00027.","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"4","key":"1407_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2015.036","volume":"10","author":"L Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang L, Zhang RL, Jiang Q, Ding G, Chopp M, Zhang ZG. Focal embolic cerebral ischemia in the rat. Nat Protoc. 2015;10(4):539\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nprot.2015.036.","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"issue":"4731","key":"1407_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3934754","volume":"230","author":"JA Zivin","year":"1985","unstructured":"Zivin JA, Fisher M, DeGirolami U, Hemenway CC, Stashak JA. Tissue plasminogen activator reduces neurological damage after cerebral embolism. Science. 1985;230(4731):1289.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1407_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.03.052","volume":"127","author":"B Fereidoonnezhad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fereidoonnezhad B, Dwivedi A, Johnson S, McCarthy R, McGarry P. Blood clot fracture properties are dependent on red blood cell and fibrin content. Acta Biomater. 2021;127:213\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.03.052.","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"issue":"1","key":"1407_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02259134","volume":"88","author":"K Fuxe","year":"1992","unstructured":"Fuxe K, Kurosawa N, Cintra A, Hallstr\u00f6m A, Goiny M, Ros\u00e9n L, et al. Involvement of local ischemia in endothelin-1 induced lesions of the neostriatum of the anaesthetized rat. Exp Brain Res. 1992;88(1):131\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf02259134.","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1407_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2009.01.009","volume":"179","author":"S Nikolova","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nikolova S, Moyanova S, Hughes S, Bellyou-Camilleri M, Lee TY, Bartha R. Endothelin-1 induced MCAO: dose dependency of cerebral blood flow. J Neurosci Methods. 2009;179(1):22\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2009.01.009.","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"1407_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2014.05.014","volume":"233","author":"RB Roome","year":"2014","unstructured":"Roome RB, Bartlett RF, Jeffers M, Xiong J, Corbett D, Vanderluit JL. A reproducible Endothelin-1 model of forelimb motor cortex stroke in the mouse. J Neurosci Methods. 2014;233:34\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2014.05.014.","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"1407_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/s1385-299x(01)00049-6","volume":"7","author":"CX Wang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wang CX, Yang Y, Yang T, Shuaib A. A focal embolic model of cerebral ischemia in rats: introduction and evaluation. Brain Res Brain Res Protoc. 2001;7(2):115\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1385-299x(01)00049-6.","journal-title":"Brain Res Brain Res Protoc"},{"key":"1407_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2015.09.013","volume":"256","author":"Y Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen Y, Zhu W, Zhang W, Libal N, Murphy SJ, Offner H, et al. A novel mouse model of thromboembolic stroke. J Neurosci Methods. 2015;256:203\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2015.09.013.","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"1407_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2011.02.016","volume":"197","author":"B Lapergue","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lapergue B, Deroide N, Pocard M, Michel JB, Meilhac O, Bonnin P. Transcranial duplex sonography for monitoring circle of Willis artery occlusion in a rat embolic stroke model. J Neurosci Methods. 2011;197(2):289\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2011.02.016.","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"issue":"8","key":"1407_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1161\/01.Str.0000080941.73934.30","volume":"34","author":"F Niessen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Niessen F, Hilger T, Hoehn M, Hossmann KA. Differences in clot preparation determine outcome of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator treatment in experimental thromboembolic stroke. Stroke. 2003;34(8):2019\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.Str.0000080941.73934.30.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"1","key":"1407_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89638-x","volume":"11","author":"RR Karamchandani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Karamchandani RR, Rhoten JB, Strong D, Chang B, Asimos AW. Mortality after large artery occlusion acute ischemic stroke. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):10033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-89638-x.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"1407_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.124.048748","volume":"56","author":"RB Patel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Patel RB, Kumskova M, Kodali H, Budnik I, Kuznetsov V, Jain A, et al. Uric acid stroke cerebroprotection transcended sex, age, and comorbidities in a multicenter preclinical trial. Stroke. 2025;56(4):965\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/strokeaha.124.048748.","journal-title":"Stroke"}],"container-title":["Translational Stroke Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12975-025-01407-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12975-025-01407-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12975-025-01407-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T17:22:02Z","timestamp":1781630522000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12975-025-01407-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["1407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12975-025-01407-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1868-4483","1868-601X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1868-4483","type":"print"},{"value":"1868-601X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 December 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 December 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 January 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"20"}}