{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T02:34:28Z","timestamp":1776998068471,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]],"date-time":"2021-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609804800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]],"date-time":"2021-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Med. Toxicol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-020-00819-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]],"date-time":"2021-01-05T20:13:22Z","timestamp":1609877602000},"page":"289-308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Opioid Use and Driving Performance"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Keaton T.","family":"Cameron-Burr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1401-0432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Conicella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Neavyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"30","key":"819_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6430a2","volume":"64","author":"A Jewett","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jewett A, Shults RA, Banerjee T, Bergen G. Alcohol-impaired driving among adults\u2014United States, 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64(30):814\u20137.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"819_CR2","unstructured":"Hemmings HC, Egan TD. Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia: Foundations and Clinical Application. Second ed. Elsevier; October 19, 2018. 994 p"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"819_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S133","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2008\/11\/S133","volume":"11","author":"AM Trescot","year":"2008","unstructured":"Trescot AM, Datta S, Lee M, Hansen H. Opioid pharmacology. Pain Physician. 2008;11(2 Suppl):S133\u201353.","journal-title":"Pain Physician."},{"issue":"6","key":"819_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318238bba6","volume":"115","author":"R Al-Hasani","year":"2011","unstructured":"Al-Hasani R, Bruchas MR. Molecular mechanisms of opioid receptor-dependent signaling and behavior. Anesthesiology. 2011;115(6):1363\u201381.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"issue":"3","key":"819_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12305","volume":"170","author":"A Gottas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gottas A, Oiestad EL, Boix F, Vindenes V, Ripel A, Thaulow CH, et al. Levels of heroin and its metabolites in blood and brain extracellular fluid after i.v. heroin administration to freely moving rats. Br J Pharmacol. 2013;170(3):546\u201356.","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"819_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199903000-00013","volume":"90","author":"ML Black","year":"1999","unstructured":"Black ML, Hill JL, Zacny JP. Behavioral and physiological effects of remifentanil and alfentanil in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology. 1999;90(3):718\u201326.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"819_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2009.03.017","volume":"10","author":"MM Cherrier","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cherrier MM, Amory JK, Ersek M, Risler L, Shen DD. Comparative cognitive and subjective side effects of immediate-release oxycodone in healthy middle-aged and older adults. J Pain. 2009;10(10):1038\u201350.","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"819_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2008.00250.x","volume":"103","author":"ML Jensen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jensen ML, Sjogren P, Upton RN, Foster DJ, Bonde P, Graae C, et al. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships of cognitive and psychomotor effects of intravenous buprenorphine infusion in human volunteers. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2008;103(1):94\u2013101.","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"819_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1159\/000026558","volume":"39","author":"U Schneider","year":"1999","unstructured":"Schneider U, Bevilacqua C, Jacobs R, Karst M, Dietrich DE, Becker H, et al. Effects of fentanyl and low doses of alcohol on neuropsychological performance in healthy subjects. Neuropsychobiology. 1999;39(1):38\u201343.","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"819_CR10","first-page":"1092","volume":"80","author":"P Thapar","year":"1995","unstructured":"Thapar P, Zacny JP, Choi M, Apfelbaum JL. Objective and subjective impairment from often-used sedative\/analgesic combinations in ambulatory surgery, using alcohol as a benchmark. Anesth Analg. 1995;80(6):1092\u20138.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"3","key":"819_CR11","first-page":"1454","volume":"289","author":"DJ Walker","year":"1999","unstructured":"Walker DJ, Zacny JP. Subjective, psychomotor, and physiological effects of cumulative doses of opioid mu agonists in healthy volunteers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999;289(3):1454\u201364.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"819_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130100723","volume":"155","author":"DJ Walker","year":"2001","unstructured":"Walker DJ, Zacny JP, Galva KE, Lichtor JL. Subjective, psychomotor, and physiological effects of cumulative doses of mixed-action opioids in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology. 