{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T22:56:05Z","timestamp":1781650565218,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776470400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007689","name":"Universidade de Aveiro","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007689","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Physiol Biochem"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The insidious onset and progression of sarcopenia make it vital to understand the early skeletal muscle changes and explore therapies to slow its progression. This study explored the\n                    <jats:italic>gastrocnemius<\/jats:italic>\n                    remodeling at an early stage of aging (14 months of age) and the effects of lifelong aerobic exercise. For that, 2-month-old male Wistar rats underwent a 12-month treadmill exercise program. Sedentary age-matched, young sedentary, and young exercised for 6 months rats were considered. The results highlighted an age-related decrease in the relative\n                    <jats:italic>gastrocnemius<\/jats:italic>\n                    muscle mass, suggestive of loss or atrophy of some fibers, which was mitigated by lifelong aerobic exercise. Consequently, an age-related compensatory hypertrophy was suggested to be triggered in the\n                    <jats:italic>gastrocnemius<\/jats:italic>\n                    muscle. Data proposed that aging reduced mitochondrial density, indicated by citrate synthase (CS) activity, which was prevented by lifelong aerobic exercise. The reduced CS activity correlated with increased ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase (PFKM)\/ATP synthase subunit beta (ATPB) ratio, suggesting that at an early stage of aging, the skeletal muscle favors the glycolytic metabolism in response to decreased mitochondrial content. The results also pointed to an age-induced AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation and an AMPK-related apoptosis inhibition, perchance to reduce fiber loss or atrophy. The basal phosphorylated AMPK\/AMPK ratio decreased with lifelong aerobic exercise, possibly reflecting the exercise-induced increase in CS activity. This work highlights the importance of studying early skeletal muscle changes in aging for timely disease management and prevention.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-026-01178-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T09:28:37Z","timestamp":1776504517000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring the effects of lifelong aerobic exercise on early skeletal muscle remodeling between 8 and 14 months in the rat"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2582-1481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Moreira-Pais","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6872-4051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1464-8700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Neuparth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7459-9173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida","family":"Fardilha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7404-7405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Moreira-Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9519-4044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula A.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4756-5917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"1178_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169","volume":"48","author":"AJ Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J et al (2019) Sarcopenia: revised european consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing 48:16\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ageing\/afy169","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"1178_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12783","volume":"13","author":"F Petermann-Rocha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Petermann-Rocha F, Balntzi V, Gray SR et al (2022) Global prevalence of sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 13:86\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.12783","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"1178_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.101883","volume":"86","author":"G Coletta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Coletta G, Phillips SM (2023) An elusive consensus definition of sarcopenia impedes research and clinical treatment: a narrative review. Ageing Res Rev 86:101883. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2023.101883","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"1178_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurpra.2015.05.017","volume":"11","author":"WJ Brown","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brown WJ, McCarthy MS (2015) Sarcopenia: what every NP needs to know. J Nurse Pract 11:753\u2013760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nurpra.2015.05.017","journal-title":"J Nurse Pract"},{"key":"1178_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827615589319","volume":"11","author":"AS Leon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Leon AS (2017) Attenuation of adverse effects of aging on skeletal muscle by regular exercise and nutritional support. Am J Lifestyle Med 11:4\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1559827615589319","journal-title":"Am J Lifestyle Med"},{"key":"1178_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12091177","volume":"12","author":"M Gr\u00f6nholdtKlein","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gr\u00f6nholdtKlein M, Gorzi A, Wang L et al (2023) Emergence and progression of behavioral motor deficits and skeletal muscle atrophy across the adult lifespan of the rat. Biology 12:1177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology12091177","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"1178_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-06851-y","volume":"15","author":"F-M Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang F-M, Wu H-F, Wang K-F et al (2024) Transcriptome profiling of fast\/glycolytic and slow\/oxidative muscle fibers in aging and obesity. Cell Death Dis 15:459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41419-024-06851-y","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"1178_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2004.080663","volume":"565","author":"HB Rossiter","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rossiter HB, Howlett RA, Holcombe HH et al (2005) Age is no barrier to muscle structural, biochemical and angiogenic adaptations to training up to 24 months in female rats. J Physiol 565:993\u20131005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.2004.080663","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"1178_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glz066","volume":"74","author":"V Sonjak","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sonjak V, Jacob KJ, Spendiff S et al (2019) Reduced mitochondrial content, elevated ROS, and modulation by denervation in skeletal muscle of pre-frail\/frail elderly women. Journals Gerontol Ser A 74:1887\u20131895. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/glz066","journal-title":"Journals Gerontol Ser A"},{"key":"1178_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2024.112523","volume":"194","author":"F Bao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bao F, Zhao X, You J et al (2024) Aerobic exercise alleviates skeletal muscle aging in male rats by inhibiting apoptosis via regulation of the Trx system. Exp Gerontol 194:112523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exger.2024.112523","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1178_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-025-10415-4","volume":"52","author":"JM Michel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Michel JM, Godwin JS, Kerr NR et al (2025) Skeletal muscle atrophy induced by aging and disuse atrophy are strongly associated with the upregulation of the endoplasmic stress protein CHOP in rats. Mol Biol Rep 52:322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11033-025-10415-4","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"1178_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.101968","volume":"6","author":"M Cefis","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cefis M, Marcangeli V, Hammad R et al (2025) Impact of physical activity on physical function, mitochondrial energetics, ROS production, and Ca2\u2009+\u2009handling across the adult lifespan in men. Cell Reports Med 6:101968. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.101968","journal-title":"Cell Reports Med"},{"key":"1178_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2023.155533","volume":"144","author":"S Yuan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yuan S, Larsson SC (2023) Epidemiology of sarcopenia: prevalence, risk factors, and consequences. Metabolism 144:155533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2023.155533","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"1178_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.08.035","volume":"132","author":"CM Nascimento","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nascimento CM, Ingles M, Salvador-Pascual A et al (2019) Sarcopenia, frailty and their prevention by exercise. Free Radic Biol Med 132:42\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.08.035","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"1178_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101200","volume":"65","author":"P Wiedmer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wiedmer P, Jung T, Castro JP et al (2021) Sarcopenia \u2013 molecular mechanisms and open questions. Ageing Res Rev 65:101200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101200","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"1178_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0263457","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263457","volume":"17","author":"K-W Baek","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baek K-W, Kim S-J, Kim B-G et al (2022) Effects of lifelong spontaneous exercise on skeletal muscle and angiogenesis in super-aged mice. PLoS ONE 17:e0263457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0263457","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1178_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11050323","volume":"11","author":"J Liang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liang J, Zhang H, Zeng Z et al (2021) Lifelong aerobic exercise alleviates sarcopenia by activating autophagy and inhibiting protein degradation via the AMPK\/PGC-1\u03b1 signaling pathway. Metabolites 11:323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo11050323","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"1178_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002661","volume":"53","author":"H-E Gao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gao H-E, Li F-H, Xie T et al (2021) Lifelong exercise in age rats improves skeletal muscle function and microRNA profile. Med Sci Sports Exerc 53:1873\u20131882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002661","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"1178_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000007","volume":"42","author":"AR Konopka","year":"2014","unstructured":"Konopka AR, Harber MP (2014) Skeletal muscle hypertrophy after aerobic exercise training. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 42:53\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/JES.0000000000000007","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"key":"1178_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a029785","volume":"8","author":"G Distefano","year":"2018","unstructured":"Distefano G, Goodpaster BH (2018) Effects of exercise and aging on skeletal muscle. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 8:a029785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a029785","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"1178_CR21","first-page":"624","volume":"4","author":"P Sengupta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sengupta P (2013) The laboratory rat: relating its age with human\u2019s. Int J Prev Med 4:624\u2013630","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"key":"1178_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.17179\/excli2021-4072","volume":"20","author":"A Ghasemi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ghasemi A, Jeddi S, Kashfi K (2021) The laboratory rat: age and body weight matter. EXCLI J 20:1431\u20131445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17179\/excli2021-4072","journal-title":"EXCLI J"},{"key":"1178_CR23","unstructured":"Forbes D, Blom H, Kostomitsopoulos N et al (2007) Euroguide on the accommodation and care of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes. London"},{"key":"1178_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H941","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1982.243.6.h941","volume":"243","author":"FC Yin","year":"1982","unstructured":"Yin FC, Spurgeon HA, Rakusan K et al (1982) Use of tibial length to quantify cardiac hypertrophy: application in the aging rat. Am J Physiol 243:H941\u2013H947. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpheart.1982.243.6.h941","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"1178_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1250115","volume":"125","author":"HG Coore","year":"1971","unstructured":"Coore HG, Denton RM, Martin BR, Randle PJ (1971) Regulation of adipose tissue pyruvate dehydrogenase by insulin and other hormones. Biochem J 125:115\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/bj1250115","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"1178_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/227680a0","volume":"227","author":"UK Laemmli","year":"1970","unstructured":"Laemmli UK (1970) Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227:680\u2013685. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/227680a0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1178_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00840.2014","volume":"118","author":"A Vigels\u00f8","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vigels\u00f8 A, Dybboe R, Hansen CN et al (2015) GAPDH and \u03b2-actin protein decreases with aging, making stain-free technology a superior loading control in western blotting of human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 118:386\u2013394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00840.2014","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"1178_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1073587","volume":"14","author":"H Shu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shu H, Huang Y, Zhang W et al (2023) An integrated study of hormone-related sarcopenia for modeling and comparative transcriptome in rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 14:1073587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1073587","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"1178_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1S","DOI":"10.1293\/tox.26.1S","volume":"26","author":"P Greaves","year":"2013","unstructured":"Greaves P, Chouinard L, Ernst H et al (2013) Proliferative and non-proliferative lesions of the rat and mouse soft tissue, skeletal muscle and mesothelium. J Toxicol Pathol 26:1S-26S. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1293\/tox.26.1S","journal-title":"J Toxicol Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1178_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s13395-023-00321-3","volume":"13","author":"T Shavlakadze","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shavlakadze T, Xiong K, Mishra S et al (2023) Age-related gene expression signatures from limb skeletal muscles and the diaphragm in mice and rats reveal common and species-specific changes. Skelet Muscle 13:11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13395-023-00321-3","journal-title":"Skelet Muscle"},{"key":"1178_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12709","volume":"12","author":"W Xie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xie W, He M, Yu D et al (2021) Mouse models of sarcopenia: classification and evaluation. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 12:538\u2013554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.12709","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"1178_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-01723-z","volume":"4","author":"A B\u00f6rsch","year":"2021","unstructured":"B\u00f6rsch A, Ham DJ, Mittal N et al (2021) Molecular and phenotypic analysis of rodent models reveals conserved and species-specific modulators of human sarcopenia. Commun Biol 4:194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-021-01723-z","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"1178_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2022.09.014","volume":"33","author":"A Mahmood","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mahmood A, Nayak P, Deshmukh A et al (2023) Measurement, determinants, barriers, and interventions for exercise adherence: a scoping review. J Bodyw Mov Ther 33:95\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbmt.2022.09.014","journal-title":"J Bodyw Mov Ther"},{"key":"1178_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dumitru D, Amato AA (2002) Introduction to myopathies and muscle tissue\u2019s reaction to injury. In: Dumitru D, Amato AA, Zwarts M (eds) Electrodiagnostic medicine, 2nd ed. Hanley & Belfus, Philadelphia, pp 1229\u20131264","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-56053-433-4.50034-1"},{"key":"1178_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2016.07.007","volume":"83","author":"RKA Sayed","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sayed RKA, de Leonardis EC, Guerrero-Mart\u00ednez JA et al (2016) Identification of morphological markers of sarcopenia at early stage of aging in skeletal muscle of mice. Exp Gerontol 83:22\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exger.2016.07.007","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"1178_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1113\/JP270561","volume":"594","author":"RT Hepple","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hepple RT, Rice CL (2016) Innervation and neuromuscular control in ageing skeletal muscle. J Physiol 594:1965\u20131978. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/JP270561","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"1178_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/61.1.3","volume":"61A","author":"CN Lyons","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lyons CN, Mathieu-Costello O, Moyes CD (2006) Regulation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial content during aging. Journals Gerontol - Ser Biol Sci Med Sci 61A:3\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/61.1.3","journal-title":"Journals Gerontol - Ser Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"1178_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/238463","volume":"2014","author":"DA Chistiakov","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chistiakov DA, Sobenin IA, Revin VV et al (2014) Mitochondrial aging and age-related dysfunction of mitochondria. Biomed Res Int 2014:238463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/238463","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"1178_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/194821","volume":"2012","author":"CM Peterson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Peterson CM, Johannsen DL, Ravussin E (2012) Skeletal muscle mitochondria and aging: a review. J Aging Res 2012:194821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/194821","journal-title":"J Aging Res"},{"key":"1178_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11030338","volume":"11","author":"JW Daily","year":"2022","unstructured":"Daily JW, Park S (2022) Sarcopenia is a cause and consequence of metabolic dysregulation in aging humans: effects of gut dysbiosis, glucose dysregulation, diet and lifestyle. Cells 11:338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11030338","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"1178_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200105000-00008","volume":"33","author":"H Naito","year":"2001","unstructured":"Naito H, Powers SK, Demirel HA, Aoki J (2001) Exercise training increases heat shock protein in skeletal muscles of old rats. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33:729\u2013734. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005768-200105000-00008","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"1178_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1179\/1351000214Y.0000000105","volume":"20","author":"F Farhat","year":"2015","unstructured":"Farhat F, Dupas J, Am\u00e9rand A et al (2015) Effect of exercise training on oxidative stress and mitochondrial function in rat heart and gastrocnemius muscle. Redox Rep 20:60\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/1351000214Y.0000000105","journal-title":"Redox Rep"},{"key":"1178_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellbi.2006.03.011","volume":"30","author":"RA Pinho","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pinho RA, Andrades ME, Oliveira MR et al (2006) Imbalance in SOD \/ CAT activities in rat skeletal muscles submitted to treadmill training exercise. Cell Biol Int 30:848\u2013853. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cellbi.2006.03.011","journal-title":"Cell Biol Int"},{"key":"1178_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zqae014","DOI":"10.1093\/function\/zqae014","volume":"5","author":"S Schenk","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schenk S, Sagendorf TJ, Many GM et al (2024) Physiological adaptations to progressive endurance exercise training in adult and aged rats: insights from the Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC). Function 5:zqae014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/function\/zqae014","journal-title":"Function"},{"key":"1178_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050527","volume":"79","author":"M Zonderland","year":"1999","unstructured":"Zonderland M, B\u00e4r P, Reijneveld J et al (1999) Different metabolic adaptation of heart and skeletal muscles to moderate-intensity treadmill training in the rat. Eur J Appl Physiol 79:391\u2013396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s004210050527","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"1178_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(00)00742-9","volume":"10","author":"A-S Marsin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Marsin A-S, Bertrand L, Rider MH et al (2000) Phosphorylation and activation of heart PFK-2 by AMPK has a role in the stimulation of glycolysis during ischaemia. Curr Biol 10:1247\u20131255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0960-9822(00)00742-9","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"1178_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2007.59","volume":"39","author":"W Qiang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Qiang W, Weiqiang K, Qing Z et al (2007) Aging impairs insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in rat skeletal muscle via suppressing AMPK\u03b1. Exp Mol Med 39:535\u2013543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/emm.2007.59","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"1178_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00811.2004","volume":"98","author":"DM Thomson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Thomson DM, Gordon SE (2005) Diminished overload-induced hypertrophy in aged fast-twitch skeletal muscle is associated with AMPK hyperphosphorylation. J Appl Physiol 98:557\u2013564. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00811.2004","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"1178_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947387","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.947387","volume":"13","author":"Y Yan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yan Y, Li M, Lin J et al (2022) Adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase contributes to skeletal muscle health through the control of mitochondrial function. Front Pharmacol 13:947387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2022.947387","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"1178_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2006.08.007","volume":"41","author":"DJ Baker","year":"2006","unstructured":"Baker DJ, Hepple RT (2006) Elevated caspase and AIF gene expression correlate with progression of sarcopenia during aging in male F344BN rats. Exp Gerontol 41:1149\u20131156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exger.2006.08.007","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"1178_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1015","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00198.2005","volume":"289","author":"PM