{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T09:22:03Z","timestamp":1787822523423,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782604800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanghai Health Commission Health Industry Clinical Research Program","award":["20244Y0138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20244Y0138"]}]},{"name":"Baoshan District Health Commission Excellent Youth (Yucai) Program","award":["BSWSYC-2025-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BSWSYC-2025-23"]}]},{"name":"Young Talent Project of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission","award":["2022YQ055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YQ055"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC3601204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3601204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl. Stroke Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-026-01467-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T03:02:07Z","timestamp":1782615727000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multiscale Mechanisms that Underlie Intermittent Theta-burst Stimulation in Post-stroke Motor Recovery: From Molecular Signaling to Network Reorganization"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Cheng","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuli","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulong","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"1467_CR1","first-page":"100550","volume":"28","author":"WJ Tu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tu WJ, et al. Prevalence of stroke in China, 2013\u20132019: A population-based study. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2022;28:100550.","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"issue":"20","key":"1467_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7320a1","volume":"73","author":"OE Imoisili","year":"2024","unstructured":"Imoisili OE, et al. Prevalence of Stroke - Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, United States, 2011\u20132022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2024;73(20):449\u201355.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"1467_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e020285","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020285","volume":"8","author":"WL Teh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Teh WL, et al. Prevalence of stroke, risk factors, disability and care needs in older adults in Singapore: results from the WiSE study. BMJ Open. 2018;8(3):e020285.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"8","key":"1467_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e347","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001209","volume":"149","author":"SS Martin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Martin SS, et al. 2024 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2024;149(8):e347\u2013913.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"1467_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2015.05.005","volume":"58","author":"W Klomjai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Klomjai W, Katz R, Lackmy-Vall\u00e9e A. Basic principles of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and repetitive TMS (rTMS). Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2015;58(4):208\u201313.","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1467_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.12.033","volume":"45","author":"YZ Huang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Huang YZ, et al. Theta burst stimulation of the human motor cortex. Neuron. 2005;45(2):201\u20136.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"4","key":"1467_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-024-07918-6","volume":"46","author":"Y Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang Y, et al. Intermittent theta burst stimulation vs. high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for post-stroke dysfunction: a Bayesian model-based network meta-analysis of RCTs. Neurol Sci. 2025;46(4):1525\u201339.","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"1467_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918786","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.918786","volume":"13","author":"Y Xia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xia Y, et al. Comparative Efficacy of Different Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Protocols for Stroke: A Network Meta-Analysis. Front Neurol. 2022;13:918786.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"1467_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149830","volume":"1865","author":"H Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao H, et al. Study on the role and mechanism of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) induced N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) in suppressing ferroptosis in ischemic stroke. Brain Res. 2025;1865:149830.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1467_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-024-09241-x","volume":"51","author":"XY Shen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shen XY, et al. Mechanisms of intermittent theta-burst stimulation attenuating nerve injury after ischemic reperfusion in rats through endoplasmic reticulum stress and ferroptosis. Mol Biol Rep. 2024;51(1):377.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"1467_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2023.07.014","volume":"527","author":"S Hu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hu S, et al. Long-term iTBS Improves Neural Functional Recovery by Reducing the Inflammatory Response and Inhibiting Neuronal Apoptosis Via miR-34c-5p\/p53\/Bax Signaling Pathway in Cerebral Ischemic Rats. Neuroscience. 2023;527:37\u201351.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"1467_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02501-2","volume":"19","author":"L Luo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luo L, et al. Intermittent theta-burst stimulation improves motor function by inhibiting neuronal pyroptosis and regulating microglial polarization via TLR4\/NF\u03baB\/NLRP3 signaling pathway in cerebral ischemic mice. J Neuroinflammation. 2022;19(1):141.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"1","key":"1467_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-025-01222-w","volume":"18","author":"J Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang J, et al. Effects of intermittent theta burst stimulation on the inflammatory response and cerebral blood flow in promoting neurovascular repair after ischemic stroke. Mol Brain. 