2001;155(4):362\u201371.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"819_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-002-1245-5","volume":"165","author":"JP Zacny","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zacny JP. Characterizing the subjective, psychomotor, and physiological effects of a hydrocodone combination product (Hycodan) in non-drug-abusing volunteers. Psychopharmacology. 2003;165(2):146\u201356.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"819_CR14","first-page":"1187","volume":"282","author":"JP Zacny","year":"1997","unstructured":"Zacny JP, Conley K, Galinkin J. Comparing the subjective, psychomotor and physiological effects of intravenous buprenorphine and morphine in healthy volunteers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997;282(3):1187\u201397.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"819_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.11.009","volume":"78","author":"JP Zacny","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zacny JP, Gutierrez S, Bolbolan SA. Profiling the subjective, psychomotor, and physiological effects of a hydrocodone\/acetaminophen product in recreational drug users. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2005;78(3):243\u201352.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"3","key":"819_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-003-1540-9","volume":"170","author":"JP Zacny","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zacny JP, Gutierrez S. Characterizing the subjective, psychomotor, and physiological effects of oral oxycodone in non-drug-abusing volunteers. Psychopharmacology. 2003;170(3):242\u201354.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"819_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2008.11.013","volume":"101","author":"JP Zacny","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zacny JP, Gutierrez S. Within-subject comparison of the psychopharmacological profiles of oral hydrocodone and oxycodone combination products in non-drug-abusing volunteers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009;101(1\u20132):107\u201314.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"3","key":"819_CR18","first-page":"1197","volume":"286","author":"JP Zacny","year":"1998","unstructured":"Zacny JP, Hill JL, Black ML, Sadeghi P. Comparing the subjective, psychomotor and physiological effects of intravenous pentazocine and morphine in normal volunteers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998;286(3):1197\u2013207.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"819_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-007-0937-2","volume":"196","author":"JP Zacny","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zacny JP, Lichtor SA. Within-subject comparison of the psychopharmacological profiles of oral oxycodone and oral morphine in non-drug-abusing volunteers. Psychopharmacology. 2008;196(1):105\u201316.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"819_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02244946","volume":"111","author":"JP Zacny","year":"1993","unstructured":"Zacny JP, Lichtor JL, Binstock W, Coalson DW, Cutter T, Flemming DC, et al. Subjective, behavioral and physiological responses to intravenous meperidine in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology. 1993;111(3):306\u201314.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"819_CR21","first-page":"1","volume":"268","author":"JP Zacny","year":"1994","unstructured":"Zacny JP, Lichtor JL, Flemming D, Coalson DW, Thompson WK. A dose-response analysis of the subjective, psychomotor and physiological effects of intravenous morphine in healthy volunteers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1994;268(1):1\u20139.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"819_CR22","first-page":"931","volume":"82","author":"JP Zacny","year":"1996","unstructured":"Zacny JP, Lichtor JL, Klafta JM, Alessi R, Apfelbaum JL. The effects of transnasal butorphanol on mood and psychomotor functioning in healthy volunteers. Anesth Analg. 1996;82(5):931\u20135.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"2","key":"819_CR23","first-page":"579","volume":"270","author":"JP Zacny","year":"1994","unstructured":"Zacny JP, Lichtor JL, Thapar P, Coalson DW, Flemming D, Thompson WK. Comparing the subjective, psychomotor and physiological effects of intravenous butorphanol and morphine in healthy volunteers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1994;270(2):579\u201388.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"819_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02245155","volume":"107","author":"JP Zacny","year":"1992","unstructured":"Zacny JP, Lichtor JL, Zaragoza JG, de Wit H. Subjective and behavioral responses to intravenous fentanyl in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology. 1992;107(2\u20133):319\u201326.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"819_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.023","volume":"124","author":"JP Zacny","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zacny JP, Paice JA, Coalson DW. Separate and combined psychopharmacological effects of alprazolam and oxycodone in healthy volunteers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;124(3):274\u201382.