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Thirty-four MASLD subjects were stratified according with the liver transient elastography (TE\u2009\u2265\u20099\u00a0kPa) and T2D in NF (no fibrosis, without T2D;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200912), NFD (no fibrosis, with T2D;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20098), F (fibrosis, without T2D;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20095), and FD (fibrosis, with T2D;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20099) and completed a standardized 3-h meal tolerance test (MTT). The presence of liver fibrosis, regardless of diabetes status, was associated with hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and greater insulin resistance compared to the non-fibrosis (NF) group. Significant differences in glucagon and GLP-1 response curves were observed across groups. People with T2D showed an elevated peak of glucagon and increased glucagon exposure, as indicated by both the 60-min area under the curve (AUC60\u2019) and total AUC during the MTT. In the FD group, fasting and peak GLP-1 levels, as well as AUC60\u2019 and total AUC GLP-1, were 1.9-, 1.8-, and 1.9-fold higher, respectively, compared to the NF group. GIP responses were similar across groups, except for elevated fasting levels in NFD (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.002). GLP-2 mirrored GLP-1, with FD showing the highest fasting and postprandial levels. Stepwise regression identified fibrosis and FPG as the main predictors of GLP-1, while glucagon was linked to FPG, HbA1c, and BMI. Liver fibrosis and T2D impact glucagon-related peptides responses in MASLD, revealing important metabolic alterations that may guide therapeutic approaches.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-026-01141-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T06:29:51Z","timestamp":1770359391000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Liver fibrosis and type 2 diabetes modulate postprandial incretin and glucagon responses in fatty liver disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2216-8974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brenno","family":"Astiarraga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6548-0269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adri\u00e0","family":"Rodriguez-Castellano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Ceperuelo-Mallafr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Marsal-Beltran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Osuna-Prieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nerea","family":"Vilanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Gracia-Sancho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joan Carles","family":"Quer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Meg\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Albert Pardo","family":"Balteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6994-6115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan","family":"Vendrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2906-3788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Veledo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"1141_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.11.014","volume":"92","author":"SA Polyzos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Polyzos SA, Kountouras J, Mantzoros CS (2019) Obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: from pathophysiology to therapeutics. 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