{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:36:36Z","timestamp":1760027796473,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,8]],"date-time":"2016-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470614400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"name":"John A Marx, MD Fund"},{"name":"Carolinas Heathcare Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Med. Toxicol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-016-0572-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,8]],"date-time":"2016-08-08T18:02:32Z","timestamp":1470679352000},"page":"380-385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pilot Trial of Intravenous Lipid Emulsion Treatment for Severe Nifedipine-Induced Shock"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Christine M.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cliff","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Nicholson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Shoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael C.","family":"Beuhler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"II","given":"William P.","family":"Kerns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"572_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066612445978","volume":"29","author":"MS Ozcan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ozcan MS, Weinberg G. Intravenous lipid emulsion for the treatment of drug toxicity. J Intensive Care Med. 2014;29:59\u201370.","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"572_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6452","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.14.6452","volume":"89","author":"JM-C Huang","year":"1992","unstructured":"Huang JM-C, Xian H, Bacaner M. Long chain fatty acids activate calcium channels in ventricular myocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992;89:6452\u20136.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"572_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2014.987397","volume":"52","author":"J Mowry","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mowry J, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR, McMillan N, Ford M. . (2013) annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers\u2019 National Poison Data System (NPDS): 31st annual report. Clin Toxicol. 2014;52:1032\u2013283.","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"572_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2006.tb01661.x","volume":"13","author":"S Tebbutt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tebbutt S, Harvey M, Nicholson T, Cave G. Intralipid prolongs survival in a rat model of verapamil toxicity. Acad Emerg Med. 2006;13:134\u20139.","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"572_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2007.tb01752.x","volume":"14","author":"TC Bania","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bania TC, Chu J, Perez E, Su M, Hahn I. Hemodynamic effects of intravenous fat emulsion in an animal model of severe verapamil toxicity resuscitated with atropine, calcium, and saline. Acad Emerg Med. 2007;14:105\u201311.","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"572_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2008.00259.x","volume":"15","author":"E Perez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Perez E, Bania TC, Medlej K, Chu J. Determining the optimal dose of intravenous fat emulsion for the treatment of severe verapamil toxicity in a rodent model. Acad Emerg Med. 2008;15:1284\u20139.","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"572_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-011-0187-x","volume":"8","author":"AJ Geib","year":"2012","unstructured":"Geib AJ, Liebelt E. Manini AF on behalf of the toxicology investigators\u2019 consortium (ToxIC). Clinical experience with intravenous lipid emulsion for drug-induced cardiovascular collapse. J Med Toxicol. 2012;8:10\u20134.","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol."},{"key":"572_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2009.01.023","volume":"80","author":"AC Young","year":"2009","unstructured":"Young AC, Velez LI, Kleinschmidt. Intravenous fat emulsion therapy for intentional sustained-release verapamil overdose. Resuscitation. 2009;80:591\u20133.","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"572_CR9","first-page":"620","volume":"42","author":"B Dolcourt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dolcourt B, Aaron C. Intravenous fat emulsion for refractory verapamil and atenolol induced-shock: a human case report. Clin Toxicol. 2008;42:620.","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"572_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-154-4-201102150-00018","volume":"154","author":"TJ Franxman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Franxman TJ, Al-Nabhan M, Cavallazzi RS, Speak AJ. Lipid emulsion therapy for verapamil overdose. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154:292.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"572_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2011.572556","volume":"49","author":"D French","year":"2011","unstructured":"French D, Armenian P, Ruan W, Wong A, Drasner K, Olson K, AHB W. Serum verapamil concentrations before and after Intralipid\u00ae therapy during treatment of an overdose. Clin Toxicol. 