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"819_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00274-2","volume":"85","author":"WM O'Neill","year":"2000","unstructured":"O'Neill WM, Hanks GW, Simpson P, Fallon MT, Jenkins E, Wesnes K. The cognitive and psychomotor effects of morphine in healthy subjects: a randomized controlled trial of repeated (four) oral doses of dextropropoxyphene, morphine, lorazepam and placebo. Pain. 2000;85(1\u20132):209\u201315.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"5","key":"819_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ajp.0000202981.28915.b2","volume":"22","author":"JC Verster","year":"2006","unstructured":"Verster JC, Veldhuijzen DS, Volkerts ER. Effects of an opioid (oxycodone\/paracetamol) and an NSAID (bromfenac) on driving ability, memory functioning, psychomotor performance, pupil size, and mood. Clin J Pain. 2006;22(5):499\u2013504.","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"819_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-013-3035-7","volume":"228","author":"JN Amato","year":"2013","unstructured":"Amato JN, Marie S, Lelong-Boulouard V, Paillet-Loilier M, Berthelon C, Coquerel A, et al. Effects of three therapeutic doses of codeine\/paracetamol on driving performance, a psychomotor vigilance test, and subjective feelings. Psychopharmacology. 2013;228(2):309\u201320.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"sup1","key":"819_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S97","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2017.1378814","volume":"19","author":"TL Brown","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brown TL, Milavetz G, Gaffney G, Spurgin A. Evaluating drugged driving: Effects of exemplar pain and anxiety medications. Traffic Inj Prev. 2018;19(sup1):S97\u2013S103.","journal-title":"Traffic Inj Prev"},{"issue":"3","key":"819_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.5.3.235","volume":"5","author":"WB Pickworth","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pickworth WB, Rohrer MS, Fant RV. Effects of abused drugs on psychomotor performance. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 1997;5(3):235\u201341.","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"819_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050757","volume":"140","author":"DJ Walker","year":"1998","unstructured":"Walker DJ, Zacny JP. Subjective, psychomotor, and analgesic effects of oral codeine and morphine in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology. 1998;140(2):191\u2013201.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"819_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.05.007","volume":"80","author":"JP Zacny","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zacny JP. Profiling the subjective, psychomotor, and physiological effects of tramadol in recreational drug users. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2005;80(2):273\u20138.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"2","key":"819_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2003.09.007","volume":"73","author":"JP Zacny","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zacny JP, Goldman RE. Characterizing the subjective, psychomotor, and physiological effects of oral propoxyphene in non-drug-abusing volunteers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2004;73(2):133\u201340.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"3","key":"819_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2349-6","volume":"218","author":"JP Zacny","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zacny JP, Gutierrez S. Subjective, psychomotor, and physiological effects of oxycodone alone and in combination with ethanol in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology. 2011;218(3):471\u201381.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"819_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.12.001","volume":"75","author":"M Asbridge","year":"2015","unstructured":"Asbridge M, Cartwright J, Langille D. Driving under the influence of opioids among high school students in Atlantic Canada: prevalence, correlates, and the role of medical versus recreational consumption. Accid Anal Prev. 2015;75:184\u201391.","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev."},{"issue":"11","key":"819_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-006-0195-y","volume":"62","author":"L Bachs","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bachs L, Hoiseth G, Skurtveit S, Morland J. Heroin-using drivers: importance of morphine and morphine-6-glucuronide on late clinical impairment. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2006;62(11):905\u201312.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"819_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000617","volume":"37","author":"MM Bassiony","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bassiony MM, Youssef UM, Hassan MS, Salah El-Deen GM, El-Gohari H, Abdelghani M, et al. Cognitive impairment and tramadol dependence. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017;37(1):61\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"11","key":"819_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/47.11.1980","volume":"47","author":"G Ceder","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ceder G, Jones AW. Concentration ratios of morphine to codeine in blood of impaired drivers as evidence of heroin use and not medication with codeine. Clin Chem. 2001;47(11):1980\u20134.","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"4","key":"819_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/32.4.265","volume":"32","author":"AW Jones","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jones AW, Holmgren A, Kugelberg FC. Driving under the influence of opiates: concentration relationships between morphine, codeine, 6-acetyl morphine, and ethyl morphine in blood. J Anal Toxicol. 