2025;18(1):48.","journal-title":"Mol Brain"},{"key":"1467_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2022.03.002","volume":"184","author":"L Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang L, et al. Long-term iTBS promotes neural structural and functional recovery by enhancing neurogenesis and migration via miR-551b-5p\/BDNF\/TrkB pathway in a rat model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Brain Res Bull. 2022;184:46\u201355.","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"issue":"8","key":"1467_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3598","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-24-01189","volume":"21","author":"J Zhang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhang J, et al. Intermittent theta-burst stimulation promotes neurovascular unit remodeling after ischemic stroke in a mouse model. Neural Regen Res. 2026;21(8):3598\u2013608.","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"1467_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00144","volume":"13","author":"AB Caglayan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Caglayan AB, et al. Acute and Post-acute Neuromodulation Induces Stroke Recovery by Promoting Survival Signaling, Neurogenesis, and Pyramidal Tract Plasticity. Front Cell Neurosci. 2019;13:144.","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1467_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-007-1050-9","volume":"182","author":"SA Saeed","year":"2007","unstructured":"Saeed SA, et al. Some new prospects in the understanding of the molecular basis of the pathogenesis of stroke. Exp Brain Res. 2007;182(1):1\u201310.","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"1467_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.171","volume":"22","author":"QZ Tuo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tuo QZ, et al. Tau-mediated iron export prevents ferroptotic damage after ischemic stroke. Mol Psychiatry. 2017;22(11):1520\u201330.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"1467_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-021-00724-5","volume":"36","author":"Y Tu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tu Y, Hu Y. MiRNA-34c-5p protects against cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury: involvement of anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory activities. Metab Brain Dis. 2021;36(6):1341\u201351.","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1467_CR20","first-page":"123","volume":"21","author":"S Salakou","year":"2007","unstructured":"Salakou S, et al. Increased Bax\/Bcl-2 ratio up-regulates caspase-3 and increases apoptosis in the thymus of patients with myasthenia gravis. Vivo. 2007;21(1):123\u201332.","journal-title":"Vivo"},{"issue":"4","key":"1467_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2016.10.004","volume":"42","author":"J Shi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shi J, Gao W, Shao F. Pyroptosis: Gasdermin-Mediated Programmed Necrotic Cell Death. Trends Biochem Sci. 2017;42(4):245\u201354.","journal-title":"Trends Biochem Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1467_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.380870","volume":"19","author":"Y Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li Y, et al. Ferroptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress in ischemic stroke. Neural Regen Res. 2024;19(3):611\u20138.","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"1467_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2025.103622","volume":"82","author":"C Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang C, et al. Decoding ischemic stroke: Perspectives on the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and their crosstalk. Redox Biol. 2025;82:103622.","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"1467_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175628641877426","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286418774267","volume":"11","author":"A Mart\u00edn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn A, Domercq M, Matute C. Inflammation in stroke: the role of cholinergic, purinergic and glutamatergic signaling. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2018;11:1756286418774267.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"1467_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01946-7","volume":"17","author":"M Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu M, et al. Cottonseed oil alleviates ischemic stroke injury by inhibiting the inflammatory activation of microglia and astrocyte. J Neuroinflammation. 2020;17(1):270.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"1467_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593890","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.593890","volume":"8","author":"T Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang T, et al. DJ-1 Regulates Microglial Polarization Through P62-Mediated TRAF6\/IRF5 Signaling in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020;8:593890.","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"1467_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2025.115255","volume":"389","author":"C Qiao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Qiao C, et al. Intermittent theta burst stimulation regulates microglial polarization through Cry1 to enhance neuroplasticity for stroke recovery. Exp Neurol. 2025;389:115255.","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1467_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(96)01085-2","volume":"744","author":"Z Zhang","year":"1997","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Chopp M, Powers C. Temporal profile of microglial response following transient (2\u00a0h) middle cerebral artery occlusion. Brain Res. 1997;744(2):189\u201398.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1467_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.55782\/ane-2008-1685","volume":"68","author":"D Nowicka","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nowicka D, et al. Spatiotemporal dynamics of astroglial and microglial responses after photothrombotic stroke in the rat brain. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 2008;68(2):155\u201368.","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars)"},{"key":"1467_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2020.04.029","volume":"437","author":"Y Cai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cai Y, et al. Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation Improves the Spatial Cognitive Function of Rats with Chronic Hypertension-induced Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Neuroscience. 2020;437:98\u2013106.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"1467_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.09.043","volume":"26","author":"MM Abdelnaseer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abdelnaseer MM, et al. Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 and Recovery of Acute Ischemic Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2017;26(4):733\u201340.","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"1467_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2016.04.005","volume":"141","author":"Y Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang Y, et al. White matter injury in ischemic stroke. Prog Neurobiol. 