2011;49:340\u20134.","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"572_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-013-0356-1","volume":"10","author":"M Levine","year":"2014","unstructured":"Levine M, Skolnik AB, Ruha AM, Bosak A, Menke N, Pizon AF. Complications following antidotal use of intravenous lipid emulsion therapy. J Med Toxicol. 2014;10:10\u20134.","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol."},{"key":"572_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1097\/MEJ.0b013e32834130ab","volume":"18","author":"V Montiel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Montiel V, Gougnard T, Hantson P. Diltiazem poisoning treated with hyperinsulinemic euglycemia therapy and intravenous lipid emulsion. Eur J Emerg Med. 2011;18:121\u20133.","journal-title":"Eur J Emerg Med"},{"key":"572_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2013.03.010","volume":"31","author":"C Bologa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bologa C, Lionte C, Coman A, Sorodoc L. Lipid emulsion therapy in cardiodepressive syndrome after diltiazem overdose\u2014case report. Am J Emerg Med. 2013;31:1154.","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"572_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-010-0133-3","volume":"7","author":"SJ Stellpflug","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stellpflug SJ, Fritzlar SJ, Cole JB, Engebretsen KM, Holger JS. Cardiotoxic overdose treated with intravenous fat emulsion and high-dose insulin in the setting of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Med Toxicol. 2011;7:151\u20133.","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"572_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1177\/0267659113498807","volume":"29","author":"RL Weinberg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Weinberg RL, Bouchard NC, Abrams DC, Bachetta M, Dzierba AL, Burkart KM, Brodie D. Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for the management of massive amlodipine overdose. Perfusion. 2014;29:53\u20136.","journal-title":"Perfusion"},{"key":"572_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s226","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2009.00360.x","volume":"16","author":"J Chu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chu J, Medlej K, Bania T, Perez E, Mouravev R. The effect of intravenous fat emulsions in nifedipine toxicity. Acad Emerg Med. 2009;16:s226.","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"572_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.05.019","volume":"32","author":"SE Cevik","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cevik SE, Tasyurek T, Guneysel O. Intralipid emulsion treatment as an antidote in lipophilic drug intoxications. Am J Emerg Med. 2014;32:1103\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"572_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.3109\/15563651003670843","volume":"48","author":"PL West","year":"2010","unstructured":"West PL, McKeown, Hendrickson RG. Iatrogenic lipid emulsion overdose in a case of amlodipine poisoning. Clin Toxicol. 2010;48:393\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"issue":"6","key":"572_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2014.02.009","volume":"64","author":"VS Bebarta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bebarta VS, Tanen DA, Boudreau S, Castaneda M, Zarzabal LA, Vargas T, et al. Intravenous cobinamide versus hydroxocobalamin for acute treatment of severe cyanide poisoning in a swine (Sus scrofa) model. Ann Emerg Med. 2014;64(6):612\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"572_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2010.521753","volume":"48","author":"KM Engebretsen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Engebretsen KM, Morgan MW, Stellpflug SJ, Cole JB, Anderson CP. Addition of phenylephrine to high-dose insulin in dihydropyridine overdose does not improve outcome. Clin Toxicol. 2010;48:806\u201312.","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"issue":"11","key":"572_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.12513","volume":"21","author":"SM Varney","year":"2014","unstructured":"Varney SM, Bebarta VS, Vargas TE, Boudreau S, Castaneda M. Intravenous lipid emulsion therapy does not improve hypotension when compared to sodium bicarbonate for tricyclic antidepressant toxicity: a randomized, controlled pilot study in a swine model. Acad Emerg Med. 2014;21(11):1212\u20139.","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"572_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holger JS, Engebretsen KM, Fritzlar SJ, Patten LC, Harris CR, Flottemesch TJ. Insulin versus vasopressin and epinephrine to treat beta-blocker toxicity. 2007;45:396\u2013401.","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650701285412"},{"key":"572_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-5-399","volume":"5","author":"CW Liang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liang CW, Diamond SJ, Hagg DS. Lipid rescue of massive verapamil overdose. J Med Case Rep. 2011;5:399.","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"572_CR25","first-page":"587","volume":"37","author":"HH Holzgrefe","year":"1987","unstructured":"Holzgrefe HH, Everitt JM, Wright EM. Alpha-chloralose as a canine anesthetic. Lab Animal. 