2008;32(4):265\u201372.","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"issue":"8","key":"819_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881114538541","volume":"28","author":"GY Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang GY, Wouldes TA, Kydd R, Jensen M, Russell BR. Neuropsychological performance of methadone-maintained opiate users. J Psychopharmacol. 2014;28(8):789\u201399.","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"9","key":"819_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2010.03015.x","volume":"58","author":"D Buckeridge","year":"2010","unstructured":"Buckeridge D, Huang A, Hanley J, Kelome A, Reidel K, Verma A, et al. Risk of injury associated with opioid use in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58(9):1664\u201370.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"8","key":"819_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2007.03.009","volume":"17","author":"A Engeland","year":"2007","unstructured":"Engeland A, Skurtveit S, Morland J. Risk of road traffic accidents associated with the prescription of drugs: a registry-based cohort study. Ann Epidemiol. 2007;17(8):597\u2013602.","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"819_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2006.04.011","volume":"28","author":"DD French","year":"2006","unstructured":"French DD, Campbell R, Spehar A, Cunningham F, Bulat T, Luther SL. Drugs and falls in community-dwelling older people: a national veterans study. Clin Ther. 2006;28(4):619\u201330.","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"819_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn364","volume":"169","author":"JE Gibson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gibson JE, Hubbard RB, Smith CJ, Tata LJ, Britton JR, Fogarty AW. Use of self-controlled analytical techniques to assess the association between use of prescription medications and the risk of motor vehicle crashes. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;169(6):761\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"819_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1001\/2013.jamainternmed.733","volume":"173","author":"T Gomes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gomes T, Redelmeier DA, Juurlink DN, Dhalla IA, Camacho X, Mamdani MM. Opioid dose and risk of road trauma in Canada: a population-based study. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(3):196\u2013201.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"819_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.1195","volume":"155","author":"K Karjalainen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Karjalainen K, Haukka J, Lintonen T, Joukamaa M, Lillsunde P. The use of psychoactive prescription drugs among DUI suspects. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;155:215\u201321.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"6","key":"819_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199411000-00006","volume":"5","author":"SG Leveille","year":"1994","unstructured":"Leveille SG, Buchner DM, Koepsell TD, McCloskey LW, Wolf ME, Wagner EH. Psychoactive medications and injurious motor vehicle collisions involving older drivers. Epidemiology. 1994;5(6):591\u20138.","journal-title":"Epidemiology."},{"issue":"6","key":"819_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2017.11.017","volume":"36","author":"CA Marco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marco CA, Mann D, Rasp J, Ballester M, Perkins O, Holbrook MB, et al. Effects of opioid medications on cognitive skills among emergency department patients. Am J Emerg Med. 2018;36(6):1009\u201313.","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"819_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03561.x","volume":"59","author":"LB Meuleners","year":"2011","unstructured":"Meuleners LB, Duke J, Lee AH, Palamara P, Hildebrand J, Ng JQ. Psychoactive medications and crash involvement requiring hospitalization for older drivers: a population-based study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59(9):1575\u201380.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"819_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afw115","volume":"45","author":"J Monarrez-Espino","year":"2016","unstructured":"Monarrez-Espino J, Laflamme L, Rausch C, Elling B, Moller J. New opioid analgesic use and the risk of injurious single-vehicle crashes in drivers aged 50-80 years: a population-based matched case-control study. Age Ageing. 2016;45(5):628\u201334.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"819_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-016-1974-x","volume":"9","author":"TM Rudisill","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rudisill TM, Zhu M, Davidov D, Leann Long D, Sambamoorthi U, Abate M, et al. Medication use and the risk of motor vehicle collision in West Virginia drivers 65 years of age and older: a case-crossover study. BMC Res Notes. 2016;9:166.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"1","key":"819_CR52","first-page":"9","volume":"17","author":"M Schiltenwolf","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schiltenwolf M, Akbar M, Hug A, Pfuller U, Gantz S, Neubauer E, et al. Evidence of specific cognitive deficits in patients with chronic low back pain under long-term substitution treatment of opioids. Pain Physician. 