Siu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Siu PM, Pistilli EE, Alway SE (2005) Apoptotic responses to hindlimb suspension in gastrocnemius muscles from young adult and aged rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 289:R1015\u2013R1026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpregu.00198.2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"1178_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2010.27","volume":"10","author":"E Marzetti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marzetti E, Privitera G, Simili V et al (2010) Multiple pathways to the same end: mechanisms of myonuclear apoptosis in sarcopenia of aging. The Scientific World JOURNAL 10:340\u2013349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1100\/tsw.2010.27","journal-title":"The Scientific World JOURNAL"},{"key":"1178_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.119002","volume":"270","author":"M Azad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Azad M, Khaledi N, Hedayati M, Karbalaie M (2021) Apoptotic response to acute and chronic exercises in rat skeletal muscle: eccentric & sprint interval. Life Sci 270:119002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.119002","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"1178_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200103000-00010","volume":"33","author":"S Phaneuf","year":"2001","unstructured":"Phaneuf S, Leeuwenburgh C (2001) Apoptosis and exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33:393\u2013396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005768-200103000-00010","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"1178_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.964130","volume":"10","author":"M Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen M, Wang Y, Deng S et al (2022) Skeletal muscle oxidative stress and inflammation in aging: focus on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapy. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 10:964130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2022.964130","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology"},{"key":"1178_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-013-9483-y","volume":"15","author":"H Tohma","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tohma H, El-Shafey AF, Croft K et al (2014) Protein thiol oxidation does not change in skeletal muscles of aging female mice. Biogerontology 15:87\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10522-013-9483-y","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"1178_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1704650","volume":"2019","author":"CD Pandya","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pandya CD, Lee B, Toque HA et al (2019) Age-dependent oxidative stress elevates arginase 1 and uncoupled nitric oxide synthesis in skeletal muscle of aged mice. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2019:1704650. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/1704650","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"1178_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.10.505","volume":"78","author":"T Pearson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pearson T, McArdle A, Jackson MJ (2015) Nitric oxide availability is increased in contracting skeletal muscle from aged mice, but does not differentially decrease muscle superoxide. Free Radic Biol Med 78:82\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.10.505","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"1178_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.06.024","volume":"28","author":"J Machado","year":"2019","unstructured":"Machado J, Silveira WA, Gon\u00e7alves DA et al (2019) \u03b1\u2009\u2212\u2009calcitonin gene-related peptide inhibits autophagy and calpain systems and maintains the stability of neuromuscular junction in denervated muscles. Mol Metab 28:91\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.06.024","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"1178_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.934714","volume":"13","author":"I Renter\u00eda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Renter\u00eda I, Garc\u00eda-Su\u00e1rez PC, Fry AC et al (2022) The molecular effects of BDNF synthesis on skeletal muscle: a mini-review. Front Physiol 13:934714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2022.934714","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"1178_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-024-10182-y","volume":"26","author":"A Moreira-Pais","year":"2025","unstructured":"Moreira-Pais A, Ferreira R, Aiires I et al (2025) Age, cancer, and the dual burden of cancer and doxorubicin in skeletal muscle wasting in female rats: which one to blame? Biogerontology 26:47. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10522-024-10182-y","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"1178_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13137","volume":"14","author":"J Liang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liang J, Zhang H, Zeng Z et al (2023) MicroRNA profiling of different exercise interventions for alleviating skeletal muscle atrophy in naturally aging rats. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 14:356\u2013368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.13137","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"}],"container-title":["Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13105-026-01178-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13105-026-01178-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13105-026-01178-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T22:21:15Z","timestamp":1781648475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13105-026-01178-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1178"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13105-026-01178-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1138-7548","1877-8755"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1138-7548","type":"print"},{"value":"1877-8755","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"42"}}