2016;141:45\u201360.","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"issue":"47","key":"1467_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9343","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0103-19.2019","volume":"39","author":"EG Sozmen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sozmen EG, et al. White Matter Stroke Induces a Unique Oligo-Astrocyte Niche That Inhibits Recovery. J Neurosci. 2019;39(47):9343\u201359.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1467_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.03.005","volume":"703","author":"W Jia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jia W, et al. Neuronal activity-dependent myelin repair after stroke. Neurosci Lett. 2019;703:139\u201344.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"1467_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2024.114821","volume":"378","author":"Y Feng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Feng Y, et al. Intermittent theta-burst stimulation alleviates hypoxia-ischemia-caused myelin damage and neurologic disability. Exp Neurol. 2024;378:114821.","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"1467_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sato Y et al. Remodeling of the Neurovascular unit following cerebral ischemia and hemorrhage. Cells. 2022;11(18).","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11182823"},{"key":"1467_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2017.10.001","volume":"163\u2013164","author":"X Jiang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jiang X, et al. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction and recovery after ischemic stroke. Prog Neurobiol. 2018;163\u2013164:144\u201371.","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1467_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3379","volume":"14","author":"H Park","year":"2013","unstructured":"Park H, Poo MM. Neurotrophin regulation of neural circuit development and function. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2013;14(1):7\u201323.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"1467_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3505","volume":"14","author":"B Lu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lu B, et al. BDNF-based synaptic repair as a disease-modifying strategy for neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2013;14(6):401\u201316.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"1467_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo J et al. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) Improves functional recovery by enhancing neurogenesis and activating BDNF\/TrkB signaling in ischemic rats. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(2).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18020455"},{"issue":"2","key":"1467_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.04.007","volume":"6","author":"YF Hsu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hsu YF, et al. Intermittent theta burst stimulation over ipsilesional primary motor cortex of subacute ischemic stroke patients: a pilot study. Brain Stimul. 2013;6(2):166\u201374.","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"1467_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2025.3543859","volume":"33","author":"G Cai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cai G, et al. Efficacy of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Post-Stroke Motor Recovery: Impact of Impairment Severity. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2025;33:881\u20139.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"1467_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818340","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.818340","volume":"14","author":"Q Ding","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ding Q, et al. Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation Increases Natural Oscillatory Frequency in Ipsilesional Motor Cortex Post-Stroke: A Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroencephalography Study. Front Aging Neurosci. 2022;14:818340.","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"1467_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2758","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2023.3282659","volume":"31","author":"Z Bai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bai Z, Zhang JJ, Fong KNK. Immediate Effects of Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation on Primary Motor Cortex in Stroke Patients: A Concurrent TMS-EEG Study. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2023;31:2758\u201366.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"issue":"3","key":"1467_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10848","volume":"55","author":"N Murase","year":"2004","unstructured":"Murase N, et al. Influence of interhemispheric interactions on motor function in chronic stroke. Ann Neurol. 2004;55(3):400\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1467_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.162","volume":"10","author":"G Di Pino","year":"2014","unstructured":"Di Pino G, et al. Modulation of brain plasticity in stroke: a novel model for neurorehabilitation. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014;10(10):597\u2013608.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"1467_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755709","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.755709","volume":"15","author":"Q Ding","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ding Q, et al. The Effects of Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation on Functional Brain Network Following Stroke: An Electroencephalography Study. Front Neurosci. 2021;15:755709.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"1467_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.121.037870","volume":"53","author":"JJ Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang JJ, Bai Z, Fong KNK. Priming Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation for Hemiparetic Upper Limb After Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Stroke. 2022;53(7):2171\u201381.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1467_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1542827","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1542827","volume":"16","author":"M Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu M, et al. Effects of intermittent theta burst stimulation on upper limb motor recovery in early stroke patients: an fNIRS study. Front Neurol. 2025;16:1542827.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"1467_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen S et al. The effectiveness of intermittent theta burst stimulation for upper limb motor recovery after stroke: an exploratory randomized controlled trial. Front Neurol. 2025;16\u20132025.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1634277"},{"issue":"6","key":"1467_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2882","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw034","volume":"26","author":"LJ Volz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Volz LJ, et al. Shaping Early Reorganization of Neural Networks Promotes Motor Function after Stroke. Cereb Cortex. 