2014;17(1):9\u201320.","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"4","key":"819_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M111","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/47.4.M111","volume":"47","author":"RI Shorr","year":"1992","unstructured":"Shorr RI, Griffin MR, Daugherty JR, Ray WA. Opioid analgesics and the risk of hip fracture in the elderly: codeine and propoxyphene. J Gerontol. 1992;47(4):M111\u20135.","journal-title":"J Gerontol"},{"issue":"2","key":"819_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(99)00143-8","volume":"19","author":"P Sjogren","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sjogren P, Thomsen AB, Olsen AK. Impaired neuropsychological performance in chronic nonmalignant pain patients receiving long-term oral opioid therapy. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2000;19(2):100\u20138.","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manag"},{"issue":"2","key":"819_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-013-0038-1","volume":"27","author":"KC Soderberg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Soderberg KC, Laflamme L, Moller J. Newly initiated opioid treatment and the risk of fall-related injuries. A nationwide, register-based, case-crossover study in Sweden. CNS Drugs. 2013;27(2):155\u201361.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"4","key":"819_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(03)00310-5","volume":"26","author":"RN Jamison","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jamison RN, Schein JR, Vallow S, Ascher S, Vorsanger GJ, Katz NP. Neuropsychological effects of long-term opioid use in chronic pain patients. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2003;26(4):913\u201321.","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"819_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-014-0025-3","volume":"3","author":"R Sabatowski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sabatowski R, Scharnagel R, Gyllensvard A, Steigerwald I. Driving ability in patients with severe chronic low back or osteoarthritis knee pain on stable treatment with tapentadol prolonged release: a multicenter, open-label, phase 3b trial. Pain Ther. 2014;3(1):17\u201329.","journal-title":"Pain Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"819_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-017-4539-3","volume":"234","author":"MB Schumacher","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schumacher MB, Jongen S, Knoche A, Petzke F, Vuurman EF, Vollrath M, et al. Effect of chronic opioid therapy on actual driving performance in non-cancer pain patients. Psychopharmacology. 2017;234(6):989\u201399.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"5","key":"819_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1007\/s00482-005-0429-4","volume":"19","author":"M Strumpf","year":"2005","unstructured":"Strumpf M, Willweber-Strumpf A, Herberg KW, Zenz M. Safety-relevant performance of patients on chronic opioid therapy. Schmerz. 2005;19(5):426\u201333.","journal-title":"Schmerz"},{"issue":"4","key":"819_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ajp.0000125244.29279.c1","volume":"21","author":"MG Byas-Smith","year":"2005","unstructured":"Byas-Smith MG, Chapman SL, Reed B, Cotsonis G. The effect of opioids on driving and psychomotor performance in patients with chronic pain. Clin J Pain. 2005;21(4):345\u201352.","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"5","key":"819_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000281078.65585.1e","volume":"105","author":"O Dagtekin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dagtekin O, Gerbershagen HJ, Wagner W, Petzke F, Radbruch L, Sabatowski R. Assessing cognitive and psychomotor performance under long-term treatment with transdermal buprenorphine in chronic noncancer pain patients. Anesth Analg. 2007;105(5):1442\u20138 table of contents.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"6","key":"819_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2006.01027.x","volume":"50","author":"J Gaertner","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gaertner J, Radbruch L, Giesecke T, Gerbershagen H, Petzke F, Ostgathe C, et al. Assessing cognition and psychomotor function under long-term treatment with controlled release oxycodone in non-cancer pain patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2006;50(6):664\u201372.","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"issue":"1","key":"819_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.07.024","volume":"42","author":"TI Hooper","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hooper TI, DeBakey SF, Pearse L, Pratt S, Hoffman KJ. The use of electronic pharmacy data to investigate prescribed medications and fatal motor vehicle crashes in a military population, 2002-2006. Accid Anal Prev. 2010;42(1):261\u20138.","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"issue":"5","key":"819_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-015-3579-9","volume":"31","author":"EE Krebs","year":"2016","unstructured":"Krebs EE, Paudel M, Taylor BC, Bauer DC, Fink HA, Lane NE, et al. Association of opioids with falls, fractures, and physical performance among older men with persistent musculoskeletal pain. J Gen Intern Med. 2016;31(5):463\u20139.