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Stroke Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein (sGFAP) is an astroglial biomarker preliminarily investigated in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). We aimed to investigate its temporal pattern and clinical value in two German AIS cohorts.\u00a0Using immunoassay, we measured sGFAP concentrations in 952 samples of 572 AIS patient and 32 samples of controls recruited in Halle [AIS\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009102, age: 70.9 (\u00b1\u200915.9) years, 52.0% males; controls\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200932, age: 47.6 (\u00b1\u200918.8) years, 59.4% males] and W\u00fcrzburg [AIS\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009470, age 74.6 (\u00b1\u200912.8) years, 48.3% males]. In AIS patients, we stratified samples according to the time from symptom onset to blood sampling, namely at D1 (&lt;\u200924\u00a0h), D2 (24\u201348\u00a0h), D3 (48\u201372\u00a0h) and D5-7 (96\u2013144\u00a0h), and tested associations between biomarker levels and clinical data.\u00a0sGFAP level was increased at all timepoints after AIS compared to control subjects (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001, age-adjusted\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01) with significant changes over time (D1\u2009&lt;\u2009D2&lt; D3\u2009\u2265\u2009D5-7). We found increased sGFAP concentrations in AIS patients who had altered mental status on admission (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01), hemorrhagic transformation of AIS (HT,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) as well as systemic infections such as pneumonia (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Higher D1 sGFAP concentrations were associated with higher likelihood of modified Rankin Scale\u2009&gt;\u20092 at 3 months [aOR\u2009=\u20091.015 (95%CI\u2009=\u20091.005\u20131.025),\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.004] and a shorter survival at longest follow-up (median: 576 days, max 922 days) [highest tertile vs. lowest tertile HR\u2009=\u20092.94 (95%CI\u2009=\u20091.21\u20137.17),\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.018].\u00a0sGFAP is elevated after AIS and of informative value regarding the risk HT and infections, as well as on the clinical outcome at follow-up.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-026-01458-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T06:48:15Z","timestamp":1781506095000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Temporal Pattern and Clinical Value of Serum GFAP in Acute Ischemic Stroke: Results from Two Prospective German Cohorts"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Barba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Vollmuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Oeckl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Halbgebauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Hametner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Essig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter U.","family":"Heuschmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander M.","family":"Kollikowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirko","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael K.","family":"Schuhmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Steinacker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yashar","family":"Bahramsari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annemarie","family":"Thaele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Kulitze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Abu-Rumeileh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl Georg","family":"Haeusler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Stoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hermann","family":"Neugebauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Otto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"1458_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-021-00616-3","volume":"18","author":"A Abdelhak","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abdelhak A, Foschi M, Abu-Rumeileh S, et al. 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All participants or their legal representatives gave written informed consent to research and the local Ethics Committees approved the study protocols (University of W\u00fcrzburg reference number: 05\/20-am, registry number: DRKS00022064; Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg reference number: 2021\u2009\u2212\u2009101).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"MO gave scientific advice for Fujirebio, Roche, Biogen, and Axon. KGH reports speaker\u00b4s honoraria, consulting fees, lecture honoraria and\/or study grants from Abbott, Alexion, Amarin, AstraZeneca, Bayer Healthcare, Biotronik, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Edwards Lifesciences, Medronic, Novartis, Pfizer, Portola, Premier Research, Sanofi, SUN Pharma, and W.L. Gore and Associates. PUH reports grants from German Ministry of Research and Education, German Research Foundation, European Union, Federal Joint Committee (G-BA) within the Innovationfond, German Cancer Aid, Bavarian State, Robert Koch Institute, German Heart Foundation, University Hospital Heidelberg (within Registry of Acute Stroke Under Novel Oral Anticoagulants [RASUNOA]-prime, supported by an unrestricted research grant to the University Hospital Heidelberg from Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo), all outside the submitted work. PO received research support from the ALS Association\/ALS Finding A Cure (24-SGP-691, 23-PPG-674-2)), Charcot Foundation (D.7090), Cure Alzheimer\u00b4s Fund, DZNE Innovation-to-Application (I2A_call9_Oeckl), EU Horizon Europe (SYNAPSING), consulting fees from LifeArc and Fundamental Pharma, honoraria for lectures from GSK and travel support from Biogen. The other authors have nothing to declare.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"67"}}