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Maternal protein restriction (MPR), a well-established experimental model reflecting food insecurity, has been shown to impair nephrogenesis and promote long-term renal dysfunction. In this study, we investigated renal metabolic\u2013epigenetic programming induced by gestational and lactational MPR in post-weaning male rats using a global kidney proteomic approach. MPR altered renal structure and profoundly dysregulated protein networks, characterized by downregulation of energy metabolism, ion transport, cytoskeletal organization, membrane integrity, and mitochondrial function, alongside upregulation of innate immune pathways, glutathione metabolism, vesicular trafficking, and cytoskeletal dynamics. Integrated pathway and disease enrichment analyses revealed the potential risk to hypertension, acid\u2013base imbalance, renal tubular transport disorders, nephrosis, and renal failure. Key differentially expressed proteins (e.g., GPX1, CYCS, ATP1A2\/ATP1B1, TUBB\/TUBA isoforms, ANPEP, and metabolic enzymes) emerged as potential biomarkers of renal metabolic\u2013epigenetic programming. Collectively, these findings identify molecular signatures that link early-life protein restriction to long-term risk of kidney disease and provide mechanistic insight into the nephron- and cell-specific consequences of MPR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-026-01189-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T02:26:13Z","timestamp":1778120773000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Renal proteomics of male offspring exposed to maternal protein restriction: molecular, epigenetic, and nephron-specific signatures of metabolic programming"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Danielle Amanda Niz","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle Tenori","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matheus Naia","family":"Fioretto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina Pereira","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa Annibal","family":"Barata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fl\u00e1via Alessandra","family":"Maciel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz Marcos Frediane","family":"Portela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato","family":"Mattos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hecttor Sebastian","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro Menchini","family":"Vitali\u00b9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinicius Alexandre Andrade","family":"Felipe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel Rodrigues","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Zambrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia Aline","family":"Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Antonio","family":"Justulin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6673","key":"1189_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1136\/BMJ.298.6673.564","volume":"298","author":"DJP Barker","year":"1989","unstructured":"Barker DJP, Osmond C, Golding J, Kuh D, Wadsworth MEJ (1989) Growth in utero, blood pressure in childhood and adult life, and mortality from cardiovascular disease. 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