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"819_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2004.04005.x","volume":"5","author":"LA Menefee","year":"2004","unstructured":"Menefee LA, Frank ED, Crerand C, Jalali S, Park J, Sanschagrin K, et al. The effects of transdermal fentanyl on driving, cognitive performance, and balance in patients with chronic nonmalignant pain conditions. Pain Med. 2004;5(1):42\u20139.","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"819_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2010.09.008","volume":"15","author":"HK Nilsen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nilsen HK, Landro NI, Kaasa S, Jenssen GD, Fayers P, Borchgrevink PC. Driving functions in a video simulator in chronic non-malignant pain patients using and not using codeine. Eur J Pain. 2011;15(4):409\u201315.","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"issue":"7","key":"819_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/136.7.873","volume":"136","author":"WA Ray","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ray WA, Fought RL, Decker MD. Psychoactive drugs and the risk of injurious motor vehicle crashes in elderly drivers. Am J Epidemiol. 1992;136(7):873\u201383.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"819_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(02)00539-0","volume":"25","author":"R Sabatowski","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sabatowski R, Schwalen S, Rettig K, Herberg KW, Kasper SM, Radbruch L. Driving ability under long-term treatment with transdermal fentanyl. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2003;25(1):38\u201347.","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manag"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"819_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(03)00047-2","volume":"104","author":"V Tassain","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tassain V, Attal N, Fletcher D, Brasseur L, Degieux P, Chauvin M, et al. Long term effects of oral sustained release morphine on neuropsychological performance in patients with chronic non-cancer pain. Pain. 2003;104(1\u20132):389\u2013400.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"819_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.06.030","volume":"42","author":"S Dubois","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dubois S, Bedard M, Weaver B. The association between opioid analgesics and unsafe driving actions preceding fatal crashes. Accid Anal Prev. 2010;42(1):30\u20137.","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev."},{"key":"819_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.12.034","volume":"274","author":"HJ Hamnett","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hamnett HJ, Ilett M, Izzati F, Smith SS, Watson KH. Toxicological findings in driver and motorcyclist fatalities in Scotland 2012-2015. Forensic Sci Int. 2017;274:22\u20136.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"7","key":"819_CR72","first-page":"HC01","volume":"9","author":"S Kumar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kumar S, Bansal YS, Singh D, Medhi B. Alcohol and drug use in injured drivers - an emergency room study in a regional tertiary care centre of North West India. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9(7):HC01\u20134.","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"819_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(03)00084-8","volume":"36","author":"KL Movig","year":"2004","unstructured":"Movig KL, Mathijssen MP, Nagel PH, van Egmond T, de Gier JJ, Leufkens HG, et al. Psychoactive substance use and the risk of motor vehicle accidents. Accid Anal Prev. 2004;36(4):631\u20136.","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"819_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(03)00052-5","volume":"133","author":"P Mura","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mura P, Kintz P, Ludes B, Gaulier JM, Marquet P, Martin-Dupont S, et al. Comparison of the prevalence of alcohol, cannabis and other drugs between 900 injured drivers and 900 control subjects: results of a French collaborative study. Forensic Sci Int. 2003;133(1\u20132):79\u201385.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"819_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2014.975614","volume":"34","author":"JW Price","year":"2015","unstructured":"Price JW. A comparison of random and post-accident urine opiate and opioid tests. J Addict Dis. 2015;34(1):36\u201342.","journal-title":"J Addict Dis"},{"key":"819_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.11.005","volume":"234","author":"P Reguly","year":"2014","unstructured":"Reguly P, Dubois S, Bedard M. Examining the impact of opioid analgesics on crash responsibility in truck drivers involved in fatal crashes. Forensic Sci Int. 2014;234:154\u201361.