1987;37:587\u201395.","journal-title":"Lab Animal"},{"key":"572_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(97)70196-3","volume":"29","author":"W Kerns","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kerns W, Schroeder D, Williams C, Tomaszewski C, Raymond R. Insulin improves survival in a canine model of acute \u03b2-blocker toxicity. Ann Emerg Med. 1997;29:748\u201357.","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"572_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)39488-7","volume":"267","author":"JA Kline","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kline JA, Tomaszewski CA, Schroeder JD v, Raymond RM. Insulin is a superior antidote for cardiovascular toxicity induced by verapamil in the anesthetized canine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1993;267:744\u201350.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"572_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2009.09.017","volume":"81","author":"N White","year":"2010","unstructured":"White N, Martin E, Brophy D, Ward K. Coagulation and traumatic shock: characterizing hemostatic function during the critical period prior to fluid resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2010;81:111\u20136.","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"572_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2011.03.018","volume":"82","author":"B Leong","year":"2011","unstructured":"Leong B, Reynolds P, Tiba M, et al. Effects of a combination hemoglobin based oxygen carrier-hypertonic saline solution on oxygen transport in the treatment of traumatic shock. Resuscitation. 2011;82:937\u201343.","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"572_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1097\/00115550-200305000-00005","volume":"28","author":"G Weinberg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Weinberg G, Ripper R, Feinstein DL, Hoffman W. Lipid emulsion infusion recues dogs from bupivacaine-induced cardiac toxicity. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2003;28:198\u2013202.","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"572_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2006.07.016","volume":"49","author":"M Harvey","year":"2007","unstructured":"Harvey M, Cave G. Intralipid outperforms sodium bicarbonate in a rabbit model of clomipramine toxicity. Ann Emerg Med. 2007;49:178\u201385.","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"572_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/08982100701375118","volume":"17","author":"J Szebeni","year":"2007","unstructured":"Szebeni J, Alving CR, Rosivall L, Bunger R, Baranyi L, Bedocs P, Toth M, Baraenholz Y. Animal models of complement-mediated hypersensitivity reactions to liposomes and other lipid-based nanoparticles. J Liposome Res. 2007;17:107\u201317.","journal-title":"J Liposome Res"},{"key":"572_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.17.2302","volume":"99","author":"J Szebeni","year":"1999","unstructured":"Szebeni J, Fontana JL, Wassef NM, Mongan PD, Morse DS, Dobbins DE, Stahl GL, Bunger R, Alving CR. Hemodynamic changes induced by liposomes and liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin in pigs. A model for pseudoallergic cardiopulmonary reactions to liposomes: role of complement and inhibition by soluble CR1 and anti-C5a antibody. Circulation. 1999;99:2302\u20139.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"572_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2990","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.143.9.2990","volume":"143","author":"NM Wassef","year":"1989","unstructured":"Wassef NM, Johnson SH, Graeber GM, Swartz GM, Schultz CJ, Hailey JR, Johnson AJ, Taylor DG, Ridgway RL, Alving CR. Anaphylactoid reactions mediated by autoantibodies to cholesterol in miniature pigs. J Immunol. 1989;143:2990\u20135.","journal-title":"J Immunol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13181-016-0572-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13181-016-0572-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13181-016-0572-6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13181-016-0572-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T16:12:56Z","timestamp":1749053576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13181-016-0572-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,8]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}},"alternative-id":["572"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13181-016-0572-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-9039","1937-6995"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1556-9039"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1937-6995"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 January 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2016","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 July 2016","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 August 2016","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"Funding for this research was provided by the Carolinas Healthcare Foundation and the John A. Marx, MD Fund.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of Interest"}}]}}