2016;26(6):2882\u201394.","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"1467_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.06.006","volume":"15","author":"S Diekhoff-Krebs","year":"2017","unstructured":"Diekhoff-Krebs S, et al. Interindividual differences in motor network connectivity and behavioral response to iTBS in stroke patients. Neuroimage Clin. 2017;15:559\u201371.","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"issue":"4","key":"1467_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968315595285","volume":"30","author":"SJ Ackerley","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ackerley SJ, et al. Primed Physical Therapy Enhances Recovery of Upper Limb Function in Chronic Stroke Patients. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2016;30(4):339\u201348.","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"1","key":"1467_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.243469","volume":"591","author":"AK Rehme","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rehme AK, Grefkes C. Cerebral network disorders after stroke: evidence from imaging-based connectivity analyses of active and resting brain states in humans. J Physiol. 2013;591(1):17\u201331.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1467_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70264-3","volume":"13","author":"C Grefkes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grefkes C, Fink GR. Connectivity-based approaches in stroke and recovery of function. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(2):206\u201316.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1467_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcac049","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcac049","volume":"4","author":"PR Nemati","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nemati PR, et al. Brain network topology early after stroke relates to recovery. Brain Commun. 2022;4(2):fcac049.","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"1467_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1634277","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1634277","volume":"16","author":"S Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen S, et al. The effectiveness of intermittent theta burst stimulation for upper limb motor recovery after stroke: an exploratory randomized controlled trial. Front Neurol. 2025;16:1634277.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1467_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968308328727","volume":"23","author":"MF Levin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Levin MF, Kleim JA, Wolf SL. What do motor recovery and compensation mean in patients following stroke? Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2009;23(4):313\u20139.","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"5","key":"1467_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493017714176","volume":"12","author":"LA Boyd","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boyd LA, et al. Biomarkers of stroke recovery: Consensus-based core recommendations from the Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation Roundtable. Int J Stroke. 2017;12(5):480\u201393.","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"1467_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272003","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1272003","volume":"17","author":"S Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen S, et al. The effectiveness of intermittent theta burst stimulation for upper limb motor recovery after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Neurosci. 2023;17:1272003.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"1467_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu J et al. Effect of intermittent theta burst stimulation on upper limb function in stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol. 2024;15\u20132024.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1450435"},{"key":"1467_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2025.3543859","volume":"33","author":"G Cai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cai G, et al. Efficacy of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Post-Stroke Motor Recovery: Impact of Impairment Severity. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2025;33:881\u20139.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"issue":"7","key":"1467_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp216","volume":"20","author":"V Di Lazzaro","year":"2010","unstructured":"Di Lazzaro V, et al. Motor cortex plasticity predicts recovery in acute stroke. Cereb Cortex. 2010;20(7):1523\u20138.","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"23","key":"1467_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5717","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2008.159905","volume":"586","author":"B Cheeran","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cheeran B, et al. A common polymorphism in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene (BDNF) modulates human cortical plasticity and the response to rTMS. J Physiol. 2008;586(23):5717\u201325.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1467_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.01.409","volume":"8","author":"U Ziemann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ziemann U, Siebner HR. Inter-subject and Inter-session Variability of Plasticity Induction by Non-invasive Brain Stimulation: Boon or Bane? Brain Stimul. 2015;8(3):662\u20133.","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"1467_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259872","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1259872","volume":"17","author":"Z Tang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tang Z, et al. Different doses of intermittent theta burst stimulation for upper limb motor dysfunction after stroke: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Front Neurosci. 2023;17:1259872.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"1467_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964627","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.964627","volume":"13","author":"B Gao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gao B, et al. Intermittent theta-burst stimulation with physical exercise improves poststroke motor function: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol. 2022;13:964627.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"20","key":"1467_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6849","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4993-13.2014","volume":"34","author":"C Nettekoven","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nettekoven C, et al. Dose-dependent effects of theta burst rTMS on cortical excitability and resting-state connectivity of the human motor system. J Neurosci. 2014;34(20):6849\u201359.