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"819_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491412900409","volume":"129","author":"FA Wilson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wilson FA, Stimpson JP, Pagan JA. Fatal crashes from drivers testing positive for drugs in the U.S., 1993-2010. Public Health Rep. 2014;129(4):342\u201350.","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"819_CR78","first-page":"246","volume":"16","author":"OF Wong","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wong OF, Tsui KL, Lam TS, Sze NN, Wong SC, Lau FL, et al. Prevalence of drugged drivers among non-fatal driver casualties presenting to a trauma centre in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Med J. 2010;16(4):246\u201351.","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"819_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(02)00153-7","volume":"36","author":"OH Drummer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Drummer OH, Gerostamoulos J, Batziris H, Chu M, Caplehorn J, Robertson MD, et al. The involvement of drugs in drivers of motor vehicles killed in Australian road traffic crashes. Accid Anal Prev. 2004;36(2):239\u201348.","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev."},{"issue":"4","key":"819_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14310J","volume":"43","author":"P Marquet","year":"1998","unstructured":"Marquet P, Delpla PA, Kerguelen S, Bremond J, Facy F, Garnier M, et al. Prevalence of drugs of abuse in urine of drivers involved in road accidents in France: a collaborative study. J Forensic Sci. 1998;43(4):806\u201311.","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"819_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.12.050","volume":"265","author":"OH Drummer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Drummer OH, Yap S. The involvement of prescribed drugs in road trauma. Forensic Sci Int. 2016;265:17\u201321.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"7","key":"819_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1436","volume":"5","author":"T Van der Linden","year":"2013","unstructured":"Van der Linden T, Isalberti C, Silverans P, Legrand SA, Verstraete AG. Comparison of drug concentrations measured in roadside surveys and in seriously injured drivers in Belgium. Drug Test Anal. 2013;5(7):541\u20138.","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"},{"issue":"6","key":"819_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2009.14","volume":"85","author":"LC Bachs","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bachs LC, Engeland A, Morland JG, Skurtveit S. The risk of motor vehicle accidents involving drivers with prescriptions for codeine or tramadol. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009;85(6):596\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"819_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02470.x","volume":"104","author":"JP Bernard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bernard JP, Morland J, Krogh M, Khiabani HZ. Methadone and impairment in apprehended drivers. Addiction. 2009;104(3):457\u201364.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"9","key":"819_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.303902","volume":"107","author":"S Chihuri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chihuri S, Li G. Trends in prescription opioids detected in fatally injured drivers in 6 US states: 1995-2015. Am J Public Health. 2017;107(9):1487\u201392.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"819_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(00)00247-4","volume":"112","author":"U Jonasson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jonasson U, Jonasson B, Saldeen T, Thuen F. The prevalence of analgesics containing dextropropoxyphene or codeine in individuals suspected of driving under the influence of drugs. Forensic Sci Int. 2000;112(2\u20133):163\u20139.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"819_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.01.014","volume":"186","author":"AW Jones","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jones AW, Kugelberg FC, Holmgren A, Ahlner J. Five-year update on the occurrence of alcohol and other drugs in blood samples from drivers killed in road-traffic crashes in Sweden. Forensic Sci Int. 2009;186(1\u20133):56\u201362.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"819_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2013.09.001","volume":"60","author":"G Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li G, Brady JE, Chen Q. Drug use and fatal motor vehicle crashes: a case-control study. Accid Anal Prev. 2013;60:205\u201310.","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"819_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(03)00057-4","volume":"133","author":"F Musshoff","year":"2003","unstructured":"Musshoff F, Lachenmeier DW, Madea B. Methadone substitution: medicolegal problems in Germany. Forensic Sci Int. 2003;133(1\u20132):118\u201324.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13181-020-00819-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13181-020-00819-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13181-020-00819-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T19:58:34Z","timestamp":1674849514000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13181-020-00819-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["819"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13181-020-00819-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-9039","1937-6995"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-9039","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-6995","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 November 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 September 2020","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 November 2020","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 January 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"None.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}