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1467_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.12.018","volume":"136","author":"M Desforges","year":"2022","unstructured":"Desforges M, et al. Dose-response of intermittent theta burst stimulation of the prefrontal cortex: A TMS-EEG study. Clin Neurophysiol. 2022;136:158\u201372.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1467_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.06.017","volume":"8","author":"A Karabanov","year":"2015","unstructured":"Karabanov A, et al. Consensus Paper: Probing Homeostatic Plasticity of Human Cortex With Non-invasive Transcranial Brain Stimulation. Brain Stimul. 2015;8(5):993\u20131006.","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"11","key":"1467_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3353","volume":"13","author":"LN Cooper","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cooper LN, Bear MF. The BCM theory of synapse modification at 30: interaction of theory with experiment. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012;13(11):798\u2013810.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"1467_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968312437940","volume":"26","author":"P Talelli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Talelli P, et al. Theta burst stimulation in the rehabilitation of the upper limb: a semirandomized, placebo-controlled trial in chronic stroke patients. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2012;26(8):976\u201387.","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"1467_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105485","volume":"156","author":"A Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez A, et al. Non-invasive brain stimulation for functional recovery in animal models of stroke: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2024;156:105485.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"1467_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968318804425","volume":"32","author":"J Boonzaier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Boonzaier J, et al. Noninvasive Brain Stimulation to Enhance Functional Recovery After Stroke: Studies in Animal Models. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2018;32(11):927\u201340.","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"1","key":"1467_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-024-02170-2","volume":"29","author":"Y Fu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fu Y, et al. The effectiveness of theta burst stimulation for motor recovery after stroke: a systematic review. Eur J Med Res. 2024;29(1):568.","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1467_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-023-03492-0","volume":"24","author":"T Jiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiang T, et al. Theta burst stimulation: what role does it play in stroke rehabilitation? A systematic review of the existing evidence. BMC Neurol. 2024;24(1):52.","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1467_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.488","volume":"4","author":"CM Stinear","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stinear CM, et al. PREP2: A biomarker-based algorithm for predicting upper limb function after stroke. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2017;4(11):811\u201320.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1467_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.11.002","volume":"131","author":"JP Lefaucheur","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lefaucheur JP, et al. Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): An update (2014\u20132018). Clin Neurophysiol. 2020;131(2):474\u2013528.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"1467_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.04.014","volume":"15","author":"S Minjoli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Minjoli S, et al. The impact of large structural brain changes in chronic stroke patients on the electric field caused by transcranial brain stimulation. Neuroimage Clin. 2017;15:106\u201317.","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"issue":"2","key":"1467_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.11.016","volume":"11","author":"C Zrenner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zrenner C, et al. Real-time EEG-defined excitability states determine efficacy of TMS-induced plasticity in human motor cortex. Brain Stimul. 2018;11(2):374\u201389.","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"3","key":"1467_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000364","volume":"31","author":"L Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen L, et al. Accelerated Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Treat Major Depression: The Past, Present, and Future. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2023;31(3):142\u201361.","journal-title":"Harv Rev Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"1467_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.124.046597","volume":"55","author":"Z Tang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tang Z, et al. Efficacy and Safety of High-Dose TBS on Poststroke Upper Extremity Motor Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Stroke. 2024;55(9):2212\u201320.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1467_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653487","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.653487","volume":"15","author":"Q Ding","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ding Q, et al. Influence of iTBS on the Acute Neuroplastic Change After BCI Training. Front Cell Neurosci. 2021;15:653487.","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"1467_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00253","volume":"12","author":"V Lopez-Alonso","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lopez-Alonso V, et al. A Preliminary Comparison of Motor Learning Across Different Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Paradigms Shows No Consistent Modulations. Front Neurosci. 2018;12:253.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Translational Stroke Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12975-026-01467-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12975-026-01467-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12975-026-01467-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T09:02:02Z","timestamp":1787821322000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12975-026-01467-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["1467"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12975-026-01467-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1868-4483","1868-601X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1868-4483","type":"print"},{"value":"1868-601X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 June 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 June 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 June 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"71"}}